ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

A Dissertation submitted to Pon Vidya Mandir Sr. Sec. School,

Karur for the CBSE Senior Secondary Examination
Class XII of PHYSICS.

SUBMITTED BY:
S. LESHANTH

UNDER THE SUPERVISION AND GUIDANCE OF

Mrs. Viyagula Mary

Department of Physics
Pon Vidya Mandir Sr. Sec. School
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE
The project report entitled:

ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

Submitted by:
S. LESHANTH
of grade XII B for the CBSE Senior Secondary Examination Class XII
of PHYSICS at Pon Vidya Mandir Sr. Sec.
School, Manmangalam, Karur.

Signature of the Teacher in-charge Signature of Principal

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project depends largely
on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to
express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this project.

I express deep sense of gratitude to almighty God for giving me strength

for the successful completion of the project.

I express my heartful gratitude to my parents for constant encouragement

while carrying out this project.

I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the individuals who

contributed in bringing this project upto this level, who continues to look after
me despite my flaws.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary. The Principal,

P. Vinoltan who has been continuously motivating and extending their helping
hand to us.

My sincere thanks to Mrs.Viyagula Mary, Master In-charge, A guide, Mentor all

The above a friend, who critically reviewed my project and helps in solving
each and every problem, occurred during implementation of the project.

The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed
and who are contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project.
I am grateful for their constant support and help.
S.LESHANTH
 INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO
CERTIFICATE 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5

AIM 6

INTRODUCTION 7

PRINCIPLE 8

THEORY 9-12

OBSERVATION 13

CONCLUSION 14

APPLICATION OF EMF 15

PRECAUTION 16

BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
 AIM
To study the phenomenon of
Electromagnetic Induction
 INTRODUCTION
ELECTRO MAGNET:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magnetic field is produced by electric current. The magnetic
field disappears when current is turned off.
INDUCTION:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction
ELECTROMAGNETICINDUCTION:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed
to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field
causes molecules in another object to flow. Induction can
produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or
waves (in radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is induced
when the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.
Magnetic flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density
and the area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It
scalar quantity and its SI unit is weber(Wb).
=BA
 PRINCIPLE:

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a

process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or
a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes
the production of a voltage across the conductor. This process
of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical
current-it is said to induce the current
 THEORY

INVENTION:
Michel Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 through it may have been anticipated by the work
of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph
Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his
findings until later.

INDUCED E.M.F:

If magnetic flux through the coil is altered then an e.m.f will be

generated in the coil. This effect was observed and
explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f could be generated either by,
(a)moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other

or

(b)By changing the magnitude of the source of

magnetic flux . Note that the e.m.f is only produced
while the flux is changing .
 For example, consider two coils as show in Figure 1.

WORkINg AND CONSTRUCTION

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a
magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a
force on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them to move.
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction. This is
called induction because there is no physical connection between the
conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field. One requirement for this
electromagnetic induction to take place is that the conductor, which is
often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of
force in order to produce the maximum force on the free electrons.
The direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is moving
in the field. In the animation above the ammeter (the instrument used
to measure current) indicates when there is current in the conductor.
LENz’S LAW:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced
emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic
field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always
acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In
the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the
induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing,
the induced field acts in the direction of the applied
field to try to keep it constant.
APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAgNETIC
INDUCTION

Electrical Generator:

The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due

to relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is
the phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When
a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire
is connected through an electrical load, current will
flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting
the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.
Electrical transformer:

The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also

responsible for electrical transformers. When the
electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic
field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field
will experience this change in magnetic field as a
change in its coupled magnetic flux, dΦB/dt.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the
second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are
connected through an electrical load, current will
flow.
 ObSERvATION
• Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain
voltage is produced.
• Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating
a greater induced voltage.
• Magnet is moved at same speed through
coil that has greater number of turn and
greater voltage is induced.
 CONCLUSION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction,
first observed and published by Michael
Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many
far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives
in many ways: from the shining of the sun, to
the convenience of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law
has on us.

-MICHAEL FARADAY
 APPLICATION OF
ELECTROMAgNETIC INDUCTION
IN REAL LIFE

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in

many devices and systems, including:

Electromagnetic Damping in galvanometer

Alternators in cars

Electrical generators

Induction motors

Induction sealing

Inductive charging

Transformers

Wireless energy transfer

 PRECAUTIONS
▪ Do all connection carefully
▪ Do not scratch insulated copper
wire while making loop
▪ Do not use digital voltmeter for
above demonstration
▪ Do not use very thick or thin
copper wire
▪ Use only insulated copper wire
▪ Keep your self safe from high
voltage
Before doing any experiment please consult to
your subject teacher

bIbLIOgRAPHY

Wikipedia.com
Google search engine
Physics NCERT book for class XII
THANk YOU