PROJECT TITLE

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 PROJECT TITLE

S.NO. CONTENT DESCRIPTION PAGE.NO

01. CERTIFICATE 1

02. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

03. PROJECT INDEX 5

04. AIM OF THE PROJECT 6

05. INTRODUCTION 7

06. THEORY 9

07. OBSERVATION 16

08. CONCLUSION 17

09. APPLICATIONS OF E.M.I. 18

10. PRECAUTIONS 19

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

 INTRODUCTION
ELECTROMAGNET:
An electro magnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced
by the electric current .The magnetic field disappears when the current is
turned of .

INDUCTION:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in
changing magnetic field is called induction.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of potential difference (voltage)
across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.

Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecules

in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity(in coils),heat(in
ferrous metals) or waves( in a radioactive transmitter).

Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon that an EMF is induced when the

magnetic flux linking a conductor changes.

Magnetic flux is defined as the product of magnetic flux density and the area
normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and
it’s S.I unit is Weber (W).

ΦB=BA Cos Ɵ
PRINCIPLE:

Electromagnetic induction,(or sometimes just induction), is process

where conductor in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor
moving through a stationary magnetic feild), causes the production
of a voltage across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic
induction in turn cases the electric current-it is set to induce the
current.
 THEORY
INVENTION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831,
thought it may have been anticipated by the work of Francisco Zantedschi in
1829. Around 1830 to 1832, John Henry made a similar discovery. Ut npot
publish his findings until later.

INDUCED EMF:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered than an EMF will be generated in the
coil. This effect was first observed and explained by umpire ampere faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an EMF could be greater
generated either by moving

1. moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other.

2. by changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some way.

Note that the EMF is only produced by the flux is changing.

For example, consider two coils ah shown in Figure 1.

Coil A is connected to galvanometer and coil B is connected to a battery and
has direct current flowing through it. Coil A is within the magnetic field
produced by B an EMF can be produced in A by moving the coils relative to
each other or by changing the size of the current in B. This can be done using
the rheostat R. Switching the current on .

3.Off , or using an AC supply for B.

(An E.M.F. could also be produced in a coil A by replacing coil B with a

permanent magnet and moving this relative to coil A).

REPRESENTATION:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of potential difference voltage
across the current when it is exposed to wearing magnetic field.

WORKING IN CONSTRUCTION:
Current is produced in a contractor when it's moved through a magnetic field
because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free electrons
in the conductor and causing them to move. This process of generating current
in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction because there is no physical connection
between the conductor and the magnet. The current is set to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field.

One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the
magnetic lines of force in order to produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction or the wire is moving in the field. In the animation above, the
ammeter (the instrument used to measure current), indicates when there is a
current in the conductor.
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the electromagnetic field that is
produced is constantly growing and shrinking due to the constantly changing
current in the wire. This growing or shrinking magnetic field can induce electric
current in another wire that is held closed to the first wire. This growing and
shrinking magnetic field can induce electric current in another wire that is held
close to the first wire. The current in the second wire will also be AC; and in
fact will look similar to the current flowing in the first wire.

It is common to wrap the wire. Into a coil, concentrate the strength of

magnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping the coil around an iron bar will
further concentrate the magnetic field in the iron bar. The magnetic field will
be strongest inside the bar at its ends.
LENZ’S LAW:
When an EMF is generated by changing magnetic flux according to Faradays
law, the polarity of the induced EMF is such that it produces the current whose
magnetic field or poses the change which produces it. The induced magnetic
field inside any loop wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in loop
constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field
acts in opposition to it. If it's decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction
of applied field to try to keep it constant.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electrical Generator:

The EMF generated by Faradays law of phenomenon due to the relative

moment of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying
electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is removed relative to the
contractor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is
connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical
energy is generated, converting the mechanical energy of motion to electricity.
Electrical Transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faradays law is also responsible for the electric
transformers .When the electric current in a loop of wire changes , the
changing current creates a change in the magnetic field. A second wire in
reach of the magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a
change is coupled magnetic flux. Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in
the second loop, called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends
of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.
Magnetic flow meter:
Fridays laws used to measure the flow of electrically conductive liquid and
slurries. Such instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The induced
voltage 'Ɛ' generated in the magnetic field due to a conductive liquid moving at
velocity 'v' is thus given by:

Ɛ= - Blv

There 'l' is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow meter.
OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION

Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, first observed and published by

Michael Faraday in the mid 19th century, describes a very important
electromagnetic concept. Although it is mathematical representations are
cryptic, the essence of Faradays is not hard to grasp: It relates an electric
induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept
has many far reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways, from
the shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile communications to
electricity to power our homes. We all appreciate the profound impact
Faradays law has on us.
 APPLICATIONS

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many

devices and systems including:

~ Electrical generators
~ Induction motors

~ Induction sealing

~ Inductive charging

~ Transformers

~ Wireless energy transfer

 PRECAUTIONS

 Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

 Using hand lab instruments with care.
 Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making loop.
 Do not use this digital voltmeter for about demonstration.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.wikipedia.org/
 https://www.google.co.in/
 google search engine
 Physics NCERT book for class 12.