Industrial Training Report on

Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL)

33/11 KV SUBSTATION MAHASO EDSD-BANKATI,

BASTI (UTTAR PRADESH)

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
By

SAGAR SRIVASTAVA
(2100970310134)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

(B. Tech ECE-Accredited by NBA)
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
(Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow)
CERTIFICATE
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the industrial training report at “Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited”
submitted by me, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering to Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow is a record of bonafide work
carried done between 10/07/2024 and 23/08/2024.

Place: Greater Noida

Date: Signature of Candidate

The report is Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory

Signature of the Faculty Coordinator

&
Approved by

Head of the Department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL)
for giving me the chance to carry out my industrial training at the 33/11 KV Substation, Mahaso
EDSD-Bankati, Basti (Uttar Pradesh). This training has helped fill the gap
between theoretical knowledge and the practical application in the area of electrical and power
systems.

I am deeply grateful to the Executive Engineer, Mr. A.B. Bharti and the whole UPPCL staff,
particularly to Mr. Prabhakar Kumar, Sub Divisional Officer at 33/11 KV substation,
MAHASO EDSD-BANKATI, BASTI (UTTAR PRADESH) and Mr. Manoj Kumar Junior
Engineer at Mahaso, for the invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement during my training
period. Their insight and hands-on mentorship have greatly added to my understanding of technical
and operational aspects of the power distribution system.

I thank Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, and the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering for their continuous support and encouragement. My
sincere gratitude goes to my HOD: ECE Department, Mr. R.V. Purohit Sir and Faculty
Mentor, Mr. Shivam Kumar Sir and other faculty members for their guidance and feedback,
which helped me align my learning objectives with the practical training experience.

Lastly, I thank my family and friends for their support and motivation through this endeavor.

This training has been a significant milestone in my academic journey, and I am confident that the
knowledge and skills gained will contribute immensely to my professional development.

Sagar Srivastava
B. Tech, Electronics and Communication Engineering
Roll Number: 2100970310134
 Table of contents

CERTIFICATE II
DECLARATION III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
LIST OF FIGURES VIII

1. Introduction 1-2

1.1 About 33/11 KV substation Mahaso, Basti 1

2. Transformers 3-5

2.1 Types of Transformers 3-5

2.1.1 Power transformer 4

2.1.2 Instrument transformer 4
2.1.3 Autotransformer 5
2.1.4 On the basis of working 5
2.1.5 On the basis of structure 5

3. Specification of C.T. used in 33/11 KV substation Mahaso, Basti 6

4. Substation 7-13

4.1 Types of Substations 8

4.1.1 According to the service requirement 8

4.1.2 According to the constructional features 8

4.2 Substation characteristics 10

4.3 Steps in designing substation 10

4.3.1 Earthing and bonding 10

4.3.2 Substation earthing calculation methodology 11
4.3.3 Earthing material 11
4.3.4 Switch yard fence earthing 12
 4.4 Conductors used in substation designing 12

5. Chronological training diary 14-17

5.1 Power line carrier communication(PLCC) 14

5.1.1 Applications 14

5.2 Principle of PLCC 15

5.2.1 Wave trap or line trap 15

5.2.2 Coupling capacitor 16
5.2.3 Protective device of coarse voltage arrester 16
5.2.4 Coupling of filter 16
5.2.5 H.F. cable 16

6. Bus bars 18-19

7. Insulators 20-25

7.1 Circuit breakers 21

7.2 Oil circuit breaker 22
7.3 Air blast circuit breaker 22
7.4 Sulphar hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)circuit breaker 23
7.5 Vacuum circuit breaker 24

8. Metering and Indication equipment 26-29

8.1 Relay 26

8.2 Relays used in control panel of substation 27

8.2.1 Differential relay 27

8.2.2 Over current relay 27
8.2.3 Directional relay 28
 8.2.4 Tripping relay 28
8.2.5 Auxiliary relay 29

9. Miscellaneous Equipments 30-31

9.1 Capacitor bank 30

9.2 Fuse 31
9.3 Bus coupler 31

10. Protection of substation 32-33

10.1 Transformer protection 32

10.2 Conservation and breather 32
10.3 Marshalling box 32
10.4 Transformer cooling 33

11. Conclusion 34

References 35
 List of figures

Figure no. Name of figure Page no.

Figure 1.1 33/11 KV Substation Indiranagar 1

Figure 2.1 Transformer 3
Figure 2.2 Power transformer 4
Figure 2.3 Instrument transformer 4
Figure 2.4 Auto transformer 5
Figure 2.5 Core type 5
Figure 2.6 Shell type 5
Figure 3.1 Current transformer 6
Figure 4.1 View of substation 7
Figure 4.2 Transformer substation 8
Figure 5.1 Power line carrier communication (PLCC) 14
Figure 6.1 Typical representation of bus bars 18
Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substation 20
Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements 21
Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker 22
Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker 23
Figure 7.5 SF6 Circuit breaker 23
Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker 24
Figure 8.1 Typical view of Relay 26
Figure 8.2 Differential Relay 27
Figure 8.3 Over current Relay 27
Figure 8.4 Directional Relay 28
Figure 8.5 Tripping Relay 28
Figure 8.6 Auxiliary Relay 29
Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank 30
Figure 9.2 Substation fuse 31
Figure 9.3 Bus coupler 31
 1. INTRODUCTION

The creation of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (UPPCL) on January 14, 2000 is
the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal point of the
Power Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its transmission,
distribution and supply of electricity.
UPPCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost-efficient electricity to
every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art technologies,
providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the country.
We shall achieve this being a dynamic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy
organization, sensitive to our customers interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run,
providing uninterrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation.

1.1 ABOUT 33/11KV SUBSTATION MAHASO, BASTI

Figure 1.1 33/11KV Substation Mahaso

The main 33 KV bus at the Mahaso EDSD-Bankati Substation is connected to the power grid and
serves as a crucial link for power distribution in the region. The incoming transmission line is first
parallel-connected to a lightning arrester to divert surges, ensuring the protection of the system.
This is followed by a Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT), which measures voltage and steps
it down to 110V AC to provide power for the control panel. At the same location, a wave trap is
installed to facilitate carrier communication at higher frequencies.

A Current Transformer (CT) is connected in series with the line to measure current and step it
down with a ratio of 800:1 for safe use in the control panel. Switchgear equipment is installed,
consisting of circuit breakers paired with isolators at both ends to ensure operational flexibility and
safety.

The main bus, with a total capacity of 160 MVA at 33 KV, is subdivided to feed power into two
transformer units, each with a capacity of 80 MVA (40 MVA + 40 MVA). These are parallel-
connected to handle the load efficiently. The transformers step down the voltage from 33 KV to 11
KV, allowing the main bus to supply six feeders for local distribution in surrounding areas like
Bankati, Mahaso, and nearby villages.

For protection and regulation, lightning arresters, current transformers, and switchgear equipment
are installed on either side of the transformers. A bus coupler links the main bus to the auxiliary
transfer bus to enhance operational redundancy. At the 11 KV level, a separate step-down
transformer (11 KV/440V) supplies power to the control panel and auxiliary equipment within the
substation.

To improve the power factor and maintain the voltage profile, a capacitor bank is connected to
the 11 KV bus. This ensures reliable and efficient power distribution throughout the region.
 2. 2. TRANSFORMERS

Figure: 2.1 Transformer

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high voltage
to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

2.1 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

2.1.1 Power transformer
2.1.2 Instrument transformer
2.1.3 Auto transformer
2.1.4 On the basis of working
2.1.5 On the basis of structure

2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER:

 Figure 2.2 Power Transformers
Types of power transformer:
2.1.1.1 Single phase transformer
2.1.1.2 Three phase transformer

2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

Fig: 2.3 Instrument Transformers

a) Current transformer
b) Potential transformer

2.1.3 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

 Fig 2.4 Auto Transformer

a) Single phase transformer

b) Three phase transformer

2.1.4 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

2.1.4.1 Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage.
2.1.4.2 Step up: Converts low voltage into high voltage.

2.1.5 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

Figure 2.5 core type Figure 2.6 Shell type

 3. SPECIFICATION OF C.T. USED IN 33/11 SUBSTATION,
MAHASO BASTI

Figure 3.1 Current transformer

The Current Transformers (CTs) at the Mahaso 33/11 KV Substation are critical components for
protection and measurement. Their specifications are as follows:

3.1 Voltage Rating:

o Primary Voltage: 33 KV / 11 KV
o Insulation Level: 170 KV (Impulse Withstand Voltage) for 33 KV CTs, 75 KV for
11 KV CTs
3.2 Current Rating:
o Primary Current: Varies as per feeder requirement (e.g., 400 A, 800 A, etc.)
o Secondary Current: 5 A or 1 A (standardized for control and metering circuits)
3.3 Accuracy Class:
o For Metering: Class 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 (depending on application)
o For Protection: Class 5P10 or 10P10
3.4 Burden:
o Typical burden: 15 VA – 30 VA
3.5 Core Type:
o Double Core for metering and protection applications or multi-core for additional
functionality.
3.6 Transformation Ratio:
o Common Ratios: 400/1, 800/1, 1200/1 (adapted to load conditions and substation
requirements).
3.7 Frequency:
o Standard operating frequency: 50 Hz
3.8 Thermal Withstand:
o Short-time Current Rating: 25 kA for 1 second or as per substation design
 requirements.
3.9 Physical Construction:
o Outdoor type with porcelain or polymer insulators.
o Designed to withstand extreme weather conditions (IP65/66 rated).
3.10 Standard Compliance:
o Manufactured as per IS 2705 and IEC 61869-2 standards for Current Transformers.
3.11 Mounting:
o Typically pedestal-mounted or on-line post insulators.
 4. SUBSTATIONS

Figure 4.1View of substation

The present day electrical power system is A.C.i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted &
distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at power plant
stations which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is
delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission 7 distribution.

At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV or
33 KV) at the power station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of
electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the
substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be step down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.

The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is called
substation.
The two most ways to classify substation are: -
 4.1 TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS

4.1.1 According to the service requirement:

4.1.1.1 Transformer substation
4.1.1.2 Switch substation
4.1.1.3 Power factor correction substation
4.1.1.4 Frequency change substation
4.1.1.5 Converting substation
4.1.1.6 Industrial substation

4.1.2 According to the constructional features:

4.1.2.1 Indoor substation
4.1.2.2 Outdoor substation
4.1.2.3 Underground substation
4.1.2.4 Pole mounted substation

4.1.1.1 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

Figure 4.2 Transformer substation

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main component
employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
transformer substations may be classified into:

4.1.1.1.1 STEP UP SUBSTATION

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of
electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.2 PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to
11KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor
type.

4.1.1.1.3 SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS

At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV lines
runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor
type.

4.1.1.1.4 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 400V, 3-
phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is
400V & between any phase and neutral it is 230V.

4.2 SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS:

4.2.1 Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does
not necessarily result in loss of supply.

4.2.2 A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer
and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.
 4.2.3 A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
4.2.4 Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
4.2.5 Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit
breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

4.3 STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.

4.3.1 Earthing and Bonding:

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection to
which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the
maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage
occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and
maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that there
are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation. In
designing the substation, three voltage have to be considered these are:

4.3.1.1 Touch Voltage:

This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at
earthedequipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.

4.3.1.2 Step Voltage:

This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet
while not touching any other earthed equipment.

4.3.1.3 Mesh Voltage:

This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.
4.3.2 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on site measurements of
ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular conductors is then
analyzed to determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which the earthing
voltage is calculated.

In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid calculation
purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that expansion of the
system is catered for.

To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests are best
performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained.

4.3.3 Earthing Materials

4.3.3.1 Conductors:

Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars
themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a
shallow depthof 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a
separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is
bonded.

4.3.3.2 Connections:

Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat
generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted.

4.3.3.3 Earthing Rods:

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth
faultcurrents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually
made ofsolid copper, or copper clad steel.

4.3.4 Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different
utilities. These are:

4.3.4.1 Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence
is thenbonded to the grid at regular intervals.
4.3.4.2 Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the
fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the
main substation earthing grid.

4.4 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfills the following requirements:

4.4.1 Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
4.4.2 Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise self
weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and
atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
4.4.3 Should be corona free at rated voltage.
4.4.4 Should have the minimum number of joints.
4.4.5 Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
4.4.6 Should be economical.

The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be used
but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these
include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors
4.5 Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.

4.5.1 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings

4.5.2 Tensioning conductors to ground winches.

The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation.The
following clearances should be observed:

VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 11kV 6.1m
11kV - 20kV 6.4m
20kV - 30kV 6.7m
greater than 30kV 7.0m
Table 1 Clearance in accordance with voltage value
 5. CHRONOLOGICAL TRAINING DIARY
(based on study & observation at different Departments and
sections)

5.1POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Introduction:

Figure 5.1: PLCC (POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient &economical power supply. To
reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system in optimum
working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit communication
network is indispensable for state electricity board.
In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally located at a far
distance from cities. Where P & T communication provided through long overhead lines in
neither reliable nor quick.
As we have available very reliable physical paths viz. the power lines, which interconnected,
hence power line carrier communication is found to be most economical and reliable for
electricity boards.
 5.1.1 APPLICATIONS:
The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:
5.1.1.1 Telephony
5.1.1.2 Teleprotection
5.1.1.3 Remote control or indication
5.1.1.4 Telemetry
5.1.1.5 Teleprinting

5.2 PRINCIPLE OF PLCC:

The principle of PLCC is the simple one:
All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The
modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again
at the respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more
common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the high
voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly connected to high
voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipments have therefore to be employed which will
permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute
protection of communication equipment or operating personal from high voltage hazard.
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:

5.2.1 Wave trap or line trap:

Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of coupling
capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands
electromechanically and thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On
the basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type:
5.2.1.1 ALL WAVE
5.2.1.2 SINGAL FREQUENCY
5.2.1.3 DOUBLE FREQUENCY
5.2.1.4 BROAD BAND
5.2.2 Coupling capacitor:
The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor specially designed to
with stand line voltage under all weather condition. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is
connected directly to the line and the lower end is connected to the ground through a carrier
frequency chock coil or drain coil. Thus coupling capacitor forms the link between the PLCC
equipment and power line. The coupling capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.
The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand normal atmospheric
phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow, anticipated wind load,
nominal wire tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case capacitive voltage transformers
(CVT) used as a source of line voltage for metering and protection as also used coupling
capacitor for PLCC.

5.2.3 Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrester:

This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is connected to the bottom
of the coupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is provided to protect the coupling filter
against line surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the order of 1.8 to 2KV as observed
across due to lighting etc. on line.

5.2.4 Coupling of Filter:

The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling capacitor and the
carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal. Some time an earth switch is also provided
with this unit. This unit mainly performs two functions; firstly it isolates the connection of
equipment from the power line. Secondly it serves to match characteristic impedance of the
power line to that of the H.F. cable to connection equipments.

5.2.5 H.F. Cable:

H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling terminal. The cable is
insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F. cable is so as to
match with the output of the PLCC terminal and secondary impedance of coupling filter.
5.2.5.1 TYPES OF COUPLING:
The following three types of coupling are being used in UPSEB depending on the
requirement:
5.2.5.1.1 Phase to ground coupling
5.2.5.1.2 Phase to phase coupling
5.2.5.1.3 Internal coupling

5.2.5.2 COUPLING LOSSES:

5.2.5.2.1 Composite loss
5.2.5.2.2 Tapping loss
5.2.5.2.3 H.F. cable loss
5.2.5.2.4 Additional loss
 6. BUSBARS

Figure 6.1 Typical representation of bus bars

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made
up of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars
arrangements used at substations:
6.1 Single bus bar system
6.2 Single bus bar system with section alisation.
6.3 Duplicate bus bar system
In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little
as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a
system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler,
which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In
some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.
While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a circuit the
isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of circuit
breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of
maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using bus
coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or maintenance of any
section is required.
 7. INSULATORS

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current
to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is porcelain.
There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.) and their
use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator is used
for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron
base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap.

Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substations

With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high voltage
and carry high current.
The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of
switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable means
of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make or break
a circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and short
circuit condition.
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can be opened
manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system,
the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some
mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able to
continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also generates
the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so
that it may not reach a dangerous value.
The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.

Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements

7.1. Circuit breakers

They can be classified into:
7.1.1 Oil circuit breaker
7.1.2 Air-blast circuit breaker
7.1.3 Sulphar hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)
7.1.4 Vacuum circuit breakers
Note: SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 33KV distribution substation.
7.2 Oil Circuit Breaker

Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high
pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to
prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and because
of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

7.3 Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast
circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver.
The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the
breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and
important lines where rapid operation is desired.

Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken
from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir
with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top of the
hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chambers
to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a very high
voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers assembly
is mounted on insulators.

7.4 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Figure 7.5 SF6 Circuit breaker

In such circuit breaker, sulphar hexafluoride (SF 6) gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The
SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The SF 6 circuit
breaker have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service. SF 6 circuit
breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating 10 MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF 6 gas. When the contacts are
opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF 6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the arc
interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these holes.

7.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high voltage
circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum circuit
breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it, thereby
preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge. These devices have been
utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even
safer and more effective.
7.2.1 Rating of 132 KV SF6 circuit breaker:
7.2.1.1 Breaking current: 50A
7.2.1.2 Making capacity: 80KA
7.2.1.3 Total break time < 60msec
7.2.1.4 Rated short circuit breaking current:
7.2.1.4.1 Symmetrical: 31.5 KA
7.2.1.4.2 Asymmetrical: 36.86 KA
7.2.1.5 Rated duration of short circuit current: 3sec
7.2.1.6 Rated nominal current: 1250 A
7.2.1.7 Rated voltage: 145 KV
7.2.1.8 Rated SF6 gas pressure: 6 KG
 8. METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT
8.1 RELAY:

Figure 8.1 Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere in
the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and
disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of
damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage
circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The
relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency, current,
phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current flowing
in the line increases to the enormous value.This result in a heavy current flow through the relay
coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the
breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the
system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the damage and
normal working of the healthy portion of the system. Basically relay work on the following two
main operating principles:
8.1.1 Electromagnetic attraction relay
8.1.2 Electromagnetic induction relay
8.2 Relays used in control panel of the substation;

8.1.3 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

Figure 8.2 Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more electrical
quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the
pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

8.1.4 OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Figure 8.3 Overcurrent Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The
actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.
These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction.
This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.
 8.1.5 DIRECTIONAL RELAY:

Figure8.4 Directional Relay

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the earth due to any fault. A
directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of
magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The
direction of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.

8.1.6 TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure 8.5 Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault in the
system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section
8.1.7 AUXILIARY RELAY:

Figure 8.6 Auxiliary Relay

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.
 9. MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT

9.1 CAPACITOR BANK:

Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which increases
the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power factor is
mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents.
The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in
additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as
possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should be
connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor bank. The capacitor
draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of
load current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:
9.1.1 Supply reactive power
9.1.2 Increases terminal voltage
9.1.3 Improve power factor
9.2 FUSE:

Figure 9.2 Substation Fuse

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through it for
sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating conditions; the fuse
element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current
overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption
functions.

9.3 BUS COUPLER:

Figure 9.3 bus coupler

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may be
connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing,
maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar
bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed.
 10. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION:

10.1 Transformer protection:

Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore chances
of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare fault may
be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This provides
adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults.

10.2 Conservator and Breather:

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes either up or
down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to predetermined value in
the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of the tank.
Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the
insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out
through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is checked
regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.

10.3 Marshalling box:

It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If
temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If
there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit
breaker controlling the transformer.

10.4 Transformer cooling:

When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of heat is
called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

10.4.1 Air natural cooling:

In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for its
cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.

10.4.2 Air blast cooling:

It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addition that continuous blast of
filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan produces the
blast.

10.4.3 Oil natural cooling:

Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as a
cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed
to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of
the cooling tank.

10.4.4 Oil blast cooling:

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers immersed in
oil.

10.4.5 Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant.
Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

10.4.6 Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat exchanger
takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.
 11. CONCLUSION

Electricity is an essential constituent in modern life, and their generation, transmission, and
distribution mechanisms make it essential to learn in full with much emphasis on the aspect of a
reliable supply. 33/11 KV Substation Mahaso EDSD - Bankati, Basti is very important to its
regional power network, transforming high voltages that happen in transmission to be more suitable
for local distributions ensuring system protection and safe operating conditions.

The training provided insight into the substation's components, such as transformers, switchgear,
bus bars, relays, and capacitor banks. It also emphasized the importance of earthing systems,
protective devices, and efficient communication systems like Power Line Carrier Communication
(PLCC) in maintaining system reliability.

This practical experience bridged the gap between theoretical knowledge and its practical
application, thereby enhancing the understanding of power distribution infrastructure. It brought out
the role of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) in ensuring a robust and sustainable
power system in the state.

The skills and knowledge acquired during this training will undoubtedly serve as a strong
foundation for professional growth in the field of power systems engineering.
 References

1. www.yahooanswers.com

2. www.britannica.com

3. www.webopedia.com

4. www.encyclopedia.com

5. www.worldbook.com

6. www.encyclopediadramatica.com/

7. www.googlescholar.com

8. https://uppcl.org/uppcl/hi/

9. www.google.com