Science 9 – 2nd Quarter - Capillaries are the smallest
blood vessels in the body,
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connecting the smallest arteries
Circulatory System to the smallest veins.
Major Parts: 3. Blood – carries the materials
Heart throughout the body.
Blood Vessel Composition of Blood
Blood - Plasma – unclotted or
Diseases: uncoagulated liquid part of the
Angina Pectoris blood that contains water,
Atherosclerosis antibodies, hormones, nutrients,
Stroke and wastes.
Heart Attack - White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
— are cells involved in immune
Major Parts of the Circulatory System system for they help defend the
1. Heart – pumps blood throughout the body from pathogens that cause
body. diseases.
Chambers of the Heart - Platelets (Thrombocytes) —
Right chamber colorless cells that are involved in
- Contains deoxygenated (oxygen- blood clotting.
poor) blood coming from different - Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
parts of the body. — biconcave, disk-like cells
- Brings deoxygenated blood to the containing the protein
lungs for oxygenation or gas hemoglobin involved in carrying
exchange. oxygen.
Left Chamber Types of Blood Circulation
- Receives oxygenated (oxygen- 1. Systematic Circulation –
rich) blood from the lungs. movement of blood from the
- Pumps oxygenated blood to all heart to the rest of the body,
parts of the body. excluding the lungs.
Parts of the Heart and Blood Flow 2. Pulmonary Circulation –
movement of blood from the
heart to the lungs, and back to
the heart.
“Monitoring the blood pressure of a person
may help identify if he or she is at risk for
any cardiovascular diseases.”
1. Blood Flow – refers to the
movement of blood through a vessel,
tissue, or organ. It is initiated by the
contraction of the ventricles of the
heart.
2. Blood Pressure – The force exerted
by blood upon the walls of the blood
vessels or the chambers of the heart.
Blood pressure may be measured in
2. Blood Vessel – carries the blood
capillaries and veins, as well as the
throughout the body.
vessels of the pulmonary circulation.
Kinds of Blood Vessels:
In clinical practice, this pressure is
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood
measured in mmHg and is usually
away from the heart to the cells,
obtained using Sphygmomanometer.
tissues, and organs of the body.
- Veins carry deoxygenated blood
to the heart. Cardiovascular Diseases
1. Angina Pectoris – medical term for When oxygen-rich air enters the
chest pain. It occurs when the heart body through inhalation, air passes
muscle doesn't get as much blood as through the nose, nasal passages,
it needs. This usually happens windpipe, and lungs.
because one or more of the heart's In the nose and nasal passages
arteries is narrowed or blocked. - the air is made warm, damp and
2. Atherosclerosis – disease in which clean of unknown particles.
plaque builds up inside your arteries. Throat (Pharynx)
Arteries are blood vessels that carry - air passes and is further purified.
oxygen-rich blood to your heart and The adenoids and tonsils found in
other parts of your body. Plaque is our throat help protect the body
made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, against infection.
and other substances found in the Glottis
blood. - a slit-like opening into the larynx.
3. Stroke – occurs when the blood A flap cartilage called epiglottis
supply to part of your brain is covers the larynx to prevent food
interrupted or reduced, depriving from entering the voice box
brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. (larynx).
This may be caused by blood clot in Trachea
the blood vessels in the brain or by - is the empty tube that serves as
atherosclerosis. passageway of air into the lungs.
4. Heart Attack – it is the death of a Lungs
segment of heart muscle caused by - is the large elastic, sponge sac
a loss of blood supply. The blood is protected by double-layered
usually cut off when an artery membrane called pleura.
supplying the heart muscle is Bronchi
blocked by a blood clot. - are the two branching tubes that
connect the trachea to the lungs.
Respiratory System Bronchioles
1. Process of Gas Exchange - are the hair-like tubes that
2. Diseases connect to the alveoli.
Pneumonia Alveoli
Emphysema - are the air sacs that allow gas
Tuberculosis exchange in the lungs.
Bronchitis
Lung Cancer
Process of Gas Exchange in the
Respiratory System
When you exhale, the diaphragm
muscle relaxes, the diaphragm
returns to its original size and there
is now less space inside the lungs.
Inhalation vs Exhalation
What happens to your diaphragm when Respiratory Diseases
you breathe in and when you breathe out? 1. Pneumonia – an infection of the
alveoli in the lungs. The infection is
Inhalation
caused by the bacteria
When you inhale, the diaphragm
Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
muscle contracts.
2. Emphysema – a progressive
Inhaling moves the diaphragm down
condition where the lungs lose its
and expands the chest cavity.
elasticity due to the damage of air
Simultaneously, the ribs move up
sacs—alveoli thus, affecting
and increase the size of the chest
exchange of gases between blood
cavity to make more space for air.
and the lungs.
3. Tuberculosis – a contagious
bacterial infection that involves the
lungs and may spread to other
organs. It is caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
4. Bronchitis – an inflammation of the
bronchial tubes, the airways that
carry air to your lungs. It causes a
cough that often brings up mucus. It
caused by viruses, bacterial
infection, and exposure to
substances that irritate the lungs,
such as tobacco smoke, dust, fumes,
vapors, and air pollution.
5. Lung Cancer – a condition that
causes cells to divide in the lungs
uncontrollably. This causes the
growth of tumors that reduce a
person's ability to breathe.
Exhalation Photosynthesis
Photo – which means light These processes make use of light
Synthesis – which means putting energy to produce adenosine
together separate things to form a triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide
whole. adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Photosynthesis is the process of hydrogen (NADPH).
utilizing light energy to make or put Uses light and water to produce
together substances. oxygen and 2 energy carrying
It is the process of converting sun’s molecules:
energy into chemical energy in the o ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
form of sugar or carbohydrate. – energy currency of the cell
It occurs in plants, some o NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine
photosynthetic bacteria and algae. dinucleotide phosphate
It takes place in the chloroplast, an hydrogen)
organelle containing the pigment
chlorophyll that absorbs light.
It involves carbon dioxide and water
reacting with light energy to produce
sugar and oxygen.
Photosynthesis Light-Independent Reactions
1. Capturing Light Energy Also called the Calvin Cycle, take
2. Light-Dependent Reactions place in the stroma of chloroplasts.
3. Light-Independent Reactions As long as the products of the light
reactions – ATP and NADPH – are
Capturing Light Energy present, light – independent
reactions can take place even
without light energy.
Uses carbon dioxide and NADPH to
produce carbohydrate or sugar.
Light-Dependent Reactions
It occurs within the thylakoids.
Transition Reaction and Krebs Cycle
Transition Reaction – It connects
glycolysis to the Krebs Cycle.
Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle – This cycle is also
The process of breaking down called the citric acid cycle, because
complex molecules such as sugar to the first reaction forms citric acid.
release energy in the form of ATP The cycle takes place in the matrix of
(Adenosine triphosphate). mitochondria.
It takes place in the mitochondria;
the powerhouse of a cell.
It involves sugar and oxygen reacting
to produce carbon dioxide, water and
energy in the form of ATP.
Electron Transport Chain and
Chemiosmosis
Electron Transport Chain – This is
the final stage of aerobic cellular
respiration. There is direct
involvement of molecular oxygen in
the production of ATPs and water in
this process. The process occurs in
mitochondria and makes majority of
ATP.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. Transition Reaction and Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain and
Chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
Is the breakdown of a glucose into
two pyruvic acid (or pyruvate in its
dissociated form) molecules.
The process takes place in the
cytoplasm of the cell and does not
require oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
- This process converts the pyruvic
acid produced in glycolysis into
ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
-
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
- This type of fermentation is
performed in some certain
bacteria and yeast, which is used
in dairy industry particularly in
making yogurt and cheese.
- In human, lactic acid
fermentation occurs only when
muscle cells run out of oxygen
during the early stages of
strenuous exercise or in long
distance running.
