Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTPP - 37

Chapter : EXERGY
Topic : Exergy Associated with Heat

1. [NAT, ]
Consider a thermal energy reservoir at 1500 K
which can supply heat at rate of 150,000 kJ⁄h.
If the environment temperature is 25°C, then

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the rate of exergy associated with this heat is
_____ kW (round off to one decimal place).
4. [MSQ , ]

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2. [MCQ, ] A heat engine receives heat from a source at
Consider a thermal energy reservoir at 1500 𝐾 1000 K at a rate of 1 kW, and rejects the waste

c
which can supply heat a rate of 700 𝑘𝐽/𝑠. If the
environment temperature is 320 𝐾, then the
heat to a sink at 298 K. The rate of work output
of the heat engine is 600 W. Which one or more
of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
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rate of exergy associated with this heat is (in
kW) A. First law efficiency is 60 % to 60%.
A. 235.67 B. 550.67 B. First law efficiency is 50 % to 50%.
N rr

C. 415.27 D. 350.75 C. Rate of exergy associated with heat is 700 W

to 704 W.
e

D. Rate of exergy associated with heat is 602 W

3. [NAT, ]
to 605 W.
ef

A household refrigerator has a freezer at a

temperature of TF = −10°C and a cold space at 5. [MSQ, ]
TC = 5°C. Energy is removed from cold space A heat pump has COP = 2 with a power input of
R

and rejected to the ambient at a temperature of 2 kW. Its low temperature is T0 = 298 K and
TA = 20°C as shown below. Assume that the the high temperature is 80°C, with an ambient
at T0 . Which one or more of the following
rate of heat transfer from the cold space, Q̇C is
statement(s) is/are TRUE ?
the same as from the freezer, Q̇F = 3 kW . The
A. Exergy associated with low temperature is
magnitude of minimum power required to the
0 kW to o kW.
heat pump will be _____ W (round off to 1 B. Exergy associated with low temperature is
decimal places). Assume the refrigerator is 1 kW to 1 kW.
steady and no external flows except heat C. Exergy associated with high temperature is
transfer. 531 W to 533 W.
D. Exergy associated with high temperature is
620 W to 626 W.
6. [NAT, ] A. As the temperature of heat supplied
A large furnace can transfer heat at a decreases, unavailable energy increases.
temperature of 1100 K at a steady rate of B. As the temperature of heat supplied
3000 kW. The rate of exergy associated with decreases, exergy associated with heat
this heat transfer will be ___________ kW (in decreases.
integer). Take environment temperature as C. Heat transfer takes place from a higher
25°C. temperature body to lower temperature
body, exergy due to heat transfer increases.
7. [MSQ, ] D. Heat is transferred to the environment then

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Which one or more of the following statement(s) the complete exergy is lost.
is/are CORRECT?

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c
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 Answer Key
1. (𝟑𝟑. 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗) 5. (𝐀, 𝐃)
2. (𝐁) 6. (𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟖)
3. (𝟓𝟎𝟎. 𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟐) 7. (𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐃)
4. (𝐀, 𝐂)

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c
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 Solutions

1. Answer: 33.1 to 33.9 3. Answer: 𝟓𝟎𝟎. 𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟐

TH = 1500 K QF  Q c  W  Q A
kJ
QH  150,000  41.6667 kW Reversible gives minimum work
hr
T0 = 25°C = 298 K  T   T 
W  QF 1  A   Q c 1  A 
 TF   Tc 
 293   293 
 3 1  3 1
 263   278 

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 0.504kW

W  504.0W

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4. Answer: A, C



T
Ex   1  0
TH

 QH

c Fir law efficiency  

0.6
W
QH
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
 298  1
Ex  1    41.6667   60%
 1500 
N rr

T T 
Ex  33.3889 kW Ex   H L  Q H
 TH 
e

 1000  298 
2. Answer: B   1
 1000 
ef

Ex  702W
R

5. Answer: A, D
Q
COPHP  H
W
 Q H  22  4kW
Q L  Q H  W  4  2  2kW
Ex TH  0  TL  T0 
T T 
Ex  WR   H L  QH  T T 
 TH  Ex TH   H 0  QH
 1500  320   TH 
   700
 1500   T 
  1  0  QH
Ex  WR  550.67kW  TH 
  298   298 
 1   4 1    3000
 353   1100 
 0.623kW
Ex  2187kW
Ex TH  623W
7. Answer: 𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐃
As the temperature of heat supplied decreases,
6. Answer: 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟖 unavailable energy increases.
 T T  As the temperature of heat supplied decreases,
Ex   H L  Q H
 TH  exergy associated with heat decreases.
Heat is transferred to the environment then the
 T 

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  1  L  QH complete exergy is lost.
 TH 

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c
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 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 PYQs - 37

Chapter : EXERGY
Topic : Exergy Associated with Heat

1. [NAT, ] 3. [NAT, ]
A source at a temperature of 500 K provides A large furnace can supply heat at a
1000 kJ of heat. The temperature of temperature of 1200 K at a steady rate of 3200
environment is 27°C. The maximum useful work kW. The ambient temperature is 27°C. The

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(in kJ) that can be obtained from the heat source availability of this energy is
is __________ A. 0 kW B. 800 kW
[GATE-2014-ME] C. 1200 kW D. 2400 kW

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[GATE-2007-XE]
2. [MCQ, ]

c
A cyclic engine exchanges heat with two
reservoirs maintained at 100°C and 300°C
4. [MCQ, ]
A heat reservoir at 900 K is brought into contact
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respectively. The maximum work (in joule) that with the ambient at 300 K for a short time.
can be obtained from 1000 J of heat extracted During this period 9000 kJ of heat is lost by the
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from the hot reservoir is heat reservoir. The total loss in availability due
A. 349 B. 651 to this process is
C. 667 D. 1000 A. 18000 kJ B. 9000 kJ
e

[GATE-2004-CH] C. 6000 kJ D. None of these

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[GATE-2022-ME]
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 Answer Key

1. (399 to 401) 3. (D)

2. (A) 4. (C)

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 Solutions

1. Answer: 399 to 401 3. Answer: D

TH − TO
AE = ( ) QH
TH
500 − 300
AE = ( ) 1000
500
AE = 400 kJ

2. Answer: A

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Ẇmax T0
ηRHE = =1−
Q̇ TH
T0

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Ẇmax = AĖ = (1 − ) Q̇
TH

c ⇒ AĖ = (1 −
300
1200
) × 3200 = 2400 kW
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4. Answer: C
Decrease in available Energy (ΔAE)
373
N rr

Wmax = 1000(1 − )
573 ΔAE = AE1 − AE2
Wmax = 349.04 J TH − TO
ΔAE = ( ) QH − 0
e

TH
900 − 300
ef

ΔAE = ( ) × 9000
900
ΔAE = 6000 K
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 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTPP - 38

Chapter : EXERGY
Topic : Gouy – Stodola Theorem

1. [MSQ, ]
Below figure shows steady-state data for the 2. [NAT, ]
outer wall of house on a day when the indoor A refrigerator extracts heat at the rate of 1.5 kW
from cold space at −10o C using 750 W of
temperature is maintained at 25°C and the

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power input while it rejects heat to the kitchen
outdoor temperature is 2°C. The steady-state
at 25o C. The rate of irreversibility within
heat conduction rate through the wall is
refrigerator is ____ W (round off to one decimal
1000 W. Assume no generation of heat within

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place). Take ambient temperature as 25o C &
the wall. Which one or more of the following heat interactions are reversible.

temperature as 2°C.
c
statement(s) is/are correct ? Take environment

3. [NAT, ]
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Iron ingot of 5 kg mass at 800°C is dropped into
an oil bath (inside insulated container) at 60°C
having 20 kg oil. After sometime both ingot and
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oil come to an equilibrium temperature. If the

ambient temperature is 27°C, then the exergy
e

destruction in universe is _____ kJ (round off to

ef

one decimal place).Take ciron = 0.4 kJ/kg-K and

A. The rate of exergy destruction within the wall coil = 2 kJ/kg-K.
R

is 40.21 W to 40.26 W.
4. [NAT , ]
B. The rate of exergy destruction within the wall
A heat engine receives heat from a source at
is 42.88 W to 44.88 W. 1500 K at a rate of 700 kJ/s, and rejects the
C. The rate of exergy destruction within the waste heat to a sink at 320 K. The rate of work
enlarged system (wall + immediate output of the heat engine is 320 kW, the
environment temperature is 25°C. The
surrounding) as shown in the figure is
irreversibility rate during the process is _____
76.18 W to 78.18 W. kW (round off to one decimal place). Assume
D. The rate of exergy destruction within the heat interactions are reversible.
enlarged system shown in the figure is
57.20 W to 57.26 W.
5. [MCQ, ] P P
A. If T1 = T0 , then Ex1 = MrT0 [P0 − 1 − ln (P1)]
1 0
For an isolated system undergoing irreversible P P
B. If T1 = T0 , then Ex1 = mRT0 [P0 − 1 + ln (P1 )]
process 1 0
T1 T1
A. Exergy can increase, decrease or remains C. If P1 = P0 , then Ex1 = mcp T0 [T − 1 − ln (T )]
0 0
same. D. If
T1 T1
P1 = P0 , then Ex1 = mcp T0 [T − 1 + ln (T )]
0 0
B. Exergy always remains same.
C. Exergy always increases. 8. [MSQ, ]
D. Exergy always decreases. A household refrigerator absorbs heat at 2°C
and rejects heat to the surroundings at 50°C. Its
6. [NAT, ] compressor is driven by 3 kW motor and

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One kg of helium is contained in well insulated, 50 MJ/hr are absorbed at the low temperature.
rigid tank (having paddle wheel) at 20°C and A. The amount of heat rejected is 54.5 MJ/hr
1 bar. The helium is now stirred by paddle wheel
to 57.5 MJ/hr

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until its pressure becomes 1.45 bar. The exergy
destruction in the tank is _____ kJ (round off to B. The amount of heat rejected is 60.1 MJ/hr

c
one decimal place). Take T0 = 20°C. to 70.1 MJ/hr
C. Irreversibility rate is 6.24 kJ/hr to
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7. [MSQ, ] 6.64 kJ/hr
A perfect gas having mass m is store in a closed
D. Irreversibility rate is 7.24 kJ/hr to
vessel at state-1 where pressure is P1 &
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temperature is T1 . The environment is at 7.44 kJ/hr

pressure P0 & temperature T0 . Neglecting the
e

effects of motion & gravity, which one or more

ef

of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?

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 Answer Key
1. (𝐁, 𝐂) 5. (𝐃)
2. (𝟓𝟒𝟗. 𝟕 𝐭𝐨 𝟓𝟓𝟏. 𝟐) 6. (𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟑)
3. (𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟓𝟔𝟐. 𝟓) 7. (𝐁, 𝐂)
4. (𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟓) 8. (𝐁, 𝐂)

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c
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 Solution

1. Answer: B, C According to exergy balance equation for closed

The rate of exergy destruction within the wall is system
42.88 W to 44.88 W. dEx  T   dV 
dt sys  
 1  0  Q   W  P0   Ex d,sys
The rate of exergy destruction with in the T  dt 
enlarged system (Wall + Immediate Surrounding)  T 
Ex d,sys   1  0  Q
as shown in the figure is 76.18 W to 78.18 W.  T
 T   T0 
Ex d,sys  1  0  Q  1  T Q
 TH   L 

T T 

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Ex d,sys  T0  H L  Q
 TH TL 
For enlarged system
Ex d,es  T0Sg,es

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  T  T 0  
Ex d,es  T0  i Q
 Ti T 0 
c Ex d,es  275 
 298  275
298  275
1000
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Ex d,es  77.18 W
TH = 19°C = 292 K
N rr

TL = 6°C = 279 K 2. Answer: 550.4 W

Ti = 25°C = 298 K

e

To = 2°C = 275 K

ef

Q̇ = 1000 W
TO = 2°C = 275 K
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Ex d,sys  T0Sg,sys

dS Q
  Sg,sys
dt T sys
𝑄̇𝐿 = 1.5 kW = 1500 W
Q Q
    Sg,sys  0 TL = – 10°C = 263 K
 TH TL 
Q Q Ẇ = 750 W
Sg,sys  
TH TL TO = 25°C = 298 K
 TH  TL  Q iR = ______ W
Sg,sys 
TH TL
Heat interaction  Reversible
Ex d,sys  43.88W
 3. Answer: 𝟓𝟔𝟓. 𝟑 𝐤𝐉   368.238   368.238  
 300 5  0.4  ln    20  2  ln  
  1073   333  

EXd,uni  565.353 kJ

4. Answer: 230.7 kW

System  Iron ingot + Oil bath

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m1 = 5 kg
T1i = 800°C = 1073 K
T1o = 60°C = 333 K

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Mo = 20 kg
To = 27°C = 300 K
Exd.unit = ____ kJ
Ci = 0.4 kJ/kg − K
c TH = 1500 K
Q̇H = 700 Kw
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TL = 320 K
Co = 2.0 kJ/kg − K
W = 320 Kw
Exd.unit = T0 Sg,uni
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To = 25°C = 298 K
Exd.unit = T0 Suni iR = _____ Kw
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Exd.unit = T0 [Sys + Ssun ]

Exd.unit = T0 [Si + S0 ]
ef

 T   T2 
EXd.unit  T0 mi ci ln  2   m0 c0 ln  T 
  T1i   10 
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According to FLT for a process

Q = W + E WR  W
U = 0 IR  WR  W
Ui + U0 = 0 WR TH  TL
RHE  
mi ci (T2 – T1i ) + m0 c0 (T2 – T10 ) = 0 QH TH
m c T  m0 c0 T10  TH  TL  Q H
T2  i i 1i WR 
mi c i  m 0 c 0 TH
5  0.4 1073  20  2  333 1500  320   700
T2  WR 
5  0.4  20  2 1500
T2  368.238 K WR  550.667 kW
E Xd ,uni

0
 IR  550.667  320  R   p2 
S12  m   ln  
IR  230.667 kW     1 M   p1 
 8.314   1.4S 
S1 2  1   ln  
5. Answer: (D)  1.667  1 4   1 
According to exergy balance equation for closed S1 2  1.1578kJ / K
system E Xd ,sys  293  1.1578
2 T 
E X12   1  0  Q   W  P0 V1 2   E Xd EXd,sys  339.294 kJ
1
 T
EX12  EXd According to Exergy Balance equation
2 T 
E X12   1  0  Q   W  P0 V   E Xd ,sys

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E X12  ive
1
 T
EX2  EX1
E X   W  E X
12 d ,sys
…(a)
Exergy always decreases
EX12  E12  P0 V12  T0 S12

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E X12  U12  T0 S12
6. Answer: 𝟑𝟑𝟗. 𝟑 𝐤𝐉
Q = W + U
c U = – W
EX12  W  T0 S12 …(b)
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From equation (a) & equation (b)
EXd ,sys  T0 S12
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7. Answer: B, C
e

m = 1 kg
T1 = 20°C = 293 K Ex1 = – [E1−0 + P0 V1−0 – T0 S1−0 ]
ef

P1 = 1 bar If 𝐓𝟏 = 𝐓𝟎
P2 = 1.45 bar Ex1 = – [U1−0 – T0 S1−0 ]
𝐸𝑋𝑑 = _____ kJ
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P0 V1−0 = P0 [V0 – V1 ]
T0 = 20°C = 293 K
E Xd ,sys  T0Sg,sys  mRT0 mRT0 
P0 V1 0  P0  
 P0 P1 
2 Q
S12    SG,sys
1 T  P 
P0 V1 0  mRT0 1  0 
Sg,sys = S1−2  P1 
EXd ,sys  T0S12   T   P  
T0 S10  T0  m cp ln  0   R ln  0  
   T1   P1  
 v   p 
S12  m cp .ln  2   cv ln  2   P 
  v1   p1   T0 S1 0  mRT0 ln  0 
 P1 
p 
S1 2  mc v ln  2  P 
 p1  T0 S1 0  mRT0 ln  1 
 P0 

0
   P   P  8. Answer: B, C
Ex1   mRT0 1  0   mRT0 ln  1  
  P1   P0   Solution:
 P  P 
Ex1  mRT0  1  0  ln  1 
 P1  P0 
P  P 
Ex1  mRT0  0  1  ln  1   [T1 = T0]
 P1  P0  

If P1 = P0

Ex1    U10  P0 V10  T0 S10 

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U1−0 = mcv (T0 – T1 )
P0 V1−0 = P0 (V0 – V1 )

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 mRT0 mRT1 
P0 V10  P0  
 P0 P0 

P0 V1−0 = mR (T0 – T1 )

T0 S10
 
c T   P  
 T0  m cp ln  0   R ln  0  
Q2 = 50 = MJ/hr = 50000 kJ/hr
W = 3 kW = 10.8 MJ/hr
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   T1   P1   From the principle of energy conservation,
T  Q1 = W + Q2 = 10.8 + 50
T0 S10  mc p T0 ln  0 
 T1 
N rr

= 60.8 MJ/hr
T 
T0 S1 0   mc p T0 ln  1  Irreversibility rate
 T0 
e

Q1 Q2 60800 50000
Ex1 = – [mcv (T0 – T1 ) + mR (T0 – T1 ) + İ = − = −
T1 T2 323 275
ef

mcp T0 ln (T1 /T0 )]

= 188.23 − 181.82 = 6.41 kJ/hr
  T 
Ex1    mcp  T0  T1   mcp T0 ln  1  
R

  T0  
T  T 
Ex1  mcp T0  1  1  ln  1   (P1 = P0 )
 T0  T0  

0
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 PYQs - 38

Chapter : EXERGY
Topic : Gouy – Stodola Theorem

1. [MCQ, ] heat within the wall, the irreversibility (in W)

A system with rigid walls is initially at a due to heat transfer through the wall is _______
temperature of T1 . It is used as the heat source [GATE-2015-ME]
for a heat engine, which rejects heat to a

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reservoir maintained at T0 (T0 < T1 ). The 4. [MCQ, ]
specific heats of the system are constant. If the Irreversibility of a given process in a system is
temperature of the system finally reduces to T0 , equal to

I1 o
then the maximum work recoverable from the A. product of temperature of the surroundings
heat engine per unit mass of the system is and net change in entropy in the universe
c T
A. cv [(T1 − T0 ) − T0 ln (T1 )]
B. cv (T1 − T0 )
0
and it represents loss in total work available
from the system.
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T
B. product of temperature of the surroundings
C. cv T0 ln (T1 )
0 and net change in entropy in the universe
T21
N rr

D. cv T and it represents gain in total work available

0
from the system.
[GATE-2020-XE]
e

C. product of temperature of the system and

net change in entropy in the universe and it
2. [NAT, ]
ef

represents loss in total work available from

The rate of heat received by a heat engine from
the system.
a source at 900 K is 600 kJ/s. The engine rejects
R

D. product of temperature of the system and

heat to the sink of 300 K. The heat engine
net change in entropy in the system and it
produces a power of 200 kW. The irreversibility
represents loss in total work available from
rate (in kW) of the process is _______.
the system.
[GATE-2020-XE]
[GATE-2008-XE]

3. [NAT, ]
5. [NAT, ]
One side of a wall is maintained at 400 K and the
An engine reversibly receives 1200 J of heat at
other at 300 K. The rate of heat transfer through
900 K. After rejecting heat to the ambient at 300
the wall is 1000 W and the surrounding
temperature is 25°C. Assuming no generation of
 K, it develops 600 J of work. The irreversibility in this process is to be used as a source of energy.
joules is equal to The ambient temperature is 303 K and specific
A. 600 B. 400 heat of steel is 0.5 kJ/kg K. The available energy
C. 200 D. zero of this billet is
[GATE-2009-XE] A. 490.44 MJ B. 30.95 MJ
C. 10.35 MJ D. 0.10 MJ
6. [MCQ, ] [GATE-2004-ME]
A steel billet of 2000 kg mass is to be cooled
from 1250 K to 450 K. The heat released during

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 Answer Key

1. (A) 4. (A)
2. (198 to 202) 5. (C)
3. (247 to 249) 6. (A)

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 Solution

1. Answer: A TH − TL
⇒ ẆR = ( ) Q̇H
TH
ẆR TH − TL
⇒η= =
QH TH
TH − TL
⇒ ẆR = ( ) Q̇H
TH
900 − 300
⇒ ẆR = ( ) × 600
900
600

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⇒ ẆR = × 600
AE = IR 900
AE = T0 (ΔSsys + ΔSsur ) ⇒ ẆR = 400 kW
T V ⇒ İR = ẆR − ẆIR

I1 o
AE = T0 [m {Cv ln (T0 ) + R ln (V2 )} +
1 1

mCv (T1 −T0 )

⇒ İR = 400 − 200

⇒
T0

AE
]

T0
c
= T0 cv ln ( ) + cv (T1 − T0 )
İR = 200 kW
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m T1
3. Answer: 247 to 249
T1 1 1
= cv [(T1 − T0 ) − T0 ln ( )] Ṡgen,sys = Q̇ [ − ]
T0 TL TH
N rr

1 1
Ṡgen,sys = 1000 [ − ]
2. Answer: 198 to 202 300 400
e

Ṡgen,sys = 0.8333 W/K

ef

IṘ = To Ṡgen,sys
IṘ = 298 × 0.8333
R

IṘ = 248.333 W

4. Answer: A
IR = T0 Sg,uni
IR = T0 ΔSuni
WIR < WR IR = T0 (ΔSsys + ΔSsurr )
Reversible → WR Loss of total work available.
Irreversible → WIR
IR = WR − WIR
İR = ẆR = ẆIR
5. Answer: C IR = AE − Wact
IR = WR − Wact IR = AE [∵ Wact = 0]
IR = AE − Wact AE = TO [ΔSsys + ΔSsurr ]
300
AE = (1 − ) × 1200 T2 mc(T2 − T1 )
900 AE = TO [mc ln ( ) + ]
T1 TO
600 × 1200
AE = 450
900 AE = 303 × 2000 × 0.5 [ln (1250) +
AE = 800 kJ (1250−450)
] kJ
303
IR = 800 − 600
= 490.439 MJ
IR = 200 kJ

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6. Answer: A

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 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTPP - 39

Chapter : EXERGY
Topic : Exergy Calculations For Closed System

1. [NAT, ] C. 154 D. 226

Helium having a mass of 8 kg undergoes a
compression process from an initial state of 4. [MSQ , ]
2.13 kg of carbon – dioxide gas is contained in
3 m3 /kg, 15°C to a final state of 0.5 m3 /kg and
a well – insulated, rigid tank of 1.2 m3 volume

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80°C. The increase in exergy during the
having paddle – wheel at 100 kPa. The gas is
compression process is _____ kJ (round off to
now stirred by paddle wheel until its pressure
one decimal place). Assume the surroundings
becomes 120 kPa. Which one or more of the
to be at 25°C and 100 kPa. Treat helium to be

I1 o
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
an ideal gas with R = 2.0769 kJ/kg − K and
Assume T0 = 298 K and cv = 0.684 kJ/kg − K

2. [NAT, ]
c
cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg − K.
& R = 0.1889 kJ/kg − K.
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A piston – cylinder arrangement contains 2
litres of air. The air undergoes a compression
N rr

process from an initial state of 100 kPa & 25°C

to a final state of 600 kPa & 150°C. If the
surroundings are at 100 kPa and 25°C, then
e

increase in exergy is ______ J (round off to one

decimal place). Assume air to be an ideal gas
ef

with cp = 1.009 kJ/kg − K and cv =

A. Actual paddle – wheel work input is 86.5 kJ
0.722 kJ/kg − K. to 87.5 kJ.
R

B. Specific entropy change of CO2 during the

3. [MCQ, ] process is 132.5 J/kg − K to 136.5 J/kg − K.
An insulated rigid tank is divided into two C. The minimum work input required for this
equal parts by a partition. Initially, left side process is 7.55 kJ to 7.95 kJ.
part of the tank contains argon gas having 3 kg D. The minimum work input required for this
mass at 300 kPa and 70°C, the right side part process is 9.25 kJ to 9.65 kJ.
of the tank is evacuated. Now, the partition is
removed and the argon gas occupies the 5. [MSQ, ]
entire tank. The exergy destruction in the tank Carbon steel balls (ρ = 7833 kg/m3 and c =
during the process is (in kJ) _____. 0.465 kJ/kg − K) of 8 mm in diameter are
Assume argon gas behaves like an ideal gas. annealed by a heating process. The balls are
Take R = 0.208 kJ/kg − K & T0 = 25°C. first heated in a furnace to 900°C and then
A. 412 B. 129 balls are allowed to cool slowly to 100°C in
 ambient air at 35°C. 1200 balls are to be removing the diaphragm separating them. If
annealed per hour. Which one or more of the the ambient temperature is 300 K
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ? For oxygen: cp = 0.92 kJ⁄kg − K ; cv =
0.65 kJ⁄kg − K
For hydrogen: cp = 14.32 kJ⁄kg − K ; cv =
10.17 kJ⁄kg − K
The loss in availability / gain in unavailable
energy is _____ kJ (round off to one decimal

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place).
A. Total rate of heat transfer from the balls
to the ambient air is 258.4 W to 262.4 W.
B. Total rate of heat transfer from the balls 8. [MCQ , ]
to the ambient air is 162.4 W to 164.4 W. A 50 kg iron block and 20 kg copper block,

I1 o
C. Exergy destruction rate in universe due to both initially at 80°C dropped into large tank

D.
to 155 W. c
heat loss from the balls to the air is 135 W

Exergy destruction rate in universe due to

at 15°C. As a result of heat transfer between
the blocks and the tank water, comes to
thermal equilibrium after a while. Assuming
EG al
heat loss from the balls to the air is 166 W the surroundings to be at 20°C, the amount of
to 168 W. work that could have been produced when the
N rr

entire process were executed in a reversible

6. [MCQ, ] manner.
A 1 kg copper block (cpc = 0.42 kJ/kg-K) at Take cp,iron = 0.45 kJ/kg − K & cp,cu =
e

350°C is quenched in a 10 kg oil (cpo = 0.386 kJ/kg − K.

1.8 kJ/kg-K) bath initially at ambient
ef

A. 196.15 kJ B. 166.75 kJ
temperature of 20°C. Assume no heat transfer C. 157.12 kJ D. 201.11 kJ
to the ambient. The change in availability of
R

the system (copper + oil) is (in kJ) 9. [NAT , ]

A. 78 B. −44 A rigid tank contains 100 m3 of air is
C. −48 D. −64 compressed at 2 MPa pressure and 20°C
temperature. If the environmental conditions
7. [NAT, ] are 100 kPa & 20°C, then the work obtained
A rigid vessel has two compartments; from this compressed air is _________ MJ (round
compartment A contains one kg of oxygen at off to two decimal places). Take R =
1 bar 450 K and the compartment B contains 287 J/kg − K
one kg of hydrogen at the same pressure and
temperature. The gases are allowed to mix by
10. [MSQ , ] R = 0.287 kJ/kg − K & T temperature in K.
A closed system contains 2 kg of air initially at Which one or more of the following
500 kPa pressure & 80°C temperature. Air statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
undergoes an adiabatic expansion process. A. The maximum work is 120.82 kJ to
During the process, the volume of air becomes 124.82 kJ.
double of its initial volume & the temperature B. The maximum work is 82.25 kJ to 84.25 kJ.
of air becomes equal to that of the C. The change in availability is 80.5 kJ to
surroundings which is at 100 kPa & 5°C. For 84.5 kJ.
air, take cv = 0.718 kJ/kg − K, u = cv T where D. The irreversibility of air is 14.8 kJ to
cv is constant, and PV = mRT where P is 15.6 kJ.

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pressure in kPa, V volume in m3 , m mass in kg.

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c
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 Answer Key
1. (𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟎. 𝟏) 6. (𝐁)
2. (𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟒) 7. (𝟐𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟓)
3. ( B) 8. (A)
4. (𝐀, 𝐂) 9. (𝟒𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟒𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟓)
5. (A, C) 10. (A, C, D)

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 Solution

1. Answer: 𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟎. 𝟏 To  S  298  8

1–2
m = 8 kg
  353   0.5  
v1 = 3 m3 /kg 3.1156 n  288   2.0769 n  3  
    
T1 = 15°C = 288 k
To  S  –7360.02077 kJ
v2 = 0.5 m3 /kg 1–2

T2 = 80°C = 353 k  Ex  1620.112 – 2000  7360.02077

1–2

 Ex  ______ kJ
1–2  Ex  6980.113 kJ
1–2

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To = 25°C 298 k
2. Answer: 17.04
Po = 100 kPa
V1 = 2L = 2 × 10–3 m3
R = 2.0769 kJ/kg − k P1 = 100kPa

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T1 = 25°C = 298 k
Cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg − k
P2 = 600 kPa
 Ex   E  Po  V  S
1–2 1–2 1–2 c
1–2

 Ex   U  Po  V – To  S
T2
Po
To
=
=
=
150°C = 423 k
100 kPa
25°C = 298 k
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1–2 1–2 1–2 1–2  Ex  ____ J
1–2

 U  mcv  T2 – T1  Cp = 1.009 kJ/kg − k

N rr

1–2
Cv = 0.722 kJ/kg − k
 U  8  3.1156   353 – 288  Ex   E  Po  E – To  S
1–2 1–2 1–2
1–2 1–2
e

 Ex   U  Po  V – To  S
1–2 1–2 1–2 1–2
 U  1620.11 kJ
 U  mcv  T2 – T1 
ef

1–2
1–2
Po  V  Po  V2 – V1  P1 V1
1–2 m
RT1
R

Po  V  Po m  u 2 – u1  100  2  10 –3
1–2 m
1.009 – 0.722   298
Po  V  100  8  0.5 – 3
1–2 m  2.3384 10–3 kg
Po  V  2000 kJ  U  2.33847  10 –3  0.722   423 – 298
1–2 1–2

To  S  To m S
 U  0.211047 kJ
1–2
1–2 1–2
Po  U  Po  V2 – V1 
 T   V  1–2
To  S  To m c v n  2   R n  2   P1V1 P2 V2
1–2   T1   V1   
T1 T2
  P  T  Exd = To Sg,sys
V2   1  2  V1
 P2  T1  
ΔSys = Ssys    Sg,sys
T
 100  423  –3
V2      2 10 ΔSsyS = ΔSg,sys
 600  298 
ΔSg,sys = ΔSsys
V2 = 4.7315 × 10–4 m3
Exd = To Ssys

Po  V  100 4.7315 10–4 – 2 10–3
1–2
 Exd = To mSsys
Po  V  –0.152685 kJ  T   V 
1–2 Exd = To m c v n  2   R n  2  
  T1   V1  
 T   P2  
To  S  To m c p n  2  – R n  Free expansion of an ideal gas inside an instated

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1–2   T1   P1   container
To  S  298  2.33847  10 –3 Exd = To mRℓn (2)
1–2 Exd = 298 × 0.205 ℓn (2)
  423   600   Ex d  128.892 kJ
1.009 n  298  – 1.009 – 0.722  n  100  

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    
To  S  –0.112058 kJ
1–2
c
 Ex  0.211047 – 0.152685  0.112058
1–2
4. Answer: A, C
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 Ex  0.17042 kJ
1–2

 Ex  170.42 kJ
1–2
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3. Answer: D
e

m = 2.13 kg
ef

V = 1.2 m3
P1 = 100 kPa
P2 = 120 kPa
R

To = 298 k
Cv = 0.684 kJ/kg − k
R = 0.1889 kJ/kg − k
According to FLT for a process
V1 = V ϕ = W + ΔE
m = 3 kg We + ΔU = 0
P1 = 300 kPa We = – Δ U
T1 = 70°C = 343 k We = – mcv (T2 – T1 )
V2 = 2V PV
Exd = ___kJ T2 = 2 2
mR
R = 0.208 kJ/kg − k
120 1.2
To = 25°C = 298 k T2 =
2.13  0.1889
Exd = To Sg
T2 = 351.8911 k
0
 100 1.2 m = ρv
T1 =
2.13  0.1889 
m   D3
T1 = 298.2426 k 6
We = – 2.13 × 0.684 × (351.8911 – 298.2426) 
m  7833   83 10–9
We  –86.903kJ 6
m = 2.0998 × 10–3 kg
T  v 
 S  cv n  2   R n  2  1
1–2  T1   v1     2.0998 10–3  465   373 1173
3
T 
 S  cv n  2    260.419 W
1–2  T1 
Heat rejection for ball to ambient air
 S  0.684 n 1.2

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1–2 EXd,uni  To Sg,uni
 S  0.1247 kJ/kg-k ds
1–2 EXd,uni  To
dt uni
 S  0.1247 kJ/kg-k
1–2 EXd,uni  To n Suni

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 T 
 Ex   1 – o  –  W – Po V  – Ex d EXd,uni  To n  Ssys  Ssur 
1–2  T
 Ex  –Wm – Ex d
1–2
c
Reversible work input/Minimum work input
 T   
EX d,uni  To n  mc n  2   
  T1  T0 
EG al
Wm  –  Ex EX d,uni  308 
1–2
1 –3  373  260.419 
 Ex   E  Po  V – To  S  3  2.0998  10  465 n  1173   308 
N rr

1–2 1–2 1–2 1–2    

 Ex  U1–2 – To S1–2
1–2 EXd,uni  145.564 W
e

 Ex = mcv (T2 – T1 ) – To mΔS1−2

1–2
6. Answer: B
ef

 Ex =
1–2 Given mcu = 1 kg; moil = 10 kg
2.13 [0.684 (351.8911 – 298.2426) – 298 × To = 20°C
0.1247]
R

Let T2 = Final temperature of the system (cu +

 Ex  7.751 kJ
1–2
oil)
5. Answer: A, C Heat lost by copper = Heat gain by copper
3
ρ = 7833 kg/m
mcu cpc (350−T2 ) = moil cpo (T2 − 20)
c = 0.465 kJ/kg − K
D = 8mm 1 × 0.42 × (350 − T2 ) = 10 × 1.8 (T2 − 20)
T1 = 900°C = 1173 K ⇒ T2 = 27.524°C
T2 = 100°C = 373 K
T0 = 35°C = 308 K For each mass copper and oil, we neglect work

n  1200
balls 1 balls
 term as volume = constant
hr 3 sec
∴ ΔEx = u2 − u1 − To (s2 − s1 )
n 

0
 300.61 = T0 × (dS)net = 300 × 0.988 = 296.4 kJ
= 0.42 × 1 [(−322.5) − 2.93 ln ] + 10
623
300.61 8. Answer: A
× 1.8 [7.5 − 293 ln ]
193.15 Iron + Copper block as Combined system.
= −45.713 + 1.698 From First law
Q out  U
= −44.02 kJ
 mc T iron  mcT cu
7. Answer: 𝟐𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟓
 50 0.45 65  20 0.386  65
For oxygen: R = cp − cv = 0.92 − 0.65 =
Q out  1964 kJ

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0.26 kJ⁄kg − K
T 
mRT 1 × (0.26 × 103 ) × 450  S iron  mcp,iron ln 2 
V=
P
=
1 × 105  T1 
 288 

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= 1.17 m3  50  0.45 ln  
 353 
For hydrogen: R = 14.32 − 10.17 =
 4.579 kJ / K
4.15 kJ⁄kg − K c
For hydrogen: R = 14.32 − 10.17 =
T 
 S copper  mcp,cu ln  2 
 T1 
EG al
4.15 kJ⁄kg − K  288 
 20  0.386 ln  
3)
1 × (4.15 × 10 × 450  353 
N rr

V= = 18.675 m3
1 × 105  1.571 kJ / K
Upon removal of diaphragm, both oxygen and Q0
 S univ   S iron   S cu 
e

hydrogen will have a volume equal to Ttank

1964
  4.579   1.571 
ef

V2 = 1.17 + 18.675 = 19.845 m3

288
Entropy change of oxygen1
 0.669 kJ / K
V2
R

dSO2 = (m R 𝑙𝑛 V ) Work destroyed = Exergy destroyed

1
Ex d  T0 Sgen
19.845
= 1 × 0.26 × ln = 0.736 kJ⁄K  293 0.669
1.17

Entropy change of hydrogen Exd  196.15 kJ

V 19.845
dSH2 = (m R ln V2 ) = 1 × 4.15 × ln
1 18.675
9. Answer: 𝟒𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟒𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
= 0.252 kJ⁄K P1 V
The mass of air in the tank m 
Total change in entropy as a result of mixing is RT1
(dS)net = 0.736 + 0.252 = 0.988 kJ⁄K 2000  100
m  2378.38kg
0.287 293
Loss in availability / or gain in unavailable
The available energy of the compressed air is
energy
0
 Ex  U  P0 V  T0 S   278 2 
 2 0.718  75  278  0.718ln  0.287ln  
 m u1  u0   P0  v2  v 0   T0  s1  s 0     353 1 
Wmax 122.72kJ
 m P0  v1  v 0   T0  s1  s 0  
The change in availability
  RT RT   T P  Ex12  U  P0 V  T0 S  Wmax  P0 V
 m P0  1  0   T0  cp ln 1  Rln 1  
  P1 P0   T0 P0   2  0.287  353
 122.72  100 
 P   T P  500
 m kT0  0  1   T0  cp ln 1  Rln 1   Ex  82.2kJ
  P1   T0 P0  
Irreversibility I  Wmax  Wact
P P

0 de
mRT0  0  1  ln 1  Wact  Q  U  U  U1  U2
 P1 P0 
 I  U1  U2   T0  S1  S2   U1  U2 
 100 2000 
 2378.38  0.287 293   1  ln
 2000 100  I  T0  S system

I1 o
 409.14 MJ  T V 
 T0 mc v ln 2  mRln 2 
10. Answer: A, C, D c
Wmax  U1  U2   T0  S1  S2 


T1

 278 2 0.718ln

278
353
V1 

 0.287ln2 

EG al
  T V  I  15.2kJ
 m c v  T1  T2   T0  c v ln 2  Rln 2  
  T1 V1  
N rre
ef
R

0
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 PYQs - 39

Chapter : EXERGY
Topic : Exergy Calculations For Closed System

1. [NAT, ] A. Entropy B. Enthalpy

A 0.8 m3 insulated rigid tank contains 1.5 kg of C. Exergy D. Rothalpy
an ideal gas at 100 kPa. Electric work is done [GATE-2014-ME]
on the system until the pressure in the tank 4. [MCQ, ]

0 de
rises to 135 kPa. The loss in availability The exergy (or availability) of a system at a
(exergy) associated with the process is _______ specified state
A. depends on the conditions of the system
kJ (2 decimal places). For the ideal gas, the

I1 o
alone
characteristic gas constant is 188.9 J/(kg − K)
B. depends on the conditions of the

c
and the specific heat capacity of constant
volume is 680 J/(kg − K). The temperature of
environment alone
C. depends on the conditions of both the
EG al
the dead state is 298 K. system and environment
[GATE-2021-XE] D. depends neither on the conditions of the
system nor the environment
N rr

2. [MCQ, ]
An ideal gas of 1 kg mass enclosed inside a [GATE-2012-XE]
5. [MCQ, ]
rigid vessel at the initial temperature 1200 K
e

Two kg of air at 500 kPa and 370 K expands

is employed as a heat source. The specific heat
ef

adiabatically in a closed system until its

cv of the gas is 718 J/kg − K. The maximum
volume is doubled and its pressure and
work in kJ that can be developed by operating
temperature become equal to that of the
R

a heat engine between the ideal gas and the

surroundings, which is at 100 kPa and 300 K.
ambient at 300 K is
If for air, cv = 0.7 kJ/kg K and the
A. 646.2 B. 484.7
characteristic gas constant R = 0.287 kJ/
C. 387.7 D. 347.6
kg − K, the maximum useful work for this
[GATE-2015-XE]
process is approximately given by
3. [MCQ, ]
A. 105 kJ B. 205 kJ
The maximum theoretical work obtainable,
C. 305 kJ D. 405 kJ
when a system interacts to equilibrium with a
[GATE-2008-XE]
reference environment, it is called
6. [MCQ, ] 7. [NAT, ]
Availability of a system at any given state is At a place where the surroundings are at 1
A. a property of the system bar, 27℃, a closed rigid thermally insulated
B. the maximum work obtainable as the tank contains 2 kg air at 2 bar, 27℃. This air is
system goes to dead state then churned for a while, by a paddle wheel
C. the total energy of the system connected to an external motor. If it is given
D. the maximum useful obtainable as the that the irreversibility of the process is 100 kJ,
system goes to dead state find the final temperature and the increase in
[GATE-2000-ME] availability of air. Assume for air

0 de
cv = 0.718 kJ/kg − K.
[GATE-1997-ME]

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key

1. (𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟗𝟓. 𝟕𝟖) 5. (𝐁)

2. (𝐃) 6. (𝐃)
3. (𝐂) 7. (𝟑𝟕𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 & 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟖)
4. (𝐂)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solution

1. Answer: 𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟗𝟓. 𝟕𝟖 ⇒ Wmax = −1 × 718 × [−900 + 300 ln 4]

IR = To Sg,uni ⇒ Wmax = 347592.2 J
IR = To ΔSuni ⇒ Wmax = 347.6 kJ
P2
IR = To m [cv ln ( ) ]
P1 3. Answer: 𝐂
= 298 × 1.5 × 680 ln(1.35) Exergy is the maximum possible useful work
= 91.22 kJ obtainable from the system.

0 de
2. Answer: 𝐃 4. Answer: 𝐂
Availability is an extensive property which
depends on both System and Environment.

I1 o
c 5. Answer: 𝐁
m = 2 kg;
P1 = 500 kPa P2 = 100 kPa
EG al
R = 0.287 kJ/kg − K
T1 = 370 K T2 = 300 K
N rr

cv = 0.7 kJ/kg − K
ϕ = E + P0 V + T0 S
e

Vessel is Rigid.
To ϕ = U + P0 V − T0 S
ef

dWmax = (1 − )Q
T ϕ1 = U1 + P0 V1 − T0 S1
To
To ϕ0 = U0 + P0 V0 − T0 S0
⇒ Wmax = ∫ (1 − ) × (−mcv dT)
R

Ti T
Av1 = ϕ1 − ϕ0
(since Ideal gas undergoing constant volume = (U1 − U0 ) + P0 (V1 − V0 ) − T0 (S1 − S0 )
process) = 2[28.428 + 300[0.2423]] = 204.2 kJ
T
⇒ Wmax = −mcv [T − To ln T]|Toi
To 6. Answer: 𝐃
⇒ Wmax = −mcv [(To − Ti ) − To ln ( )]
Ti Availability is the maximum possible useful
⇒ Wmax = −1 × 718 work that can be produced in a process when

× [(300 − 1200) − 300 system comes in equilibrium with environment.

300
× ln ( )]
1200
 When the system is in equilibrium and at rest T2
IR = TO mcv ln ( )
relative to environment then system is said to be T1
IR
in dead state T2 = T1 emcvTo
7. Answer: 𝟑𝟕𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 & 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟖 100×103
T2 = 300 e2×718×300
T2 = 378.38 K
ΔAv1−2 = ϕ2 − ϕ1
= (E2 + po V2 − To S2 ) − (E1 + po V1 − To S1 )
= (E2 − E1 ) + po (V2 − V1 ) − To (S2 − S1 )

0 de
= (U2 − U1 ) − To (S2 − S1 )
T2
IR = TO Sgen,uni ΔAv1−2 = mcv (T2 − T1 ) − To mcv ln ( )
T1
IR = TO ΔSuni

I1 o
T2
IR = TO (ΔSsys + ΔSsurr ) ΔAv1−2 = mcv [(T2 − T1 ) − T0 ln ( )]
T1

state.
c
Assuming Paddle wheel is rotating at steady
ΔAv1−2 = 2 × 718 [(378.38 − 300)
EG al
378.38
ΔSsurr = 0 − 300 ln ( )]
300
T2 v2
IR = TO [m {cv ln ( ) + rln ( )}] ΔAv1−2 = 12557.88 J
N rr

T1 v1
ΔAv1−2 = 12.558 kJ
e
ef
R
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTPP - 40

Chapter : EXERGY
Topic : Exergy of flowing fluid

1. [MCQ, ] a mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s and exits at

Air at 550 kPa, 425 K enters steadily in an 600 kPa and 450 K. If the compression process
adiabatic turbine. If the air leaves the turbine at involved without irreversibilities, then the
110 kPa and 325 K, The maximum work is minimum work input required to the

0 de
_________ per kg of air. [Take, T0 = 25°C, cP = compressor is ____ kW (round off to 1 decimal
1.011 kJ/kg − K and R = 287 J/kg − K] place). Assume CO2 to be an ideal gas with cp =
A. 157.9 kJ/kg B. 109.9 kJ/kg 0.9175 kJ/kg-K and R = 0.1889 kJ/kg-K. Take

I1 o
C. 132.5 kJ/kg D. 97.9 kJ/kg the surrounding temperature is 25°C. Neglect
the changes in KE and PE.
2. [MCQ, ]
c
The air in a steady flow enters the system at a 5. [NAT, ]
Air is contained in one half of an insulated tank
EG al
pressure of 8 bar, 180°C, with a velocity of
80 m/s and leaves at 1.4 bar, 20°C with a while the other half is completely evacuated.
velocity of 40 m/s. The temperature of the The membrane separating the two halves is
N rr

surroundings is 20°C and pressure is 1 bar. punctured and the air quickly fills the entire
The maximum theoretical work which must be volume. The exergy destroyed per unit mass
e

available is during the process is ________ 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 (round off

A. 160.8 kJ/kg B. 163.2 kJ/kg to 1 decimal place). Neglect the changes in 𝐾𝐸
ef

C. 170.8 kJ/kg D. 181.49 kJ/kg and take 𝑇𝑑 = 298 𝐾.

6. [MSQ, ]
R

3. [MCQ, ]
Air enters a nozzle steadily at 200 kPa and 65°C An ideal gas having a mass flow rate of
with a velocity 32 m/s and exits at 95 kPa and 2.1 kg/min, undergoes a steady – state
235 m/s. The heat loss from nozzle to compression in an insulated compressor from an
surrounding medium at 20°C is 3.5 kJ/kg. The initial state of 100 kPa and 17°C (h =
irreversibility for the process is ________. 290.16 kJ/kg) to a final state of 600 kPa, 167°C
A. 35.4 kJ/kg B. 38.3 kJ/kg (h = 441.61 kJ/kg). During the compression
C. 44.5 kJ/kg D. 51.2 kJ/kg specific entropy of ideal gas decreases by
0.09356 kJ/kg − K. To achieve this compression
4. [NAT , ] work input at the rate of 8 kW is given to the
Carbon dioxide enters a well – insulated compressor. Which one or more of the following
compressor steadily at 100 kPa and 300 K with statement(s) is/are CORRECT? Assume the
surroundings to be at 17°C. Neglect the changes
in kinetic and potential energies. 7. [NAT, ]
Air undergoes a steady throttling (in a small
throttling device) from an initial state of
1000 kPa, 300 K to a final state of 500 kPa. The
exergy destroyed per unit mass during the
throttling process is ______ kJ/kg (round off to
1 decimal place). Neglect the changes in kinetic
energy. Take Td = 298 K.

0 de
8. [NAT , ]
Argon gas enters a well insulated, horizontal
nozzle steadily at 1400 K, 380 kPa and exits the

I1 o
A. Increase in the exergy of the ideal gas is nozzle at 950 K, 140 kPa. The exergy destruction
135.7 Kj/kg to 137.7 kJ/kg . per unit mass within the nozzle during the

c
B. Increase in the exergy of the ideal gas is
174.6 kJ/kg to 182.6 kJ/kg.
C. Exergy destruction rate during the
process is ____ kJ/kg (round off to two decimal
places). Treat argon as an ideal gas with γ =
1.667 & take Td = 298 K .
EG al
compression process is 1.71 kW to 1.79 kW.
D. Exergy destruction rate during the
N rr

compression process is 1.91 kW to 1.99 kW.

e
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (𝐀) 5. (𝟓𝟗. 𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟔𝟎. 𝟒)
2. (𝐃) 6. (𝐁, 𝐂)
3. (𝐁) 7. (𝟓𝟔. 𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟔𝟐. 𝟑)
4. (𝟐𝟒. 𝟖 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒)) 8. (𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions

1. Answer: A  0.437  0.596  0.159kJ /kg  K

Availability of the air at the inlet
802
 1.005 453  293  293  0.159    210.58kJ
2 1000
Availability at the exit
c22
 h2  h0   T0  s2  s0  
2
 0.437  0.596  0.159kJ /kg  K
Availability of the air at the inlet

0 de
802
Wout  mh1  h2   1.005  453  293  293  0.159    210.58kJ
2 1000
Ein  Eout Availability at the exit

I1 o
mh1  Wout  mh2 c22
 h2  h0   T0  s2  s0  
Wout  mh1  h2  2

 101.1kJ / kg
c
wout  cp  T1  T2   1.011  425  325  T0  s2  s0  
c22
2
h2  h0 ,since,T2  T0 
EG al
P   1.4 
The entropy change of air is s2  s0  Rloge  2   0.287loge  
T2 P  P0   1 
s2  s1  cp ln  Rln 2  0.09656kJ /kg  K
N rr

T1 P1
325 110  Availability at the exit
 1.011ln  0.287ln
402
e

425 550  293 0.09656    29.09kJ / kg

 0.1907 kJ /kg  K 2 1000
ef

The maximum (reversible) work is the exergy Theoretical work which must be available =
difference between the inlet the exit states
availability at the inlet – availability at the exit
wrev,out  cp  T1  T2   To s1  s2 
R

= 210.58 − 29.09 = 181.49 kJ/kg

 wout  To s1  s2 
3. Answer: B
 101.1  298  0.1907
 157.9 kJ /kg

2. Answer: D
Availability of the air at the inlet
 T1   P1 
 s1  s0   cp loge    Rloge  
 T0   P0  Energy in = Energy out
 453  8 V12 V2
 1.005loge    0.287loge   hi   he  2  q
 293  1 2000 2000
 322 2352 6. Answer: B, C
cp  65  273   cp  T2    3.5
2000 2000
T2  307.55K
Change in entropy of universe,
T2 P q
dsuniv  cp ln  Rln 2 
T1 P1 T0
307.55 95 3.5
 1.005ln  0.287ln 
338 200 293
 0.1307kJ /kg  K
I  T0dsuniv

0 de
kg
m  2.1
min
 293 0.1307  38.3kJ / kg
Pi = 100 kPa
4. Answer: 𝟐𝟒. 𝟖 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒 Ti = 17°C = 290 k

I1 o
Pi  100kPa;Ti  300K;Td  298K hi = 290.16 kJ/kg
Po = 600 kPa
Po  600kPa;To  450K
c
 Exio  KEio  PEio  Hio  Td Sio
Exio mho hi   Td mSio
To = 167°C = 440 k
ho = 441.61 kJ/kg
EG al
ΔSi−o = – 0.09356 kJ/kg − k
  T P  Wcv  –8.0 kW
 m cp  To  Ti   Td  cp ln o  Rln o  
  Ti Pi   To = 17°C = 290 k
N rr

  450  600   Ex   kE  PE  H – Td  S

 0.2 0.9175  450  300   298  0.9175ln   0.1889ln i–0 i–0 i–0 i–0 i–0
  300  100 
 Ex  m  ho – hi  – Td m S
e

Exio  Wrev,in  25.5 kW i–0 i–0

 ex   h o – hi  – Td  S
ef

i–0 i–0
5. Answer: 𝟓𝟗. 𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟔𝟎. 𝟒
U  0  ex   441.61– 290.16  – 290   –0.09356 
i–0
R

 T1  T2  ex  178.5824 kJ/kg
i–0
v 
exd,cv  Td Rln 0  d Ex  T   dv 
 vi    Ex   1 – o  8 –  W – Pd 
dt cv i–0  T  dt  cv
 298  0.287 ln2
 Ex– Wcv – Exd,cv
ex d,cv  59.6kJ / kg i–0
Exd,cv  –Wcv –  Ex
i–0
2.1
Ex d,cv  –  –8 – 178.5824
60
Ex d,cv  1.7496 kW

0
 7. Answer: 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟔𝟐. 𝟑 exd,cv = kJ/kg
Pi = 1000 kPa γ = 1.667
Ti = 300 K
Td = 298 k
Po = 500 kPa
Ex d,cv  Td Sg,cv
Exd,cv = ___kJ/kg
dS Q
Td = 298 K  S    Sg,cv
dt i–0 T
Ex d,cv  Td Sg,cv cv

dS Q Sg,cv  S
S    Sg,cv i–0
dt i–0 T
cv Ex d,cv  Td  S
i–0

0 de
Sg,cv  S Exd,cv  Td m  S
i–0 i–0
Ex d,cv  Td  S ex d,cv  Td  S
i–0 i–0

I1 o
E xd,cv  T   P 
 Td S ex d ,cv  Td  cp n  o  – R n  o  
m i–0   Ti   Pi  

c
T   P 
ex d ,cv  Td  cp n  o  – R n  o  
  Ti   Pi  
R
R
M
EG al
8.314
Throttling of an ideal gas inside small throttling R=
40
device neglecting changes in KE and PE.
R = 0.20785 kJ/kg − K
P 
N rr

ex d ,cv  Td R n  o  R
 Pi  cp =
 –1
 500  0.20785  1.667
e

exd,cv = –298 × 0.287 ℓn   cp =

 1000  0.667
ex d,cv  59.2821kJ / kg
ef

cp = 0.51947 kJ/kg − K
  140  
exd,cv =  0.51947 n 
950 
 – 0.20785 n  
  1400   380  
8. Answer: 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐
R

ex d,cv  1.8212kJ / kg

Argon
Well insulated horizontal nozzle
Ti = 1400 k
Pi = 380 kPa
To = 950 k
Po = 140 kPa
0
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 PYQs - 40

Chapter : EXERGY
Topic : Exergy of flowing fluid

1. [NAT, ] 3. [MCQ, ]
Water flowing at the rate of 1 kg/s through a The pressure, temperature and velocity of air
system is heated using an electric heater such flowing in pipe are 5 bar, 500 K and 50 m/
that the specific enthalpy of the water increases s, respectively. The specific heats of air at a

0 de
by 2.50 kJ/kg and the specific entropy increases constant pressure and at constant volume are
by 0.007 kJ/kg − K. The power input to the 1.005 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − K and 0.718 kJ/kg − K,
electric heater is 2.50 kW. There is no other respectively. Neglect potential energy. If the

I1 o
work or heat interaction between the system pressure and temperature of the surroundings

c
and the surroundings. Assuming an ambient
temperature of 300 K, the irreversibility rate of
are 1 bar and 300 K, respectively, the available
energy in kJ/kg of the air stream is
EG al
the system is ______kW (round of to two A. 170 B. 187
decimal places). C. 191 D. 213
N rr

[GATE-2019-ME] [GATE-2013-ME]
e

4. [MCQ, ]
2. [NAT, ]
Availability per unit mass associated with air
ef

Air enters a pipe at 1 bar and flows isothermally

(R = 287 J/kg − K, cp = 1005 J/kg − K and
at the rate of 1 kg/s. Due to pipe friction, the
γ = 1.4) flowing from a reservoir at 10 atm and
R

pressure drop between two sections of the pipe

25°C when atmosphere is at 1 atm and 25°C is
is 7% of the pressure at inlet section. For
(Neglect changes in the potential and the kinetic
ambient temperature, T0 = 300 K, the rate of
energies)
irreversibility (in W) between the two sections
A. 98.4 kJ/kg B. 196.9 kJ/kg
is_____.
C. 492.3 kJ/kg D. 689.14 kJ/kg
[GATE-2015-XE]
[GATE-2010-XE]
 Answer Key

1. (𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓) 3. (𝐁)

2. (𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟓) 4. (𝐁)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions

1. Answer: 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 = 6.24 kW
IṘ = To Ṡgen,uni = 6240 W
Ṡgen,uni = Ṡgen,sys + Ṡgen,surr 3. Answer: 𝐁
Ṡgen,uni = Ṡgen,sys [∵ Ṡgen,surr = 0] av = Ψi − Ψd
For open system c2i c2d
av = (hi + + gzi − To si ) − (hd + +
2 2
ΔṠcv = Ṡtrans,ṁ + Ṡtrans,Q̇ + Ṡgen,cv
gzd − To sd )
Ṡgen,cv = −Ṡtrans,ṁ
1
Ṡgen,cv = ΔṠi−o av = (hi − hd ) + 2 (ci2 − cd2 ) − To (si − sd )

0 de
1
Ṡgen,cv = ṁΔsi−o av = cp (Ti − Td ) + ci2 = To (si − sd )
2
Ṡgen,cv = ṁΔsi−o 1 T
av = cp (Ti − Td ) + ci2 − T0 [cp ln ( i ) −
2 Td
Ṡgen,cv = 1 × 0.007 kW/K

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p
Ṡgen,cv = 0.007 kW/K R ln (p i ) ]
d

IṘ = To Ṡgen,cv
IṘ = 300(0.007)
c av = 1005(500 − 300) + 2 × 502 −
500
1

300 [1005 ln (300) − 287 ln (1)]

5
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IṘ = 2.1 kW
av = 186808.67 J/kg
2. Answer: 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟓
N rr

av = 186.808 kJ/kg
e

4. Answer: 𝐁
Open System
ef

avi = Ψi − Ψd
C2
Where Ψ = + gz + h − T0 s
R

2
C2 C2
IṘ = To ṡ g,uni avi = ( 2i + gzi + hi − T0 si ) − ( 2d + gzd +

IṘ = To ṡ g,sys hd − T0 sd )
IṘ = To Δṡ E avi = (hi − hd ) − T0 (si − sd )
T p
T0 p0 avi = cp (Ti − Td ) − T0 [cp ln (T i ) − R ln (p i )]
IṘ = ṁTo [cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )] d d
Ti pi pi
p0 avi = T0 R ln ( ) [Given Ti = Td ]
IṘ = −ṁRTo ln ( ) p0
pi 10
⇒ aVi = 298 × 0.287 × ln ( )
0.93 1
= −(1)(0.287)(300) × ln ( )
1 = 196.93 kJ/kg
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTA - 20
Chapter : EXERGY

1. [NAT, ] flow rate of 2 kg/s. Cold water stream enters

3 kg of gas (cv = 0.81 kJ/kg − K) contained in the mixing chamber at 30°C with a mass flow
a rigid vessel initially at 2.5 bar and 400 K rate of 1 kg/s. The rate of exergy loss due to
receives 600 kJ of heat from an infinite source mixing is _______ kW (round off to tow decimal
at 1200 K. If the surrounding temperature is places). Take Td = 300 K, cp = 4.187 kJ/kg − K
290 K, the loss in available energy (in kJ) is

0 de
______ (round off to two decimal places). 5. [MSQ, ]
Air initially at 1 bar pressure & 300 K undergoes
2. [MCQ, ] following two types of interactions

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A rigid insulated tank of volume 4m3 is divided I. Air brought to a final temperature of 500 K
into two equal compartments. One adiabatically by paddle – wheel work
c
compartment of tank contains N2 gas at
0.5 MPa & 77°C, while the other compartment
transfer.
II. The same temperature rise (500 K) is
EG al
of vessel is completely evacuated. Now the brought about by heat transfer from a
partition between the compartments is ruptured thermal reservoir at 600 K.
and the N2 gas fills the entire vessel. The loss in
N rr

Which one or more of the following

available energy of the N2 gas (in kJ) due to
statement(s) is/are TRUE? Take T0 = 300 K.
rupture of partition. Take surrounding
e

temperature 27°C and assume N2 gas to be an A. (Irreversibility)I < (Irreversibility)II

ef

ideal gas B. (Irreversibility)I > (Irreversibility)II

A. 594 B. 365 C. Specific entropy generation in interaction I
C. 667 D. 507 is 365 J/kg − K to 369 J/kg − K.
R

D. Specific entropy generation in interaction II

3. [NAT, ] is 360 J/kg − K to 362 J/kg − K.
Carnot heat engine receives heat from a source
at 1250 K at a rate of 450 W and rejects heat to 6. [MSQ, ]
a medium at 33°C. If the power output of the A well – insulated, rigid tank having a paddle –
heat engine is 195 kW, the rate of irreversibility wheel contains 0.9 kg of air at 150 kPa pressure
is __________ kW(round off to two decimal & 20°C temperature. The paddle – wheel inside
places). the tank is now rotated by an external power
source until the temperature of air in the tank
4. [NAT, ] rises to 55°C. Which one or more of the
A hot water stream at 90°C enters steadily into following statement(s) is/are TRUE? Take Td =
a well – insulated mixing chamber with a mass 20°C & cv of air = 0.718 kJ/kg − K.
 A. Exergy destroyed in the rank during the decimal places). Assume no changes in kinetic
process is 18.25 kJ to 19.85 kJ. energy & potential energy. (Take Td = 298 K)
B. Exergy destroyed in the rank during the
process is 20.35 kJ to 22.35 kJ. 9. [MSQ, ]
C. Reversible work during the process is 1.1 kJ A furnace is heated by an electric resistor. At
to 1.3 kJ. steady state, electric power is supplied to the
D. Reversible work during the process is 1.7 kJ resistor at a rate of 8.5 kW per metre length to
to 1.9 kJ. maintain it at 1500 K. When the furnace walls
are at 500 K. For the resistor as the system,
7. [NAT, ]

0 de
which one or more of the following statement(s)
Cold water stream (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg − K) is/are CORRECT? Take T0 = 300 K.
leading to a shower steadily enters a well – A. Rate of availability transfer with heat is
insulated, thin – walled, double – pipe, counter −7.4 kW to −6.4 kW.

I1 o
flow heat exchanger at 15°C with a mass flow B. Rate of availability transfer with heat is
−3.6 kW to −3.2 kW.
c
rate of 0.25 kg/s . The cold water stream is
heated to 45°C by hot water stream (cp =
4.19 kJ/kg − K) steadily enters at 100°C with a
C. Irreversibility rate is 1.6 kW to 1.8 kW.
D. Irreversibility rate is 2.2 kW to 2.4 kW.
EG al
mass flow rate of 3 kg/s. The rate of exergy
destruction in the heat exchanger is _______ 10. [MSQ, ]
N rr

kW (round off to one decimal place). Neglect A water cooler working as a small refrigerator.
the changes in the KE and PE. Take Td = 25 L/h of water is cools by water cooler from
18°C to 10°C. The coefficient of performance of
e

300 K.
refrigerator is 2.5. Assume specific volume of
ef

water is 0.001002 m3 /kg & T0 = 25°C. Which

one or more of the following statement(s) is/are
CORRECT ? Take cw = 4.18 kJ/kg − K.
R

A. Power input to the refrigerator is 91.5 W to

95.5 W.
B. Power input to the refrigerator is 75.5 W to
80.5 W.
C. Rate of exergy destruction during the process
8. [NAT, ] is 80.5 W to 85.5 W.
Methane at 1 MPa, 300 K is throttled steadily
D. Rate of exergy destruction during the process
through a valve to 200 kPa. The specific exergy
destroyed per unit mass during throttling is 70.5 W to 75.5 W.
process is _____ kJ/kg (round off to two
 Answer Key
1. (192.5 to 194.5) 6. (B, C)
2. (A) 7. (5.5 to 5.9)
3. (142.90 to 146.90) 8. (247.35 to 252.35)
4. (12.85 to 13.85) 9. (A, C)
5. (B, C) 10. (A, C)

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c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions

1. Answer: (𝟏𝟗𝟐. 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟓)  T P

S  m cp ln 2  Rln 2 

Heat received by the gas Q  mc v T  T1
1
2   T1 P1 
600  3  0.81  T21  400   8.314  0.25  
S  9.622   ln 
 T21  646.914K  28  5 
S  1.980kJ / K
Available energy with the source
600 Loss of available energy  T0 S
 1200  290 

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1200  300 1.980
 455kJ  594kJ
 T1 
S gas  mc v ln 21 
3. Answer: (142.90 to 146.90)

I1 o
 T1 
 646.914   T  W
 3  0.81ln  CHE   1  L   rev


 1.168 kJ / K
 400 
c
UAE  290  1.168  338.72kJ


TH  Q H

 Wrev   1 
306 
 1250 
  450
EG al
 AE with gas  600  338.72  261.28kJ Wrev  339.84kW
Loss in available energy due to heat transfer Irreversibility rate  I  Wrev  Wact
N rr

 AE source  AE gas  339.84  195

 455  261.28 I  144.85kW
e

 193.72kJ
ef

4. Answer: (12.85 to 13.85)

2. Answer: (𝑨) Equilibrium temperature after mixing
0.5 10 2
3 mh Th  mc Tc
Mass of N2   9.622kg Tf 
R

 8.314 / 28  350 mh  mc
Given, insulated & rigid tank & 𝑁2 to be an ideal gas 2  363  1  303

 U  0 21
U f T Tf  343K  70C
 PV  C Sgen   S hot   S cold
P2 V2 P1V1 T  T 
mcp ln f   mcp ln f 
0.5 2  Th   Tc 
 P2   0.25MPa
4  343   343 
Entropy change due to rupture of partition.  2 4.187 ln    1  4.187ln  
 363   303 
Sgen  0.0447kW / K
  I  rate of exergy loss due to mixing  mcv T  T0 S
 Td  Sgen  0.9 0.718  328  293  21.4
 300  0.0447 Wrev  1.2kJ
I  13.41kW
7. Answer: (𝟓. 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟓. 𝟗)
5. Answer: (𝐁, 𝐂) Q  Wcv   KE  PE  H .
Q  H
Q  mcPc T
 0.25 4.18  30

0 de
Interaction - I : Q  31.35kW
T  Rate of heat gain by the cold water is equal to the rate
s gen  c v ln  2 
 T1  of heat loss by the hot water.

I1 o
Q  mcP T / hotwater
 500 
 0.718 ln   Q  mcp h  Tin  To 
 300 
c
sgen  0.367kJ / kg  K (or) 367J / kg  K
Irreversibility I  T0 sgen  300 0.367
 To  Tin 
Q
EG al
mcP
h

 110.1 kJ /kg  373 

31.35
3  4.19
N rr

Interaction – II To  97.5C  370.5K

q  cv T  0.718ln 500  300  143.6kJ / kg Sgen   S cold   S hot
e

q
s gen  s  T  T 
 mcp ln co   mcp ln ho 
ef

T
 Tcin   Thi 
 
c h
143.6
 0.367 
600  318   370.5 
 0.25  4.18 ln    3  4.19 ln  
R

Sgen  0.1277kJ / kg  K  288   373 

Irreversibility II  3000.1277  38.31kJ / kg Sgen  0.0190kW / K  19.0W / K
Exergy destruction in the heat exchanger is 𝐸𝑥𝑑 =
̇
𝑇𝑑 × 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 300 × 0.0190 = 5.7 𝑘𝑊
6. Answer: (𝐁, 𝐂)
 T2 
Exergy destroyed Ex d  T0 mc v ln  8. Answer: (𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟓)
 T1 
Methane
 328 
 293  0.9  0.718 ln   Pi = 1MPa
 297  Ti = 300 K
Exd  21.4kJ P0 = 200 kPa
Reversible work Wrev  U  To S Sg,cv = ?
 For an open system  T 
I  1  0 Q  W .
Scv  Sf  St,Q .  Sg,cv  T
Sf  Sg,cv  300 
1    8.5  8.5
sf  sg,cv  1500 
T  P  I  1.7kW
sg,cv  cp ln  0   R ln  0 
 Ti   Pi 
10. Answer: (𝐀, 𝐂)
T0 = Ti
Throttling of an ideal gas through small throttling 25 103
m  v   6.93g / s
device having negligible changes in KE and PE 0.001002  3600

0 de
8.314  200  QL  mcp T
sg,cv   ln  
16  1000   6.93 103  4.18  8
Ss,cv = 0.8363 kJ/kg − K
 0.2318kW
Exd = Td × Sg

I1 o
QL 0.2318
= 298 × 0.8363  W   0.093kW  93W
COPR 2.5
𝐸𝑥𝑑 = 249.22 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔.

9. Answer: (𝐀, 𝐂)
c Q H  Q L  W  0.2318  0.093  0.325kW

Sgen 
QH T 
 mcp ln 1 
EG al
At steady state Q  U  W  8.5kW TH  T2 
Rate of availability transfer with heat
0.325  291 
 T    0.00693  4.18ln 
N rr

 1  0 Q . 298.15  283 
 T
 0.000283 kW /K
 300 
  8.5
e

 1  I  T0 Sgen
 1500 
 298  0.000283
 6.8kW
ef

Rate of irreversibility I  0.0844kW  84.4W

R
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : EXERGY
1. An adiabatic turbine receives a gas (Cp = 5. A system at 500 K receives 7000 kJ/min from a
1.09 kJ/kg K and Cv = 0.838 kJ/kg K) at 7 bar source at 1000 K. The temperature of
and 1000o C and discharges at 1.5 bar and atmosphere is 300 K. Assuming that the
665o C. Determine the second law efficiency and temperature of the system and source remain
isentropic efficiency of the turbine. [Take T0 = constant during heat transfer, find out:
298 K] (i) The entropy produced during heat transfer.

0 de
[IFS ME : 15 Marks : 2021] (ii) The decrease in available energy of source
after heat transfer and increase in available
2. Air enters a compressor in steady flow at energy of the system.
140 kPa, 17°C and 70 m/s and leaves it at Show the process on the T − s diagram and mark

I1 o
350 kPa, 127o C and 110 m/s. The environment the increase in unavailable energy.
is at 7°C. Calculate per kg of air for [IFS ME : 20 Marks : 2019]

c
(i) the actual amount of work required,
(ii) the minimum work required and
(iii) the irreversibility of the process. For air, take
6. Calculate the decrease in available energy when
25 kg of water at 95o C mixed with 35 kg of
water at 35o C, the pressure being taken as
EG al
cp = 1.005 kJ/kg − K and R = 0.287 kJ/ constant and the temperature of the
kg − K. surroundings being 15o C. (Specific heat of water
[CSE ME : 10 Marks : 2020] = 4.2 kJ/kg K)
N rr

[ESE ME : 12 Marks : 2016]

3. A frictionless piston-cylinder device initially
7. Calculate the available energy in 40 kg of water
contains 0.01 m3 of Argon gas at 400 K and
at 75o C with respect to the surroundings at 5o C
e

350 kPa. Heat Is now transferred to Argon from a

the pressure being 1 bar.
furnace at 1200 K, and the Argon expands
ef

[IFS ME : 10 marks : 2015]

isothermally until its volume is doubled. The heat
transfer takes place in such a way that there is no 8. A fluid flowing in a tube at the rate of 0.5 kg/s is
heat loss from argon to the atmosphere. The heated from 30o C to 60o C by hot gases entering
R

atmosphere is at 300 K. Determine (i) the work at a temperature of 180o C and leaving at 80o C.
done by Argon, (ii) the heat transferred to Argon, The specific heats of the fluid and gases are
and (iii) entropy generation and irreversibility 4.186 kJ/kg K and 1.08 kJ/kg K. Calculate the
during the process. Take R = 0.2081 kJ/kg − K change in entropy and increase in unavailable
for Argon. energy for ambient temperature of 20o C.
[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2020] [CSE ME : 20 Marks : 2014]
9. Define availability of a closed and steady-flow
4. Calculate the decrease in available energy when system. Atmospheric air is compressed steadily
30 kg of water at 98o C is mixed with 40 kg of from 100 kPa, 27°C to 500 kPa, 117°C, by a
water at 38o C, the pressure being taken as compressor that is cooled only by atmospheric
constant and the temperature of the air. Neglecting kinetic energy changes, determine
surroundings being 18o C (CP of water = the minimum work required per kg of air
4.2 kJ/kg − K) compressed
(IFS ME : 10 Marks : 2020] [CSE ME : 15 Marks : 2013]
10. Nitrogen flows in a pipe with velocity 300 m/s at
500 kPa, 300o C. What is availability with respect 14. 100 kg/s of steam enters a steam turbine at an
to an ambient atmosphere at 100 kPa and 20o C? enthalpy of 3250 kJ/kg and a velocity of
[CSE ME : 12 Marks : 2012] 160 m/s. The steam comes out at an enthalpy of
2640 kJ/kg with a velocity of 100 m/s. At
11. Air enters a steady flow adiabatic turbine at steady-state condition, the turbine develops
1600 K and exhaust to atmosphere at 100 K, work equal to 55 MW. Heat transfer between the
Patm = 1 bar. If the second law efficiency is 85%, turbine and surroundings occurs at an average
what is the turbine inlet pressure? What is outer temperature of 350 K. The entropy of
irreversibility during expansion process? Given, steam at inlet and exit of the turbine are
surrounding temperature is 25o C. 6.93 kJ/kg − K and 7.35 kJ/kg − K respectively.
Neglect the changas in potential and kinetic

0 de
Properties of air are given in table.
energy between inlet and outlet. Work out the
𝐬 (𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 following
𝐓 (𝐊) 𝐡 (𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠)
− 𝐊) (i) Draw the system with control volume and
show the processes on p − v and T − s

I1 o
1000 1046 8.6905
diagrams.
(ii) The rate at which entropy is produced within
1600
c
1757 8.1349

[CSE ME : 12 Marks : 2012]

the turbine per kg of steam flowing.
(iii) Suggest methods to improve
performance of the steam turbine.
the
EG al
12. Air is contained in piston cylinder arrangement
Initially at 1.2 bar, 300 K with a volume of [IFS ME : 20 Marks : 2009]
0.12 m3 . Energy as heat of 11.82 Joule is
N rr

transform to air in a quasi-equilibrium constant 15. A finite thermal system having heat capacity, C =
pressure processor to yield a final temperature of 0.04 T 2 J/K is initially at 600 K. Estimate the
370.2 K piston moves without friction. Taking maximum work obtained from the thermal
e

cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK and cv = 0.72 kJ/kgK. system if the surroundings is at 300 K.

[ESE ME : 8 Marks : 2008]
Determine avallabilty change for the process. The
ef

reference environment is at 298 K, 1.0135 bar. 16. State Gouy-Stodola theorem of irreversibility.
[CSE ME : 15 Marks : 2011] Estimate the irreversibility associated with the
R

expansion process of air through a very small

13. The cylinder volume of an I.C. engine is
constriction in a pipe from pressure and
3000 cm3 , It contains products of combustion in
temperature, respectively of 8 bar and 600 K to
gaseous form, which can be assumed to be an
pressure of 1.2 bar. Assume air to be an ideal
ideal gas. The combustion products, just before
gas. The temperature of surroundings is 25°C.
the exhaust valve opens, are at a pressure of
[ESE ME : 7 Marks : 2008]
6 bar and temperature of 1123 K. Assuming
specific heats at constant volume and constant 17. A mass of 6.98 kg of air is in a vessel at 200 kPa,
pressure as 0.718 and 1.005 kJ/kg − K 27o C. Heat is transferred to the air from a
respectively, analyse and discuss the availability reservoir at 727o C until the temperature of air
of specific energy of the gas. The initial pressure rises to 327o C.
and temperature of gas can be taken as 1 bar The environment is at 100 kPa, 17o C. Determine
and 15°C respectively. (I) the initial and final availability of air and (II)
[IFS ME : 10 Marks : 2010]
 the maximum useful work associated with the work done in the context of availability of a
process. closed system. Heat flows through a wall at the
[IFS ME : 12 Marks : 2007] rate of 3 × 105 kJ/h. The temperature of the two
faces of the wall are 327°C and 207°C. If the
18. A pressure vessel has a volume of 1 m3 and
surrounding are at 270°C, what is the loss in
contains air at 1.4 MPa, 175o C. The air is cooled
available energy?
to 25o C by heat transfer to the surroundings at
[CSE ME : 30 Marks : 2002]
25o C. Calculate the availability in the initial and
final states and the irreversibility of this process.
23. What is the available energy i.e., the maximum
Take p0 = 100 kPa.
amount of work that can be obtained from 1 kg
[IFS ME : 15 Marks : 2006]
of air at state point 1 in the figure? The dead

0 de
state is also marked ′0′ in the figure?
19. 6 kg of air at 600 K and 5.0 bar is enclosed in a
closed system.
(i) Determine the availability of the system if
the surrounding pressure and temperature

I1 o
are 1.0 bar and 300 K.
(ii) If the air is cooled at constant pressure to
c
the atmospheric condition, determine the
availability and effectiveness.
For air take, cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK,
EG al
cv = 0.718 kJ/kg − K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg − K [CSE ME : 20 Marks : 2001]
[CSE ME : 30 Marks : 2005] 24. 3 kg of gas initially at 2.5 bar and 400 K receives
600 kJ of heat under constant volume process
N rr

20. What do you understand by the term from a source at a temperature of 1200 K. If the
Availability? 6 kg of air at 600 K and 5 bars is surrounding temperature is 290 K, find the loss
e

enclosed in a closed system. in available energy due to the heat transfer

(i) Determine the availability of the system if the process. Assume cv = 0.81 kJ/ kg − K for gas.
ef

surrounding pressure and temperature are [IFS ME : 10 Marks : 2001]

10 bar and 300 K.
(ii) If the air is cooled at constant pressure to the 25. A heat source at 627°C transfer heat at the rate
R

atmospheric temperature, determine the of 3000 kJ/min to a system maintained at

availability & effectiveness. 287°C. A heat sink is available at 27°C. Assuming
[IFS ME : 10 Marks : 2005] these temperatures to remain constant, find:
(i) Change in entropy of source
21. Calculate the decrease in available energy when (ii) Entropy production accompanying heat
25 kg of water at 97o C is mixed with 35 kg of transfer
water at 47o C, the pressure being constant and (iii) The original available energy
temperature of surroundings is 25o C. Specific (iv) The available energy after heat transfer
heat of water is cp,w = 4.2 kJ/kg − K.
[CSE ME : 20 Marks : 2003] [ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2000]

22. Define availability. Explain the difference

between useful work and the maximum useful
 Answer Key

1. 0.9568 or 95.68 % 14. Ts = 350 K , 0.2263 kJ/kg − K

2. 114.15 kJ/kg , 16.8605 kJ/kg , 97.2895 kJ/kg 15. 900 kJ
3. 2.426 kJ, 4.0438 J/k , 1213.14 J 16. 162.253 kJ/kg
4. 336.714 K , 1.1281 kJ/K , 328.277 kJ 17. 599.038 kJ ,
5. 116.667 W/K , 35 kW 18. 222.828 kJ

0 de
6. 281.83 kJ 19. 555.09675 kJ, 0.91173 or 91.173%
7. 1271.152 kJ , 20. 1230.21 kJ, 555.09675 kJ, 0.45122 or 45.122%
8. 0.041 kW/K , 12.013 kW, 21. 340.833 K, 193.7 kJ

I1 o
9. 18.854 kW , 149.5136 kJ/kg Air 22. 18.854 kW
10. 271.7768 kJ/kg
c
11. 876.5688 kJ/k , 131.4853 kJ/kg, 24.1194 bar
23. 0.03577kJ/K, 135.768 kJ
24. 193.778 kJ
EG al
12. 8.5116 kJ, 0.03558 kJ/k, 0.756 kJ 25. (i) −3.333 kJ/min, (ii) 0.03373kW/K
13. 0.8534 kJ/kg − K, 839.175 kJ/kg , (iii) 2000 kJ/min (iv) 1392.857kJ/min
N rr

593.3958 kJ/kg
e
ef
R
 Solutions

1. Answer: 0.9568 or 95.68 % 2. Answer: 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 , 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 ,

Wactual = h1 − h2 = Cp (T1 − T2 ) 𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

Wactual = 1.09(1000 − 665) = 365.15 kJ/kg P1 = 140 kPa, T1 = 17o C = 290 K, V1 = 70 m/s
C 1.09 P2 = 350 kPa, T2 = 127o C = 400 K, V2 = 110 m/s
γ = Cp = 0.838 = 1.3
v
T0 = 7o C = 280 K
γ−1 0.3
T2s P2s γ 1.5 1.3
=( ) =( ) (i) From SFEE

0 de
T1 P1 7
0.3 V12 V22
1.5 1.3 h1 + = h2 + + Wact
T2s = 1273 × (7) = 892.1589 K 2000 2000

Wisentropic = Cp (T1 − T2s ) = 1.09(1273 − V12 V22

I1 o
Cp T1 + = Cp T2 + + Wact
892.1589) 2000 2000
(70)2

ηisentropic =
c
Wisentropic = 415.1168 kJ/kg
𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑊𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐
=
365.15
415.1168
=
1.005 × 290 +
2000
= 1.005 × 400 +
(110)2
2000
+ Wact
EG al
0.8796 or 87.96%
Wact = −114.15 kJ/kg
T1 = 1273 K, T2 = 938 K
(Wact )input = 114.15 kJ/kg
N rr

P1 = 7 bar, P2 = 1.5 bar

(ii) & (iii)th Irreversibility = T0 ΔS
Wmax = ψ1 − ψ2 = (h1 − h2 ) − T0 (s1 − s2 )
T2 P1
e

Wmax = (h1 − h2 ) + T0 (s2 − s1 ) = 280 × (Cp ln ( ) + R ln ( ))

T1 P2
T P
s2 − s1 = Cp ln (T2 ) + R ln (P1 )
ef

400 140
1 2 = 280 × (1.005 ln ( ) + 0.287 × ln ( ))
938
290 350
s2 − s1 = 1.09 × ln (1273) + (0.252) ×
= 16.8605 kJ/kg
R

7
ln (1.5) [∵ R = Cp − Cv ]
Wmin = (Wact )input − Irreversibility
kJ
s2 − s1 = 0.0553 kg.K Wmin = 114.15 − 16.8605

h1 − h2 = 1.09 (1273 − 938) = Wmin = 97.2895 kJ/kg

365.15 kJ/kg
Wmax = 365.15 + 298(0.0553)
3. Answer: 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟔 𝐤𝐉, 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟖 𝐉/𝐤 , 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝐉
Wmax = 381.6284 kJ/kg
V1 = 0.01 m3 , T1 = 400 K, P1 = 350 kPa
Wactual 365.15
⇒ ηII = Wmax
= 381.6294
= T2 = T1 = 400 K, V2 = 2V1
0.9568 or 95.68%
P1 V1 350 × 0.01
m= = = 0.04205 kg
RT1 0.2081 × 400
(i) Work done by Argon = T0 (ΔS)
V = 291 × 1.1281 = 328.277 kJ
W = P1 V1 ln (V2 )
1

W = 350 × 0.01 × ln 2 = 2.426 kJ

5. Answer: 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝐖/𝐊 , 𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐖
(ii) heat transferred to Argon = Work done
TH = 1000 K, TL = 500 K, Q = 7000 kJ/min
= 2.426 kJ
T0 = 300 K
(iii) (ΔS)uni = (ΔS)piston cylinder + (ΔS)furnace +
Q Q
(ΔS)surr (i) Entropy produced (ΔS)gen = − +
TH TL
T V −Q
= m [Cp ln (T2 ) + R ln (V2 )] + T +0 7000 7000

0 de
1 1 furnace = − +
1000 500
2.426
= 0.04205[0 + 0.2081 ln 2] − 1200 kJ
= 7 min.K = 116.667 W/K
= 4.0438 × 10−3 kJ/k (ii) decrease in available energy =

I1 o
= 4.0438 J/k Irreversibility

Irreversibility = T0 (ΔS)uinv = 300 × I = T0 (ΔS)gen

4.0438 = 1213.14 J c = 300 × 7 = 2100
kJ
min
= 35 kW
EG al
4. Answer: 𝟑𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝐊 , 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐊 ,
6. Answer: 𝟐𝟖𝟏. 𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐉
𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝐤𝐉
N rr

m1 = 25 kg, T1 = 95o C = 368 K

m1 = 30 kg, T1 = 98o C = 371 K
m2 = 35 kg, T2 = 35o C = 308 K
m2 = 40 kg, T2 = 38o C = 311 K
e

T0 = 15o C = 288 K
o
P = constant, T0 = 18 C = 291 K, Cp =
kJ m1 Cp (T1 − Tf ) = m2 Cp (Tf − T2 )
ef

4.2
kg K
25 × 4.2(95 − Tf ) = 35 × 4.2 × (Tf − 35)
m1 Cp (T1 − Tf ) = m2 CP (Tf − T2 )
2375 − 25Tf = 35Tf − 1225
R

30(371 − Tf ) = 40(Tf − 311)

Tf = 60o C = 333 K
Tf = 336.714 K
(ΔS)gen = (ΔS)1 + (ΔS)2
ΔS = (ΔS)1 + (ΔS)2
T T
T T = m1 Cp ln ( f ) + m2 Cp ln ( f )
T1 T2
= m1 Cp ln (T f ) + m2 Cp ln (T f )
1 2
333
336.714
(ΔS)gen = 25 × 4.2 ln ( ) + 35 × 4.2 ×
368
= 30 × 4.2 × ln ( 371 ) + 40 × 42 × 333
336.714 ln (308)
ln ( 311 )
kJ
kJ
(ΔS)gen = −10.4937 + 11.4723 = 0.9786
k
= 1.1281 K
Irreversibility = decrease in available energy
Decrease in available energy = Irreversibility
= T0 (ΔS)gen
 = (288) × 0.9786 Increase in unavailable energy,
= 281.83 kJ I = T0 ΔS = 293 × 0.041 = 12.013 kW

7. Answer: 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝐤𝐉 9. Answer: 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝐤𝐖 , 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝐤𝐉/

Available energy of water 𝐤𝐠 𝐀𝐢𝐫
T
A. E. = ∫T m Cp (1 −
T0
) dT ΔAE = 18.854 kW
0 T
T1 = 300 K, P1 = 100 kPa, T2 = 390 K, P2 =
348 278
A. E. = mCP ∫278 (1 − ) dT 500 kPa
T

0 de
348 ΔAE = ψ2 − ψ1 = (h2 − h1 ) − T0 (s2 − s1 )
A. E. = 40 × 4.2 [(348 − 278) − 278 ln (278)]
h2 − h1 = Cp (T2 − T1 ) = 1.005 × (90) =
A. E. = 1271.152 kJ 90.45 kJ/kg
T P

I1 o
s2 − s1 = Cp ln ( 2 ) + R ln ( 1 )
T1 P2
8. Answer: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏 𝐤𝐖/𝐊 , 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝐤𝐖,
s2 − s1 = 1.005
For Fluid
o
c
Tfi = 30 C = 303 K, Tfo = 60 C = 333 K o
× ln (
390
300
) + 0.287 × ln (

kJ
100
500
)
EG al
Cp,f = 4.186 kJ/kg. K, ṁf = 0.5 kg/s s2 − s1 = −0.1982
kg.K

For gases Taking T0 = 298 K

N rr

o
Tgi = 180 C = 453 K, Tgo = 353 K ΔAE = ψ2 − ψ1 = 90.45 − 298 ×
(−0.1982)
Cp,g = 1.08 kJ/kg. K
e

= 149.5136 kJ/kg
By Heat Balance
Minimum work required = ψ2 − ψ1
ef

ṁf Cp,f (Tfo − Tfi ) = ṁg Cp,g (Tgi − Tgo )

kJ
= 149.5136 kgair
0.5 × 4.186(333 − 303) = ṁg × 1.08(453 −
353) 10. Answer: 𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
R

ṁg = 0.5814 kg/s Availability

(ΔS)fluid = ṁf Cp,f ln (

Tfo
) V2
Tfi = ϕ1 − ϕ0 = (h1 − h0 ) − T0 (s1 − s0 ) +
2000
333 ̅
= 0.5 × 4.186 × ln (303) = 0.1976 kW/K R=
R
=
9.314
= 296.93
J
= 0.29693
kJ
M 0.028 kg−K kg−K
T
(ΔS)gas = ṁg Cp,g ln ( go ) Rγ
Cp = γ−1 = 1039.255 kg K = 1.0392 kg−K
J kJ
T gi

353 T P
= 0.5814 × 1.08 × ln ( ) = −0.1566 kW/k s1 − s0 = Cp ln (T1 ) + R ln (P0 )
453 0 1

573
(ΔS)Total = (ΔS)fluid + (ΔS)gas = 0.1976 − s1 − s0 = 1.0392 × ln ( ) + 0.29693 ×
293
0.1566 = 0.041 kW/K 100
ln (500)
 s1 − s0 = 0.697 + (−0.47789) ϕ = U + P0 V − T0 S

s1 − s0 = 0.21911 k
kJ ϕ2 − ϕ1 = (U2 − U1 ) + P0 (V2 − V1 ) −
T0 (S2 − S1 )
Availability = 1.0392 × (573 − 293) − R = Cp − Cv = 0.285 kJ/kgK
(300)2
293 × (0.21911) + 2000 P1 V1 1.2×105 ×0.12
m= RT1
= 285×300
= 0.1684 kg
kJ
= 271.7768
kg
U2 − U1 = mCV (T2 − T1 ) = 0.1684 ×
0.72(70.2)

11. Answer: 𝟖𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤 , 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠, U2 − U1 = 8.5116 kJ

0 de
T
𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫 S2 − S1 = mCp ln (T2 ) = 0.1684 × 1.005 ×
1
T1 = 1600 K, T2 = 1000 K, 370.2
ln ( 300 )
P0 = 1 bar = 100 kPa = P2
S2 − S1 = 0.03558 kJ/k

I1 o
o
ηII = 0.85, T0 = 25 C = 298 K V2 V
T2
= T1 (∵ P1 = P2 )
1
Wmax = ΔA. E. = ψ1 − ψ2
c
= (h1 − h2 ) − T0 (s1 − s2 )
= (1757 − 1046) − 298(8.1349 − 8.6905)
T2
⇒ V2 = ( ) V1 = (
T1
370.2
300
) × 0.12
EG al
V2 = 0.1481 m3
= 876.5688 kJ/kg
ϕ2 − ϕ1 = (U2 − U1 ) + P0 (V2 − V1 ) − T0 (S2
Wact − S1 )
ηII = = 0.85
N rr

Wmax
ϕ2 − ϕ1 = 8.5116 + 101.325(0.1481 − 0.12)
Wact = 0.85 Wmax = 0.85 × 876.5688 − 298 × 0.03558
e

Wact = 745.0835 kJ/kg ϕ2 − ϕ1 = 0.756 kJ

Irreversibility = Wmax − Wact
ef

= 876.5688 − 745.0835
13. Answer: 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 − 𝐊, 𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐉/
= 131.4853 kJ/kg = T0 (ΔS)
R

𝐤𝐠 , 𝟓𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

T P
ΔS = Cp ln (T2 ) + R ln (P1 ) P1 = 6 bar, T1 = 1123 K, Cp = 1.005 kJ/
1 2

131.485 1000 P kg. K, Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg. K

= 1.005 ln ( )+ 0.287 ln ( 1 )
𝑇0 1600 1
P0 = 1 bar, T0 = 15o C = 288 K
131.4853
= −0.4723 + 0.287 ln(P1 )
298 Availability = (h1 − h0 ) − T0 (s1 − s0 )
ln P1 = 3.183 T P
s1 − s0 = Cp ln (T1 ) + R ln (P0 )
0 1
P1 = 24.1194 bar = Turbine inlet pressure
1123 1
= 1.005 ln ( )+ 0.287 ln ( )
288 6
kJ
12. Answer: 𝟖. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐉, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟓𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤, = 0.8534 kg.K

𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟔 𝐤𝐉
 H1 − h0 = Cp (T1 − T0 ) 15. Answer: 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐉
= 1.005(1123 − 288)
= 839.175 kJ/kg
Availability = 839.175 − 288 × (0.8534)
kJ
= 593.3958 kg

14. Answer: 𝐓𝐬 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝐊 , 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 − 𝐊

0 de
T0

I1 o
dW = δQ (1 − )
T
T T0
W = Wmax = ∫T 0 δQ (1 −
c δQ = −C dT
i T
)
EG al
T T0
Wmax = − ∫T 0 C (1 − T
) dT
i

T T0
Wmax = −0.04 ∫T 0 T 2 (1 − ) dT
N rr

i T
T
Wmax = −0.04 ∫T 0(T 2 − T0 T)dT
i
e

300
T3 T20
Wmax = −0.04 [ − T0 ]
3 2 600
ef

(300)3 −(600)2
Wmax = −0.04 [ −
3
300
ṁ = 100 kg/s, Ts = 350 K ((300)2 − (600)2 )]
2
R

From SFEE: Wmax = −0.04[−22500000]

V21 V22 kJ
h1 + 2000 + q = h2 + 2000 + wT (in kg) Wmax = 900 kJ

(160)2 (100)2 55×103

3250 + + q = 2640 + +
2000 2000 100
16. Answer: 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
kJ
q= −67.8 kg According to Gouy-Stodola theorem
q
(ΔS) = (s2 − s1 ) + Irreversibility = T0 (ΔS)universe
Ts

67.8 For given process

(ΔS) = (7.35 − 6.93) −
350 T V
ΔS = Cp ln (T2 ) + R ln (V2 )
(ΔS) = 0.2263 kJ/kg K 1 1
 T P U2 − U0 = mCv (T2 − T0 )
ΔS = Cp ln (T2 ) + R ln (P1 )
1 2 = 6.98 × 0.718 × (600 − 290)
For ideal gas throttling T1 = T2 = 1553.608 kJ
T P
P1 8 S2 − S0 = mCp ln (T2 ) + mR ln (P0 )
ΔS = R ln ( ) = 0.287 ln ( ) = 0.5445 kJ/kg. K 0 2
P2 1.2 T
[P2 = (T2 ) P1 = 400 kPa]
1
Irreversibility = T0 (ΔS)universe
600
= 6.98 × 1.005 × ln (290) + 6.98 × 0.287 ×
= 298 × 0.5445
100
ln ( )
= 162.253 kJ/kg 400

= 2.323 kJ/k

0 de
17. Answer: 𝟓𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟑𝟖 𝐤𝐉 , ϕf = 1553.608 + 100(3 − 5.809) − 290
× (2.323)
m = 6.98 kg, P1 = 200 kPa, T1 = 300 K,
ϕf = 599.038 kJ
T2 = 600 K

I1 o
Wmax = Wact + I
Treservoir = Tr = 727o C = 1000 K
Wact = 0 for V = C process

c
P0 = 100 kPa, T0 = 17o C = 290 K
(i) Initial availability
Wmax = I
(ΔS)uni = (ΔS)sys + (ΔS)surr
EG al
ϕi = U1 − U0 + P0 (V1 − V0 ) − T0 (S1 − S0 )
T −Q
U1 − U0 = mCv (T1 − T0 ) = mCv ln (T2 ) + T a
1 res
N rr

= 6.98 × 0.718 × (300 − 290) (for V = C)

U1 − U0 = 50.116 kJ Q = mCv (T2 − T1 ) = 6.98 × 0.718(600 − 300)
e

mRT1 6.98×287×300 Q = 1503.492 kJ

V1 = P1
= 200×103
= 3 m3 = V2
600 −1503.492
(ΔS)Uni = 6.98 × 0.718 × ln ( ) +
ef

mRT0 6.98×287×290 3
V0 = P0
= 100×103
= 5.809 m 300 1000

= 1.9703 kJ/k
T P
S1 − S0 = mCp ln (T1 ) + mR ln (P0 )
Wmax = I = 290 × (1.9703) = 571.387 kJ
R

0 1

300 T0
= 6.98 × 1.005 × ln ( ) + 6.98 × 0.287 Or Wmax = Q (1 − )− loss in A. E.
290 Tr
100
× ln ( ) 290
200 = 1503.492 (1 − )
1000
= −1.15 kJ/K − (599.038 − 102.716)
ϕi = 50.116 + 100 × (3 − 5.809) − 290 = 571.157 kJ
× (−1.15)
18. Answer : 𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟖 𝐤𝐉
ϕi = 102.716 kJ
V1 = 1 m3 , P1 = 1.4 MPa = 1.4 × 106 Pa,
Final availability ϕf = (U2 − U0 ) + P0 (V2 − V0 ) −
T0 (S2 − S0 ) T1 = 175o C = 448 K
T2 = 298 K, P0 = 100 kPa, T0 = 298 K
 ϕi = (U1 − U0 ) + P0 (V1 − V0 ) − T0 (S1 − S0 ) 19. Answer: 𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐉,
P1 V1 1.4 × 106 × 1 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝐨𝐫 𝟗𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟑%
m= = = 10.89 kg
RT1 287 × 448 (i) m = 6 kg, T1 = 600 K, P1 = 5 bar = 5 ×
U1 − U0 = mCv (T1 − T0 ) 105 Pa = 500 kPa
= 10.89 × 0.718(448 − 298) T0 = 300 K, P1 = 1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa
= 1172.853 kJ
mRT0 10.89×287×298 Wmax = (U1 + P0 V1 − T0 S1 ) − (U0 + P0 V0 −
V1 = 1 m3 , V0 = P0
= 100×103
= T0 S0 )
9.3138 m3
Wmax = (U1 − U0 ) + P0 (V1 − V0 ) −
T P T0 (S1 − S0 ) _____ (1)
S1 − S0 = m [Cp ln (T1 ) + R ln (P0 )]

0 de
0 1
U1 − U0 = mCV (T1 − T0 ) = 6 ×
448
= 10.89 [1.005 × ln (298) + 0.718(600 − 300) = 1292.4 kJ
100 T P
0.287 × ln (1400)] S1 − S0 = mCp ln (T1 ) + mR ln (P0 )
0 1

I1 o
= −3.786 kJ/k 600
S1 − S0 = 6 × 1.005 × ln (300) + 6 ×
ϕi = 1172.853 + 100(1 − 9.3138) − 1

∵ V = constant
c
298(−3.786) = 1469.7 kJ
T
P2 = ( 2 ) P1 = 931.25 kPa
T1
0.287 × ln (5)

S1 − S0 = 1.4082 kJ/k
EG al
mRT1 6×287×600
V1 = = = 2.0664 m3
ϕf = U2 − U0 + P0 (V2 − V0 ) − T0 (S2 − S0 ) P1 5×105

mRT0 6×287×300
U2 − U0 = mCv (T2 − T0 ) = 10.89 × 0.718 × V0 = = = 5.166 m3
N rr

P0 105
(298 − 298) = 0
T P
From eq-(1)
S2 − S0 = m [Cp ln (T2 ) + R ln (P0 )]
e

0 2 Wmax = 1292.4 + 100(2.0664 − 5.166) −

298 300 × 1.408
= 10.89 [1.005 × ln ( )+ 0.287 ×
ef

298
100 Wmax = 560.4 kJ
ln ( )]
931.25
(ii) Wmax = Q − T0 ΔS
= −6.974 kJ/k
R

T
Wmax = mCp (T1 − T0 ) − T0 × mCp ln (T1 )
ϕf = 0 + 100(1 − 9.3138) − 298(−6.974) 0

ϕf = 1246.872 kJ = 6 × 1.005(600 − 300) − 300 × 6 ×

600
1.005 × ln ( )
Irreversibility + Wact = Wmax = ϕi − ϕf 300

Wact = 0 Wmax = 555.09675 kJ

Irreversibility = ϕi − ϕf Effectiveness of process =

Wmax in process
= 1469.7 − 1246.872 Availability (w.r.t surrounding)

555.09675
= 222.828 kJ Ε= = 0.91173 or 91.173%
560.04
20. Answer: 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝐤𝐉, 𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐉, 21. Answer: 𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝐊, 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟕 𝐤𝐉
𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟒𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝟐% m1 = 25 kg, T1 = 97o C = 370 K, m2 = 35kg,
m = 6 kg, T1 = 600 K, P1 = 5 bar = T2 = 47o C = 320 K, T0 = 25o C = 298 K
500 kPa m1 Cp (T1 − Tf ) = m2 Cp (Tf − T2 )
T0 = 300 K, P0 = 10 bar = 1000 kPa 25 × 4.2(370 − Tf ) = 35 × 4.2(Tf − 320)
Wmax = (U1 + P0 V1 − T0 S1 ) − (U0 + P0 V0 − T0 S0 ) Tf = 340.833 K
Wmax = (U1 − U0 ) + P0 (V1 − V0 ) − T0 (S1 − S0 ) ΔS = (ΔS)1 + (ΔS)2
T1 P0 T T
S1 − S0 = mCp ln ( ) + mR ln ( ) = m1 Cp ln (T f ) + m2 Cp ln (T f )
T0 P1

0 de
1 2

600 10 340.833
S1 − S0 = 6 × 1.005 ln ( ) + 6 × 0.287 ln ( ) = 25 × 4.2 × ln ( ) + 35 × 4.2
300 5 370
340.833
kJ × ln ( )
S1 − S0 = 5.3733 K 320

I1 o
kJ
mRT1 6 × 287 × 600 = 0.65 K
V1 = = = 2.0664 m3

V0 =
P0
P1

=
5 × 105
mRT0 6 × 287 × 300
10 × 105
c= 0.5166 m3
Decrease in available energy = Irreversibility
= T0 ΔS
EG al
U1 − U0 = mCv (T1 − T0 ) = 298 × 0.65 = 193.7 kJ
= 6 × 0.718 × (600 − 300)
N rr

= 1292.4 kJ
22. Answer: 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝐤𝐖
Wmax = 1292.4 + 1000(2.0664 − 0.5166) − 300
× 5.3733
e

Wmax = 1230.21 kJ
ef

(ii) Wmax = Q − T0 ΔS
T
Wmax = mCp (T1 − T0 ) − T0 × mCp ln (T1 )
0
R

= 6 × 1.005(600 − 300) − 300 × 6 × 1.005

600
× ln ( )
300
Wmax = 555.09675 kJ
1 1
ΔAE = T0 (T − T ) Q̇
Effectiveness w.r.t surrounding 2 1

W in process 1 1 3×105
max
= Availiability ΔAE = 543 ((207+27.3) − (327+273)) × 3600
(w.r.t surroundings)

555.09675 ΔAE = 18.854 kW

= = 0.45122 or 45.122%
1230.21
 23. Answer: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟕𝐤𝐉/𝐊, 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐉 Q s = mCv (T2 − T1 )

P1 = 10 atm = 10 × 1.01325 × 102 kPa 600 = 3 × 0.81(T2 − 400)

= 1013.25 kPa
T2 = 646.914 k
P0 = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa T −Q
(ΔS)uni = mCv ln ( 2 ) +
T T
T1 = 600 K, T0 = 300 K 1 surr

646.914 −600
A. E = Wmax = ϕ1 − ϕ0 = 3 × 0.81 × ln ( 400
) + 1200

Wmax = (U1 + P0 V1 − T0 S1 ) − = 0.6682 kJ/k

(U0 + P0 V0 − T0 S0 )
Loss in available energy = T0 (ΔS)uni
Wmax = (U1 − U0 ) + P0 (V1 − V0 ) −

0 de
T0 (S1 − S0 ) ____ (1) = 290 × 0.6682
mRT1 1×287×600 = 193.778 kJ
V1 = P1
= 1013.25×103 = 0.17 m3
mRT0 1×287×300
= 101.325×103 = 0.85 m3

I1 o
V0 = P0 25. Answer: (i) −𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐢𝐧,
T P (ii) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟑𝐤𝐖/𝐊
S1 − S0 = mCp ln (T1 ) + mR ln (P0 )
c
S1 − S0 = 1 × 1.005 ln (
0

600
300
)+
1

1 × 0.287 ×
(iii) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐢𝐧 (iv) 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐢𝐧

(i) Change in entropy of source = (627+273)

−3000
EG al
1
ln ( )
10
− 3000
kJ = = −3.333 kJ/min
S1 − S0 = 0.03577 900
k
N rr

(ii) Entropy production (generation)

U1 − U0 = mCV (T1 − T0 )
−3000 3000
= 1 × 0.718 × (600 − 300) = (627+273) + (287+273)
e

= 215.4 kJ
kJ kW
From eq-(1) = 2.0238 min K = 0.03373 K
ef

Wmax = 215.4 + 101.325 × (0.17 − 0.85) − 300 (iii) Original availability energy = Q (1 −
300
)
× 0.03577 900
1
R

Wmax = 135.768 kJ = 3000 (1 − 3) = 2000 kJ/min

300
(iv) A.E after heat transfer = Q (1 − 287+273)
24. Answer:𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐉 300 kJ
= 3000 (1 − 560) = 1392.857 min
m = 3kg, T1 = 400 K, T2 = ?
Q s = 600 kJ
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTA - 21
Chapter : EXERGY

1. [NAT, ]
A steady stream of equimolar N2 and CO2 gas
mixture at 100 kPa and 18°C is to be separated
into N2 and CO2 gases at 100 kPa and 18°C. The
minimum specific work required to separate the

0 de
gas mixture into its components will be _____
kJ/kg (round off to one decimal place). Take
MN 2 = 28 kg/kmol and MCo2 = 44 kg/kmol. A. The mass of the iron block is 50 kg to 54 kg.
B. The mass of the iron block is 42 kg to 44 kg

I1 o
Assume both the N2 and CO2 gases and their
C. The exergy destroyed during the process is
mixture are ideal gases and neglect the changes
c
in KE and PE. Take T0 = 291 K. 371 kJ to 378 kJ.
D. The exergy destroyed during the process is
EG al
310 kJ to 315 kJ.
2. [MSQ, ]
An insulated tank contains 100 L of water at
3. [NAT, ]
N rr

20°C. An iron block of unknown mass is dropped

1 kg of air enters a nozzle steadily at 300 kPa ,
into the insulated tank at 85°C. At the same
360 K with an inlet velocity of 50 m/s and exits
e

time, a paddle wheel driven by 200 W motor is

at 95 kPa and 312.5 K with an exit velocity of
activated to stir the water. The thermal
ef

300 m/s. The specific heat loss from the nozzle

equilibrium is established between the water
to the surrounding at 290 K is 4 kJ/kg. The
and iron block after 20 minutes with a final
exergy destroyed during the process is _____ kJ
R

temperature of 24°C. Take the surrounding

(round off to 2 decimal places). Assume air to be
temperature is 20°C. Assume both the water
an ideal gas.
and iron block are incompressible substances
with cP of water is 4.18 kJ/kg - K and cp of iron
4. [MSQ, ]
block is 0.45 kJ/kg - K and density of water is
A large, well – sealed tank initially contains air
997 kg/m3 . Which one or more of the following
having a volume of 0.04 m3 at ambient
statement(s) is/are CORRECT ? Neglect the
conditions of 100 kPa & 22°C. Now, a 15 litre
changes in KE and PE.
tank containing hot liquid water at 85°C is
placed in the large tank without causing any air
to escape. After some heat transfer from the
water to the air and the surroundings, both the
 air and water are measured to be at 44°C. Which
one or more of the following statement(s) is/are
CORRECT ?
Assume air to be an ideal gas & cw =
4.18 kJ/kg − K and density of water ρ =
1000 kg/m3 Neglect the changes in KE & PE.

A. The exit velocity of the combustion gases is

564 m/s to 569 m/s.

0 de
B. The exit velocity of the combustion gases is
754 m/s to 762 m/s .
C. The decrease in specific exergy of the

I1 o
combustion gases is 8.27 kJ/kg to 8.87 kJ/
kg.

c
A. Heat rejected to the surroundings is
2485 kJ to 2493 kJ.
D. The decrease in specific exergy of the
combustion gases is 6.15 kJ/kg to 6.35 kJ/
EG al
B. Entropy change of air is 0.00390 kJ/K to kg.
0.00396 kJ/K.
C. The Change in internal energy of hot water
N rr

6. [NAT, ]
is 2890 kJ to 2894 kJ. Consider, a family of four, with each person
D. The exergy destruction during the process is
e

taking a 6 minute shower every morning. The

306.9 kJ to 311.9 kJ. average mass flow rate of water through the
ef

shower head is 10 L/min. City water at 15°C is

5. [MSQ, ] heated to 55°C in an electric water heater and
Under steady state hot combustion gases enters
R

tempered to 42°C by cold water at the

the well – insulated nozzle of a turbojet engine T −elbow of the shower before being routed to
at 260 kPa, 747°C with an inlet velocity of the shower head. The exergy destroyed by the
80 m/s. The gases exits the nozzle at family per year as a result of taking daily showers
70 kPa & 500°C. The surrounding temperature is _____ MJ (round off to nearest integer). Take
is 20°C. Which one or more of the following T0 = 25°C. Assume it is steady state operation
statement(s) is/are CORRECT ? Take cp = with negligible KE & PE changes.
1.15 kJ/kg − K & γ = 1.3 for combustion gases.
Neglect the potential energy changes. 7. [MSQ, ]
Argon gas undergoes throttling process at steady
state from 3.5 MPa & 100°C to 500 kPa through
 a throttle valve. For environment conditions of compressor at steady state with a mass flow rate
100 kPa & 25°C, which one or more of the of 3.9 kg/s at 0.95 bar & 22°C and leaves the
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ? Neglect turbine at 0.95 bar & 421°C . Heat transfer to
the changes in KE & PE and take cp = the air as it flows through the heat exchanger
0.5203 kJ/kg − K & R = 0.2081 kJ/kg − K. occurs at an average temperature of 488°C.
Assume compressor and turbine operate
adiabatically & air to be an ideal gas. Which one
or more of the following statement(s) is/are
CORRECT? Take T0 = 295 K & neglect the

0 de
A. Exergy of the argon at the inlet of the changes in KE & PE effects. Assume air to be an

throttle valve is180.55 kJ/kg to 184.55 kJ/ ideal gas.

kg.

I1 o
B. Exergy of the argon at the inlet of the
throttle valve
228.82 kJ/kg.
c is 220.82 kJ/kg to
EG al
C. Exergy destruction during the throttling
process is 118.82 kJ/kg to 122.82 kJ/kg.
D. Exergy destruction during the throttling
N rr

process is 180.55 kJ/kg to 184.55 kJ/kg.

e

8. [MCQ, ]
ef

Air at 1 bar and 27°C is heated in a non-flow

system at constant pressure to 177°C. Heat is A. Rate of exergy transfer associated with heat
supplied from a constant temperature reservoir transfer to the air flowing through the heat
R

at 577°C. The atmospheric temperature is 20°C. exchanger is 1.25 MW to 1.65 MW.

The percentage of heat added per kg of air as B. Rate of exergy transfer associated with heat
the available energy is transfer to the air flowing through the heat
A. 56.63% B. 65.53% exchanger is 0.42 MW to 0.48 MW.
C. 75.36% D. 56.36% C. The net rate of exergy of the gas turbine
plant at the turbine exit is 0.42 MW to
9. [MSQ, ] 0.48 MW.
The below figure shows a gas turbine power D. The total rate of exergy destruction with in
plant consisting of a compressor, a heat the gas turbine plant is 0.110 MW to
exchanger and a turbine. Air enters the 0.119 MW.
10. [MCQ, ] rate of exergy loss during the process is _____
An ideal gas is flowing through an insulated kW
pipe with a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s. Due A. 20.23 B. 25.83
frictional effects, there is a pressure drop of C. 31.34 D. 18.12
10 % from inlet to exit of the pipe. If the
environment temperature is 300 K, then the

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (𝟒𝟓. 𝟖 𝐭𝐨 𝟒𝟔. 𝟗) 6. (𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐭𝐨 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎)
2. (𝐀, 𝐂) 7. (𝐁, 𝐂)
3. (𝟔𝟎. 𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟕𝟎. 𝟔) 8. (B)
4. (𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐃) 9. (𝐀, 𝐃)
5. (𝐁, 𝐂) 10. (𝐁)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions

  c20  ci2 
1. Answer: (𝟒𝟓. 𝟖 𝐭𝐨 𝟒𝟔. 𝟗) 1
q
sgen  R x i ln xi  2000   T0  Ti 
cp
 8.314 0.5ln  0.5   0.5ln  0.5 
  3002  502 
1
 5.763 kJ /kmol  K 4
2000   T0  Ti 
M   0.5 28   0.5 44   36kg / kmol 1.005
 T0  320.5K
sgen 5.763
sgen    0.160kJ / kg  K Ex d  T0 sgen
M 36

0 de
ex d  T0 s gen  q 
 T0   s air  0 
 291 0.160  46.6kJ /kg  Ts 
 T P  q 

I1 o
2. Answer: (𝐀, 𝐂)  T0  cp ln 0  Rln 0   0 
 Ti Pi  Ts 
Win  U iron U water

mw  V  997  0.1  99.7kg

c
Win  mcT iron  mcT water …(1)

 290  1.005 ln

Exd  65.83kJ / kg
320.5
360
 0.287ln
95  4 

300  290 
EG al
Win  0.2 20 60  240kJ
From equation ….. (1) 4. Answer: (𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐃)
N rr

240  miron 0.45 61  99.7 4.18  4  Final volume of the air in the tank is
Va,f  Va,i  VW  0.04  0.015
miron  52kg
e

 Va,f  0.025m3
Sgen   S U   S iron Swater
Mass of the air in the room is
ef

T  T 
 mcln  2   mcln  2  PV 100  0.04
 T1  iron  T1  water ma  1 a,i 
RTa,i 0.287 295
 297   297 
R

 52  0.45 ln    99.7  4.18 ln   ma  0.04724kg

 358   293 
maRTa,f
Sgen  1.28kJ / K Pa,f 
Va,f
Ex d  T0 Sgen  293 1.28  375.04kJ
0.04724  0.287 317

3. Answer: (𝟔𝟎. 𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟕𝟎. 𝟔) 0.025
Pa,f  171.9 kPa
Q  Wcv  KE  PE  H mw V 1000 0.015 14.53kg
 q  h ke Q out   mcT W  mcT air 

q  cp  T0  T i    c 0  ci 
1 2 2   14.53 4.18  41   0.04724 0.718 22 
2
Q out  2489kJ
 Tw,i  T   P 
Sw mcln  ex  Td cp ln  o   Rln  o  
T2 i 0
 Ti   Pi  

 358  R
 14.53  4.18 ln   cp 
 317   1
 7.3873kJ / K    1 cp
R
 T P  
Sa  ma cp ln a,i Rln a,i 
 T2 P2  0.3 1.15
R
  295   100   1.3
 0.04724 1.005ln   0.287 ln   R  0.2654kJ /kg  K
  317   171.9  

0 de
 0.003931kJ / K   773   70  
ex  293 1.15ln   0.2654ln 
U W  mc T W  14.53 4.18 41  2490kJ i o
  1020   260  
ex  8.609kJ / K
U a mc T a  0.04724  0.718  22 i o

I1 o
U a  0.7462kJ 6. Answer: (𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐭𝐨 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎)

c
Exd U W  T0  S W  U a  T0 S a
 2490  2957.3873   0.7462  295 0.003931
W  1kg / L  1000kg / m3
m  w V  1 10  10kg / min
EG al
Exd  308.8kJ mass balance for mixing chamber
min  mout
5. Answer: (𝐁, 𝐂)
 mc  mh  mhc
N rr

According to SFEE
q  wcv  ke pe  h From entropy balance
Sgen  mh  c sh  c mcsc  mhsh
e

ke h  0
1
 c2o  ci2   cp  To  Ti   0 
 Sgen  mh  c Sh c  sc 
ef

2000
Thc 
 mh  c  cp ln
1
 c2o  802   1.15 773  1020  Tc
R

2000
 ex  ke pe h Td s  315 
i o i o i o i o i o  10  4.18 ln  
 288 
 ex  o  i
io Sgen  3.746kJ / min
1
where   c2  gz  h  Tds Sgen  Sgen t No.of.people  No.of.days
2
 3.746  6  4  365
 ex  ke pe h Td s
i o i o i o i o i o
Sgen  32,815 kJ / K
 ke  h  0
i 0 i 0 Ex d  To sgen  298  32,815  9,779,000kJ
 ex  Td s  9779 MJ
i 0 i 0
7. Answer: (𝐁, 𝐂) 9. Answer: (𝐀, 𝐃)
Exergy of the argon at the inlet From SFEE
exi  h1  h0   T0  s1  s0  Q  Wcv  KE   PE  H .
 T P Q  0.7  mcp T
 cp  T1  T0   T0 cp ln 1 Rln 1 
 T0 P0   0.7  3.91.005399 
 373 3500 
 0.5203  75  298 0.5203 ln  0.2081 ln Q  2.264 MW
 298 100 
exi  224.7kJ / kg Rate of exergy transfer associated with heat
transfer to the air flowing through the heat
T  C, For throttling process
exchanger.

0 de
ex d  T0s gen
 T 
 P  Ex  1  L  Q .
 T0  Rln 1   TH 
 P0 
 295 

I1 o
  500    1   2.264  1.39 MW
 298    0.2081 ln   761 
  3500  
 Ex  m  h  T0  s  
exd 120.7kJ / kg

8. Answer: (𝐁)
c   T P 
 m cp T  To  cp ln 2  Rln 2  
EG al
  T1 P1  
P = 1 bar
T1 = 27°C   694 
 3.9 1.005  399  295  1.005 ln  0 
  
N rr

T2 = 177°C 295
TH = 577°C = 850 K  3.9400.99  253.633
e

TH = 577°C = 850 K Ex  0.5747MW

T0 = 20° = 293 K Total rate of exergy destruction
ef

The heat transfer to air at constant pressure Exd,t  1.39  0.7  0.5747
q H = cp (T2 − T1 )
Exd,t  0.1154MW
R

= 1.005 × (177 − 27) = 150.75 kJ/kg

T 10. Answer: (𝐁)
Unavailable energy, q unav = q H × T 0
H Rate of entropy generation
293
= 150.75 × 850 = 51.96 kJ/kg P
Sgen  mR
Therefore, the available energy P1
A = q H − q unav = 150.75 − 51.96 0.10P1
 3  0.287  0.0861 kW / K
= 98.8 kJ/kg P1

Percentage of heat added as available energy Rate of exergy loss

A 98.8 × 100 I  T0 Sgen
= × 100 = = 65.53%
qH 150.75  3000.0861  25.83kW