MULTIPLICATION

Multiplication can be used to count large numbers of objects. Instead of counting one by one, the
objects can be arranged in groups with the same number of objects.

The objects can be grouped by 2s, by 3s, by 4s, by 6s, and so on, depending on how counting can be
made easier. Multiplication can be done with or without regrouping.

Multiplication w/o regrouping-Multiplication does not need regrouping if the product of the digits of
the numbers being multiplied is a one-digit number.

Multiplication w/ regrouping-For 3-digit number by 2-digit number.

Partial Product-The partial product is defined as the product of the multiplicand and one digit of a
multiplier.

DIVISION

Division-is the process of dividing things or objects equally. It is used to share things fairly

means finding out how many groups of a number there are in another number.

•inverse operation of multiplication

In the division sentence, the total number of objects to be grouped is the dividend; the number of
objects that should be in each group is the divisor; and the number of groups formed is the quotient

Let us Remember: Multiplication and division are opposite operations. To divide using multiplication
table, look for the dividend in the row or column of the divisor.

Division is the process of determining how many times a number is contained in another number.
Division can be shown through repeated subtraction. In using repeated subtraction, all you need to do is
to subtract the divisor repeatedly from the dividend until the answer is zero.The number of times you
subtracted until you obtain zero gives the quotient.

Take note: When dividing numbers, always start dividing from the highest place value. To check your
answer, multiply the quotient and the divisor. The answer should be equal to the dividend

Divide Numbers by 10, 100, and 1000

• Use simple steps to divide mentally by 10, 100, and 1000.

• First, you divide the number formed by the nonzero digits in the dividend by the number formed by
the nonzero digits in the divisor.

• Cancel as many zeroes as possible in the dividend as there are in the divisor

Math Discourse
The same technique that you used in estimating the sums, differences, and products of numbers can also
used in estimating the quotients of numbers.

This is done by rounding off the dividend and the divisor to their highest place values.

Compatible numbers – are close to the actual numbers and are easier to divide.

ORDER OF OPERATION

Word Problems can be represented by mathematical expressions. Often, a mathematical expression

To avoid using different ways to interpret and solve mathematical expressions, we must follow a rule.
This rule is called Order of Operation.

Given a series of operations, people may have different strategies in solving for the answer. Different
ways usually get different answers as well. To avoid this, we follow the GMDAS rule.

G-Do operations inside the Grouping symbols such as parenthesis, braces, and brackets.

M & D-Perform Multiplication or Division from left to right. If there are both multiplication and division
in a series of operations, begin with the one that was written first.

A & S - Once all the division and multiplication operations are done, perform Addition and Subtraction.

CONVERTING TIME MEASURES

Time - refers to the measure of the change of events around us. - it is used to determine which event
happened (past), is happening (present), or is going to happen (future). - two of the tools used to specify
time are the clock and the calendar.

Clock

- is used to specify the time in hours, minutes, and seconds.

- analog clock and digital clock are some kinds of clock.

Calendar - is used to specify the time in years, months, and days. - is a system of organizing days.

Seconds to Minutes and Vice Versa - There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, if you want to determine how
many seconds there are in a certain number of minutes, simply multiply the time in minutes by 60. On
the other hand, if you want to determine how many minutes is equivalent to a certain number of
seconds, divide the time in seconds by 60

Converting Time:

Time in minutes x 60 = time in seconds

Time in hours x 60 = time in minutes

Time in minutes ÷ 60 = time in hours

Time in days x 24 = time in hours

Time in hours ÷ 24 = time in days

Time in months x 4 = time in weeks

Time in weeks ÷ 4 = time in months

ELAPSED TIME

Elapsed Time The duration of the amount of time that passed from the time an activity started until the
time it ended is called elapsed time.

It can be measured by getting the difference between the start time and the end of an activity