CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Background to the study

The problem of solid waste disposal has become one of the most serious environmental
problems facing many cities in Nigeria. In recent years, there has been an increase in the volume
of wastes generated daily in the country. This is due to a number of reasons including the
increasing population growth rate, increasing development, industrialization and economic
growth. In addition, many urban areas of Nigeria lack effective waste management systems. As a
result, most urban households resort to the haphazard dumping, burn and/or burying solid waste.
The common arrangement in the few urban communities where a system is in place, is for waste
management authorities to collect refuse from households and public containers on a regular
basis using collection trucks.

Daramola, Mobolaji and Idowu (2022) referred to waste as unwanted materials, substances
or objects which are disposed or intended to be disposed off by the provision of the law at state
or national levels. It was further seen as substances or objects discarded as useless or unwanted
from human and animal activities. Waste can be generated during the extraction of raw materials,
processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, consumption of final product
and other human activities. In real sense, wastes nclude all items that people no longer have any
use of, which they either intend to get rid of or discard due to their hazardous nature.

As population densities per capita waste generation increases, the available land for waste
disposal decreases proportionately and as a result sanitation has emerged as an essential
specialized sector for keeping cities or gatherings of people, healthy and live able; and therefore,
one of the key challenges of the 21st century. Also, a key responsibility of the local governments
is managing solid waste well and affordably. Generally, the composition of waste produced is
influenced by culture, economic development, geographic location, climate and energy resources
and its composition influences how waste is collected and disposed. Low income countries have
the highest proportion of organic waste with a high percentage of organic matter in urban waste
stream, most low and lower middle income countries have low levels of collection services with
the disposal of their waste mainly in open dumps associated with open burning (Mobolaji, 2020).

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Similarly, the Nigeria situation is no different. So, the prevailing poor sanitation in the Nigerian
markets is a reflection of the deplorable sanitation situation in the country.

Olatunji (2021) identified that high rate of urbanization, rising standard of living results in
increased generation from waste. Also, looking at the developing countries, it evident that rapid
social development, population growth, resource exploitation and unchecked technological
advancement create the main problems of waste. While developing countries are busy improving
access to clean drinking water, they are falling behind on sanitation goal especially on the
disposal of solid wastes”.

Solid waste management is the generation, prevention, characterisation, monitoring,

treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of materials produced by human activities in
order to reduce their effect on health and the environment. Of all the municipal waste generated,
solid waste from trade in the markets and marketing sweeping need to be looked into. This is due
to the fact that the product from these markets are either consumed raw or processed before
consumption and can be hazardous to human health if not properly taken care of. Globally and
considering the above assertions and notion the disposal of solid waste which has created
numerous challenges may not be seen as the real problem, but its management by different
nations of the world. The management in the real sense refers to people’s habit and behaviour
towards the said waste.

The market place, a major source of solid waste, is an important structural part of the local
economy occupying an important social and economic position in the lives of Nigerians and as
such it is a high vulnerable place with the convergence of people, attracting large gatherings of
buyers, sellers and their children who either accompany their parents or are alone to sell or buy
products (Olatunji & Ayeni 2022). These people especially the adult sellers and their children
spend a greater part of the day within the market environment and therefore, can be called
market residents and as such, the improper, unsafe and un healthy manner in which they collect
and dispose of waste among themselves, provides opportunities for the increased risk and spread
of diseases. These waste management practices which are associated to their attitudes,
perceptions, motivations and incentives, are all contributory to their existing sanitation problems.
All activities in solid waste management involve risk either to the workers involved in
collection or to the market residents, as these risks occur at every step of the process from the

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point of handling the waste to the point of final disposal with children being particularly
vulnerable to the risks associated with these waste because of their behaviour and physiological
characteristics (Olatunji & Ayeni 2022). Solid waste that is not properly collected and disposed
can block drains, cause flooding and accumulate on open areas and therefore become breeding
grounds for insects, vermin, scavenging animals and people which in turn become sources for air
and water borne diseases. A number of studies have shown that among residents and especially
sanitation workers, there is a 6 times more relative risk of infectious diseases, 10 times more
relative risk of acute diarrhoea and 3 times more relative risk of allergic pneumonia and parasitic
diseases (Daramola & Olowoporoku, 2023). It is obvious, that an unclean environment will
affect the health, productivity and quality of life of the people.

Control of waste is part of the important service which is the basic right of every household
to sustainthe society. This basic human right involves ensuring proper sanitation, solid waste
management, provision of potable water, shelter, food, energy, transport, and communications
which are all beneficial to society and the economy as a whole. (Olutmayin & Lawal, 2020). In
Nigeria, Environmental sanitation has remained a problem in the urban areas for a long time.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of environmental sanitation management are important for
quality living.

For an effective waste management system to be developed, the knowledge, attitudes and
practices of the producers of waste in addition to the waste composition and volume must be
known and also the existing safe, effective and sustainable local options in the management of
waste must be understood. It is imperative that a comprehensive waste management plan with a
winning strategy that bridges the identified gaps in the knowledge, attitude and practices and also
identifies and improves already working indigenous processes is critically important. Thus the
aim of this study is to assess the attitude and practice of traders union towards waste disposal in
ilaje local government Ondo state Nigeria.

Statement of the Problem

Inadequate knowledge, poor attitude and practice of environmental sanitation have been
recognized as a public health hazard worldwide. In recent times there have been concerns about
the sustainability of the environmental health is increasing due to environmental degradation and
occurrence of diseases associated with poor waste management (Mobolaji, 2020). Environmental

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sanitation involves the waste collection, segregation, storage, transportation, safe disposal and
reused. This is to protect and promote human health by making the environment clean for
habitation and breaks the cycle of disease transmission. However, the issue of poor
environmental sanitation practice seems to exist right from the collection, storage, transportation
and disposal of household‘s waste. It has also been discovered that it has a strong relationship
with the knowledge and the attitude of people (Daramola & Olowoporoku, 2023). Safe waste
disposal and hygienic behaviours are essential for the dignity, status, and wellbeing of every
household, irrespective of whether they are rich or poor, live in rural or urban areas, small towns
or cities. The intensity of the waste management problem increases with increased population
due to the increased human activities and the wastes to be transported for disposal.

Despite all the efforts makes by the government, many areas around market places are
indiscriminately littered with domestic refuse, sewage, Sullage, garbage, and other wastes. And it
is believed that improper wastes management leads to the multiplication of pathogens causing
diseases like cholera and diarrhea, it will also provide a good breeding site for disease vectors
like mosquitoes (which may cause malaria fever), flies (which may transmit diarrhea infection)
and rodents that can easily cause food contamination illnesses such as Lassa fever, salmonella
species (bacteria of typhoid fever) among others. Furthermore, the market characteristics and
access to environmental sanitation facilities and services could be strong predictors of
environmental sanitation behavior in the market. It is based on this that this study intended to
assess the attitude and practice of traders union towards waste disposal in ilaje local government
Ondo state Nigeria.

Purpose of the Study

1. To examine the awareness level of traders union towards environmental sanitation and waste
disposal in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria

2. To assess the common practices of traders union in waste disposal in the area

3. To analyse the challenges faced by traders in effectively disposing of waste in Ilaje Local
Government

4. To examine initiatives or programs have been implemented by the traders union to improve
waste disposal practices in the area?

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Research Questions

1. What is the awareness level of traders union towards environmental sanitation waste disposal
in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria?

2. What are the common practices of traders union in waste disposal in the area?

3. What are the challenges faced by traders in effectively disposing of waste in Ilaje Local
Government?

4. What initiatives or programs have been implemented by the traders union to improve waste
disposal practices in the area?

Significance of the Study

The attitude and practice of traders union towards waste disposal in Ilaje Local
Government, Ondo State, Nigeria is a significant area of study due to several reasons:

Environmental Impact: Improper waste disposal practices can have a significant negative
impact on the environment, leading to pollution of air, water, and soil. This can in turn harm
human health and the ecosystem.

Public Health Concerns: Poor waste disposal practices can also lead to the spread of diseases
and infections, as waste can serve as breeding grounds for pests and pathogens. This poses a
significant risk to the health and well-being of the residents of Ilaje Local Government.

Sustainable Development: Proper waste management is a key component of sustainable

development, as it contributes to the preservation of natural resources and the protection of the
environment for future generations. The attitude and practices of traders union towards waste
disposal can play a crucial role in promoting sustainable development in the region.

Community Well-being: Effective waste disposal practices can improve the overall quality of
life in the community by creating a clean and healthy living environment. This can enhance the
well-being and livelihoods of the residents of Ilaje Local Government.

Economic Opportunities: The proper management of waste can also create economic
opportunities, such as recycling and waste-to-energy initiatives, which can generate income and

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employment for the local community. The attitudes and practices of traders union towards waste
disposal can influence the development of such initiatives.

Overall, understanding the attitudes and practices of traders union towards waste disposal
in Ilaje Local Government is crucial for promoting environmental sustainability, public health,
and community well-being in the region. The findings of this study can help inform policies and
interventions aimed at improving waste management practices and fostering sustainable
development in the area.

Scope of the Study

The scope of the study on the attitude and practice of traders union towards waste disposal
in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria includes assessing the knowledge, attitude, and
practices of traders in solid waste disposal, identifying sociodemographic factors influencing
waste disposal behaviors, and evaluating the effectiveness of current waste management
strategies in markets. Additionally, the study aims to highlight the challenges faced in waste
disposal, such as poor environmental sanitation practices, lack of designated waste collection
points, delays in waste collection and insufficient education on waste sorting. The research also
emphasizes the need for market sensitization on environmental sanitation, enforcement of laws
against indiscriminate waste dumping, and the importance of proper waste management policies
and implementation to address the existing waste disposal issues in Ilaje Local Government,
Ondo State, Nigeria

Operational Definition of Terms

Attitude: Refers to the traders union's collective feelings, beliefs, and behaviors towards waste
disposal practices, including their perceptions, values, and willingness to engage in proper waste
management activities.

Practice: Encompasses the actual actions and behaviors undertaken by the traders union in
relation to waste disposal, such as the methods used for waste collection, segregation,
transportation, and disposal within the market areas.

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Traders Union: Organized group or association of traders operating within the markets of Ilaje
Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria, responsible for coordinating waste disposal activities
and implementing waste management strategies.

Waste Disposal: Involves the systematic handling, collection, transportation, and final disposal
of solid waste generated within the market areas, focusing on maintaining cleanliness, hygiene,
and environmental sustainability.

Ilaje Local Government: Refers to the administrative region within Ondo State, Nigeria, where
the study is conducted, specifically targeting the waste disposal practices and attitudes of traders
union in this geographical area.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding researchers,
as well as explained terminologies with regards to the attitude and practice of traders union
towards waste disposal in Ilaje Local Government Area Ondo State, Nigeria. The studies cover
the following concept:

 Theoretical Framework
 Conceptual Framework
 An overview of Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria
 Sanitation Problems in Nigeria
 Environmental wastes
 Strategies to Improve waste disposal practice
 Common practices of waste disposal
 Importance of Environmental Sanitation
 Awareness of Environmental Sanitation
 Attitude towards Environmental Sanitation among market traders
 Practice of environmental sanitation among market traders
 Empirical Review
 Summary of literature Reviewed

Theoretical Framework

The traditional waste management theory view is centered on assurance compliance, risks
management, health and environmental protection that are short term tactical. Baabou (2017)
reshaped the traditional waste management theory view into new value creation that can raise
productivity, enhance relations, support eco-innovations, and enable growth for long term
endeavors. But the focal point of practical waste management lies on three vital objectives; waste
quantification, waste characterization and waste management methods or practices. And the
three waste management practices classification include: prevention practices comprising
strategies on waste minimization, end-of-pipe strategies involves recovering the economic value
on waste through waste separation, recycling, proper landfilling, incineration and environmental

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restoration practices, aimed at repairing leakages and damages to the environment (Lewis &
Duarte 2017). Lewis & Duarte (2017) correspondingly classified improving resident's
awareness and legislation as preventive practices. Hence, purportedly instrumental in the
attainment of environmental and societal wellbeing. In the same context, end-of-pipe strategies
cover waste segregation methods that are either origin-separated collection or destination-
separated collection. These end-of-pipe strategies are classified as eco-innovations. And
shredding their shadows on the light of economic boundaries, the prevention practices are less
costly but offer the highest effectiveness rate, while environmental restorations are the most
expensive yet the least effective (Baabou 2017).

The initial scope of eco-innovation includes in part the productions and processes, then
on the improvement of the management system, the creation of new markets, material flows and
social eco-innovation (Smith 2018). Eco-innovation is well-defined as “all measures of relevant
actors which develop new behavior, new ideas, process and products, to apply or introduce them
in the attainment of ecologically specified sustainability targets that contributes to lessen
environmental burdens” (Pialot & Millet, 2017). Simply stated, eco-innovation is innovation in
“any form”, which is beneficial to the environment. Innovations include but not limited to the
use of renewable energy technologies, green products, and pollution prevention schemes.

Cross-disciplinary technological trials related to eco-innovations are the furthermost

precarious and problematic issues when a city or organization moves toward sustainability.
Effective eco-innovations lead the way towards sustainable development. The benefits of eco-
innovation other than complying environmental regulations will also improve economic aspect,
the competitiveness of companies and countries by supporting the creation of a new market for
green growth products and processes, corresponding employment effects and so on. Hence, the
execution of multidisciplinary systems and technologies concerning eco-innovation is the road
toward sustainability (Pialot & Millet, 2017). Smith's (2018) theory of planned behavior
considers foremost the end user’s behavior in purchasing. Rationality dictates the consumer’s
intention by considering these aspects: social norms observed behavioral control and a person’s
attitude. Much of the environmental glitches are due to human behavior when put into actions are
called anthropogenic.

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 Therefore, changing consumers' behavior toward sustainable consumption and green
innovation is a necessity for a business or successful community modeling. Research studies
have enunciated that a significant reduction in environmental damage is possible if users’
behavioral purchases conform to environmental protection. In this context, pro-environmental
behavior causes minimal or no harm to the environment. Businesses must innovate to respond to
environmental needs while creating a product’s value in ever-changing consumer’s demand and
lifestyle toward environmental sustainability.

Conceptual Framework

An overview of Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria

Environmental sanitation conditions in many areas threaten to reverse the gains made in
the environment over the last several decades. Every human should have a healthy and
productive life in harmony with nature (Olawale & Olatunji, 2018). In a tragically degraded
environment, human life is threatened. Most Nigeria cities are faced with problems of growth
that results in environmental pollution which is an important challenge to society. Environmental
sanitation declined in Nigeria as a result of poor managerial skills and many more which thus,
deteriorate the maintenance of good sanitation. Environmental sanitation stresses the price of the
development; in fact, widespread environmental damage is likely to hinder developmental efforts
and worsen the plight of people living in acute poverty (WHO & UNICEF, 2019). The
relationship of humans to the environment is reciprocal in such that the environment has a
profound influence on humans and, at the same time, humans extensively alter the environment
to suit their needs and desires. Some of these changes created new hazards.

The humans‘ attitudes toward the environment are still negative and are often contrary to
the concept of sustainable development, which recognizes that economic growth and
environmental protection are inextricably linked and the quality of present and future life rests on
meeting basic human needs without destroying the environment on which all life depends.
Despite various programs by different tiers of governments to address the issue of environmental
sanitation, many Nigerians still have negative attitudes toward environmental sanitation and do
not value personal or environmental sanitation (WHO & UNICEF, 2019). The single most
significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and other third world

10
countries is a poor standard of environmental sanitation. Most of the tropical African countries
do not have adequate facilities to achieve ideal environmental sanitation.

This predicament has significantly been contributory to the perennial high incidence of
such communicable diseases as dysentery, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis (Viral) meningitis, Malaria
and tuberculosis (Nwankwo, 2016). Hence, experience from Nigerian environmental policies and
implementation has shown that the traditional command-and-control system to pollution
abatement had not produced the desired result both economic and environmentally wise. There is
hence the need to examine the potential of mixed monthly environmental policies involving the
use of market-based instruments to complement the traditional command-and-control system in
achieving economic efficiency in the use of the resource. On the other hand, environmental
sanitation is an often-misconstrued subject matter environmental sanitation have improved living
conditions, enhanced health and well-being and economic productivity (Oluwaseun, 2017). The
average person on the street and even in government circles understands it as no more than the
routine evacuations of municipal waste. As long as refuse is removed from the streets, the
average individual seems completely satisfied with the state of the environment, not wanting to
be bothered by other aspects of life that might be infringing on the wellbeing of the individual in
the society at large (Olawale, & Olatunji, 2018). To assess environmental sanitation, knowledge,
attitude and practice study tell us what the society know about environmental sanitation, how
they feel about the environmental sanitation and how they respond to it. The knowledge
possessed by the society refers to their understanding of the topic of interest for example for this
study it is an environmental sanitation. Attitude refers to their feelings toward environmental
sanitation, as well as preconceived ideas they may have towards it. Practices refer to the ways in
which they demonstrate their knowledge and attitude through their actions (Eckman, 2018).

It is expected that when the environmental sanitation standards the city will improve, there
will be upliftment in the living condition and health security for the inhabitants. Thus, there will
be an improvement in the quality and aesthetic of the environment at large thereby making it
habitable (Owoeye, 2018). Amoran (2019) showed that regularly cleaning house surroundings is
associated with decreased levels of malaria infection in rural areas in Nigeria and the sources of
the disease must also be removed through proper environmental sanitation. Environmental
management is a promising technique for vector control, as it alters these micro-environmental

11
conditions in order to decrease the available breeding habitat for mosquitoes by removing
stagnant or slow-moving water sources.

Sanitation Problems in Nigeria

Activity in the environment has tended to degraded and make the environment untidy and
unlit for human habitation because of its poor environmental sanitation nature. According to
WHO (2017) Environmental Sanitation problems refer to the conditions in our environment
which affect our health especially those which have to do with dirt and infections. If we look
around us in our cities, towns, villages, and market square we see several conditions which
encourage dirt and the spread of infections, environmental sanitation can be seen as the policy
and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures of households. Environmental
sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of
refuse, human urine and feces, it has been realized that improving sanitation is known to have a
significant impact on health both in households and across communities (WHO, 2017).
Environmental sanitation refers to the control of environmental factors related to disease
transmission within marketplaces, particularly in developing countries. This includes the
management of solid, liquid, and human waste.

Ndukwe & Uzoegbu, (2019) comprehends Environmental sanitation as the process of

keeping places clean and hygienic especially by providing a sewage system and a clean water
supply to households. Environmental Sanitation refers to all conditions that affect people‘s
health in the same geographical area. The word sanitation operationally refers to the maintenance
of hygiene conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal so as
not to endanger the health and welfare of people and also for the social and environmental
effects, it (more than 35% of the world‘s population) (World Health Organization & UNICEF,
2019) Basic sanitation is described as having access to facilities for the safe disposal of human
waste (feces and urine), as well as having the ability to maintain hygienic conditions, through
services such as garbage collection, hazardous waste management, and wastewater treatment and
disposal (WHO & UNICEF, 2019). Public health intervention in sanitation activities is very
essential for social and economic development especially in developing countries like Nigeria.

12
 This leads to the improvement of health, well-being, and economic productivity and
benefits the individual, household and community through the provision and practice of adequate
environmental sanitation, good hygiene and the use of safe water (Mara, 2018). Though, since
1990, there has been an improvement in sanitation with the proportion of people having access
increasing from 54% to 68%, the Millennium Development Goal target by 2015 was not
achieved, as up to 700 million people remaining to attain the target, were still without adequate
sanitation (WHO, 2017). About 10% of the global burden of disease and one-third of all annual
deaths in low- and middle-income countries resulting from inadequate water, sanitation, and
hygiene is believed to be due to poor sanitation (WHO, 2017 & Mara, 2018). Therefore,
interventions targeted at sanitation improvements can significantly enhance health and wellbeing
of the population by preventing, reducing the severity and impact of diseases associated with
poor environmental sanitation (Duru, 2017).

According to Uchegbu (2019), sanitation is said to be the state of cleanliness, it is a broad

concept and connotes the process of keeping the environment clean. Sanitation is the
arrangement for protecting the health, especially the removal of the human, industrial and
household‘s wastes, Sanitation is also a process embarked upon to keep the total of man's
environment hazard-free (Hussaini 2018). According to WHO (2017), infectious diseases are
only one type of health threat. During the last 25 years, citizens have become more aware of
health problems in the environment. The environment is made up of all the living and men living
things surrounding an individual of a community. Environmental health problems are often
caused by pollution is the dirtying of the air, water, or soil by chemicals, disease, or waste
products. Many forms of pollution have been linked with sties diseases, including cancer, since
the 1960s local, state, and national governments have passed many laws to clean up and protect
the environment. Despite much progress, pollution continues to be a health problem today.

Environmental sanitation is defined as the cleanliness of the environment, the removal of

refuse and anything that is injurious both liquid and solid waste, purification of air, the supply
and protection of portable water, good housing, streets, and environmental noise
control(Yoada,Chirawurah, & Adongo 2014). Ahmed and Adewale (2018) defined
environmental sanitation as the process of cleansing, tidying and beautifying the environment for
the purpose of controlling, communicable diseases and promotes optimal health. World Bank,
(2019) expressed access to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services are limited in
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Sub-Saharan Africa: 319 million people in the region did not have access to improved water, and
694 million lacked access to improved sanitation facilities in 2015.

Alarmingly, a large body of evidence suggests that limited or no access to WASH

services adversely impacts development outcomes such as health, limits access to educational
and economic opportunities, and hampers work efficiency and labor productivity. Improved
environmental sanitation condition affects positively a wide range of development indicators.
Thus, environmental sanitation is a channel to improved quality of life of the individuals and a
contributor to their social, economic and physical development (Olowoporoku, 2014).

Environmental Wastes

The term waste also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, and other litters has
been defined by The European Environmental Agency (EEA) (2018), as an object the holder
discards, intends to discard or is required to discard. Items considered as waste according to the
same document include household rubbish, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging
items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden waste, and old paint containers. Consequently, all
our daily activities can give rise to a variety of wastes arising from different sources (EEA,
2018). Environmental Wastes are typically classified as solid, liquid and gaseous waste which
could be bio-degradable, semi-biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Solid waste is any non-
liquid and non-gaseous product of human activities, regarded as being useless. It could take the
form of refuse, garbage, and sludge (Leton & Omotosho, 2018).

Environmental wastes comprise all the organic and inorganic waste materials that are
normally not free-flowing produced as a result of human and animal activities and have lost their
value to the user, hence discarded as useless or unwanted. Discarding the waste generated by the
daily activities is very important in order to minimize the risk to environmental degradation,
human and animal health. Inadequate collection and improper disposal of environmental wastes
facilitate the multiplication of pathogens causing diseases like cholera and diarrhea and provide a
good breeding site for disease vectors like mosquitoes (malaria), flies (diarrhea) and rodents
(Abul, 2016). Dumpsites are good sources of environmental sanitation (polluting soil, ground
and surface water) due to the fact that they usually contain almost all types of pollutants from the
initial collection sources (Olukanni & Ajayi, 2018).

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 Proper environmental waste disposal is a big problem in urban cities and more so in
developing countries. The intensity of the waste management problem increases with increased
population due to the increased human activities and the solid wastes to be removed for disposal.
Industries and urban management systems generate a massive amount of wastes and most often
dumping them in open fields posing serious detrimental effects on the environment. The main
causes of improper waste disposal in urban centers are due to lack of good and enough
infrastructures, non-implementation of existing environmental sanitation laws, irregular and
unplanned dumping of environmental wastes, population and urban growth due to rural-urban
migration, insufficient capital to run environmental waste management process and lack of new
technology in waste disposing (Momodu, 2021).

The insufficient coverage of the collection system and methods, lack of institutional
arrangement and information resources, inflexible work schedule and insufficient information on
quantity and composition of waste have been reported as the major problems facing the
environmental wastes management systems (Olukanni & Ajayi, 2018). Moreover, lack of
awareness and active involvement of key stakeholders in service provision, delay of market
traders households to pay collection fees to the organizations concern with collection of wastes
and bad relationship between the market traders, households and the collectors of environmental
wastes are other factors hindering the process of proper solid wastes management (Kassim &
Ali, 2016). In order to overcome the greatest problem facing many urban and semi-urban areas in
many countries during solid waste management, several methods have been suggested including
creation of special agencies for the collection, solid wastes incineration, recycling and
conversion of Municipal Environmental Waste (MEW) to wealth (Awopetu, 2014; Oloruntade
2014). Also launching of an emergency city clean-up campaign, privatization of solid waste
management services, and composting will ensure good management of solid wastes in the urban
settings.

This should be accompanied by educating households, providing good services, creating

a good relationship with the households and collecting fees for the service at the light time
(Olukanni & Ajayi 2018). The improper disposal of Environmental wastes can lead to the
occurrence of health hazards to the households living and or working near the disposal sites.
There was considerable public concern over the possible effects emanating from the improper
disposal of wastes.
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Strategies to Improve Environmental Sanitation

The consequence of poor environmental sanitation behavior leads to an increase in water

and sanitation-related diseases. Poor sanitation gives rise to a number of health consequences.
The ultimate goal of sanitation is to ensure that measures are designed for the prevention of
diseases and promotion of health. Sanitation the maintenance or improvement of sanitary
conditions to promote hygiene and to prevent diseases. According to Olowoporoku, (2014), the
strategies to improve environmental sanitation are as follows:
1. Sanitation needs to be addressed as a whole including improvement of facilities,
environmental conditions, and behavioral change.
2. Sanitation programs should be demand-based and the community should be fully involved in
the process. High-risk group should be identified for better targeting of funds and efforts.
3. Sanitation should be a component of other health-promoting or disease control programs.
4. Awareness needs to be raised and sanitation set as a priority in national and local government
and also in the population at large. Systems have to be sustainable cost sharing and cost recovery
need to be addressed carefully.
Sanitation is the protection and improvement of society by organized community effort.
It is a broad field employed not only the medical personnel‘s such as doctors, nurses, medical
laboratory scientist but sanitary engineers, veterinarians, industrial chemist, microbiologists,
statisticians, behavioral scientists, economists, educations, nutritionists and laboratory
technicians. Environmental sanitation as the control of all those factors which may contribute to
disease transmission and or causation. Environmental sanitation is essential because it is a means
by which man tries to overcome the effect of his activities in his environment. It is a process of
taming the environment so that it can no longer constitute a hazard to man. The main objective of
environmental sanitation is to create or maintain conditions in the environment that will promote
health and prevent diseases.

Sanitation refers to measures taken to promote and to preserve public health. Sanitation is
a way of life, quality of living expressed in a clean home, clean business, clean neighborhood,
clean environment, and clean community. In this connection, water aid Nigeria is providing
potable water supply and creating access to adequate sanitation in urban and rural communities
in line with the millennium development goal of poverty reduction and environmental
sustainability. Access to sanitation refers to the population with adequate means of sanitation
16
facilities and services for safe excreta and other waste disposals to prevent human contact with
excreta and other infectious wastes. Indicators of these include a number of the latrine, refuse
and sewage systems especially a number of people that can access safe excreta disposal facilities
(Selanders, 2017).

Sanitation further involves a process of sorting out refuse from re-useable ones. The
provision of refuse bins, refuse pits, refuse vehicles, sewage systems and final disposal sites are
part of the management of waste materials in order to attain sound sanitation. Agbaje (2018)
defined sanitation as the science of formulation and ensuring for effective implementation of
measures designed to facilitate the promotion of hygiene and prevention of diseases and hygienic
disposal of waste materials. Sanitation in the present study refers to the science and act of
promoting hygiene, prevention of diseases and waste management so that wastes do not
constitute a hazard to man and other creatures in an environment.

According to Selanders, (2017) the importance of environmental theory is to Disease

control, Sanitation and water treatment, Utilization of modern architecture in the prevention of
―sick building syndrome‖ applying the principles of ventilation and good lighting, Waste
disposal, Control of room temperature and Noise management.

Common Practices of Waste Disposal

Refuse disposal and Collection in an ideal situation, waste is collected from the source of
generation and taken to disposal sites but in Nigeria, waste is dumped off by horst generators
before they are collected and disposed off by sanitation agencies. Momodu, (2021) stated that the
main causes of improper waste disposal in Bauchi state are due to lack of good and enough
infrastructures, non-implementation of existing environmental sanitation laws, irregular and
unplanned dumping site for environmental wastes from households, population and urban growth
due to rural-urban migration, inadequate knowledge to practice environmental waste
management process and lack of new technology in waste disposing of households in the state.

The waste storage and collection receptacles used at generation site are old buckets,
basket, cartons, plastic bag/containers tin/can in most cases. However, providing sanitation to
households requires a systematic approach rather than only focusing on the toilet or water waste
treatment plan (Tilley 2014). Waste is collected and disposed off in open dumps, drainage

17
channels, and few designated collection centers, from these orthodox and unorthodox collection
centers, waste is packed and transported using tippers vehicles, wheelbarrows and few
specialized covers topped environmental sanitation vehicles, the benefits of suitable vehicles for
conveying refuse, Tilley (2014) advocated the use of modern dustless vehicles. According to
him, the use of covered vehicles will control liters and exposure of refuse to flies, promotes
sound and safe environment as well as prevent the outbreak of diarrheal diseases.

Zainu & Songip (2017) stressed that refuse includes all the solid waste materials from
human habitations except sewage primarily ashes, rubbish, and garbage. Refuse also accumulates
from industrial establishments. Ashes are now of minor importance in household wastes of many
cities due to the use of oil, gas, and electricity for the heating of dwellings. Garbage is the refuse
(vegetable, animal and food waste) resulting from the preparation cooking and serving of food.
Rubbish includes oil household and business refuse like rags paper, excelsior and other packing
materials, wood, grease, crockery, metals, plastics, and other solid wastes.

Most cities in advanced countries collect refuse at regular intervals. In some cities, all
types of refuse are mixed and collected together. In other cities, garbage and rubbish are kept in
separate containers and collected separately. In some cases, there is a separation of the
noncombustible from the combustible rubbish. It is stressed that the government has the
responsibility both for the collection and the disposal of garbage and refuse Government here
implies State government, Local government or their agencies, whatever, the government agency
is charged with the job; the health authority must shoulder the responsibility for proper sanitation
relating to refuse. There will be a need for the Health Ministry of a State or Health Committee of
a Local Government to work in collaboration with the government agency and assigned the duty
of refuse collection and disposal. Waste management is an important part of the urban
infrastructure that ensures the protection of the environment and human health (Zainu & Songip
2017). The accelerated growth of urban population with unplanned urbanization, increasing
economic activities and lack of training in modern waste management practices in developing
countries complicate the efforts to improve waste services. The changes in consumption patterns
with alterations in the waste characteristics have also resulted in a quantum jump in a waste
generation. In addition, environmental waste management is hampered by a lack of data at all
levels from the ward, district, and household where available is generally unreliable, scattered
and unorganized.
18
 According to WHO (2017), various household waste bins or bins used in markets and
offices are stall emptied. In most Nigerian urban centres, since the institution of sanitation
authorities, collection points have been provided along the streets and in some cases, Collection
services workers move around with their vehicles with bells in their hands for every household to
empty their bins into their collection vehicles. In most rural Communities Collection Service is
not available. Though Household bins are emptied by the roadside and carelessly spilled even on
the premises as the government intensifies proper collection of refuse the urban areas, towns
union and village health communities should embark on sound Collection in Our Communities.
On final disposal of refuse, dispose of large quantities of refuse requires the use of different
methods of waste disposal such as sanitary landfill, incineration or cesspit for each category of
refuse disposal. Egobueze & Briggs, (2020) stated that there are several methods of refuse
disposal used by many of the advanced countries of the world. These include the open dumps,
sanitary landfill, incineration (burning) hog-feeding (feeding garbage to pigs) reduction and
grinding.

Final disposal sites, methods used include open dumping, composting, sanitary landfill,
and incineration. Open dumping is a process whereby refuse is piled in open land and left to
decompose or consumed by birds or rodents and rain erodes it causing land, water or air
pollution. They noted that the method is often used in Nigeria because it is less expensive. They
maintained that the method is detrimental to human health and the environment (Egobueze &
Briggs, 2020).

Importance of Environmental sanitation

Environmental Sanitation is one of the most important aspects of households well-being

because it protects human health, extends life spans and provides benefits to the economy.
Environmental Sanitation is defined by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) as one that
separates ―human excreta from human contact in a hygienic manner (WHO/UNICEF JMP,
2017). The health of households depends largely on the conditions of their environmental
sanitation and low level of health of households can be traced by looking at environmental
related factors such as the presence of polluted water sources, soil and air pollution, poor house
condition, the presence of vectors of diseases and insects that threaten the health of households.

19
WHO (2017) defines sanitation as the facilities and services that can be used to dispose of human
waste safely.

Therefore, poor sanitation can cause various diseases, while healthy environmental
sanitation has a significant impact on health, social, and economic life in households and in
society because the environment includes not only water, air and land but also conditions the
social and economic place in which we live (Osinibi, 2020). One of the key goal of
environmental sanitation is to safely reduce human exposure to pathogens, Pathogens are
excreted by infected individuals and if not properly contained or treated may present a risk to
humans who come in contact with them. These households can also be exposed to pathogens
through drinking water or eating food contaminated with pathogens found in human excreta
(WHO, 2017).The earth is the only planet known to support life, as we know it. It supplies us
with all the resources, the materials we use and the food that we eat or drink. All living
organisms have a specific surrounding or medium with which they continuously interact, from
which they derive substance and to which they are fully adopted.

Environmental sanitation means the prevention of contact with wastes, for hygienic
purposes. It also means promoting health through the prevention of households contact with the
hazards associated with the lack of healthy food, clean water and healthful housing, the control
of vectors and a clean environment. It focuses on management of waste produced by household‘s
activities (Lukkumanul Hakkim, 2019).

According to Yoada, Chirawurah & Adongo (2017) the most important aspect of
controlling waste is educating households on how to collect, segregate, store, transport and safe
disposal of domestic waste which are the components of waste management that mainly pertains
to local authorities this involves increasing awareness on pandemic preparedness, adaptation to
climate change, animal control and vaccination requirements, transportation and land use
planning affecting public wellness, water quality protection, waste management, energy choices,
food safety and systems, and ecological protection and restoration. Facilitating communication
among increasingly specialized experts improves health outcomes for communities.

However, if the one health approach is to be implemented effectively, there is need for
amore community based means of health educating the public so as to achieve increased

20
awareness of connections between food production, infectious diseases, human and animal
health conditions (Yoada, Chirawurah & Adongo, 2017).

Awareness of Environmental Sanitation

All over the world, poor environmental sanitation quality is increasingly recognized as a
major threat to social and economic development and even to human survival. (Osinibi, 2020).
That is unless our communities have adequate knowledge of how one‘s carelessness could
endanger self and others, the above problem as it is manifested now in our unhygienic
environment, will increase our being engulfed in the trash. In Nigeria, adequate environmental
sanitation knowledge has not been ensured. They are characterized by a lack of basic amenities
and poor sanitation habits (Afon, 2017). Disposal of waste by means of landfills is done with
technically complex systems specifically designed to protect the environment (Daramola 2016).

In an effort to improve household‘ hygiene, children‘s knowledge of personal hygiene is

very important as knowledge plays a major role in determining a household‘s action, the poor
household‘s hygiene or practice such as not washing hands before eating and after defecation,
eating contaminated food, defecating not in the toilet, as well as the availability of clean water
and a bad household sewage drainage system will highly contribute to environmental pollution
(Dewi & Hans 2017). Environmental conditions in many areas threaten to reverse the gains made
in public health over the last several decades; every human should have a healthy and productive
life in harmony with nature. Environmental stress is the price of development; in fact,
widespread environmental damage is likely to hinder developmental efforts and worsen the
plight of people living in acute poverty (WHO & UNICEF, 2019). The relationship of humans to
the environment is reciprocal in such that the environment has a profound influence on humans
and, at the same time, humans extensively alter the environment to suit their needs and desires.
Some of these changes created new hazards.

The humans‘ attitudes toward the environment are still negative and are often contrary to
the concept of sustainable development, which recognizes that economic growth and
environmental protection are inextricably linked and the quality of present and future life rests on
meeting basic human needs without destroying the environment on which all life depends.
Despite various programs by different tiers of governments to address the issue of environmental
sanitation, many Nigerians still have negative attitudes toward environmental sanitation and do

21
not value personal or environmental sanitation (WHO & UNICEF, 2019). Many United Nations
specialized agencies such as WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO, UNDP, and world bank is that the
single most significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and other third
world countries is a poor standard of environmental sanitation. Most of the tropical African
countries do not have adequate facilities to achieve ideal environmental sanitation. This
predicament has significantly been contributory to the perennial high incidence of such
communicable diseases as dysentery (Bacillary and Amoebic) cholera (Vibrio), typhoid
(Salmonella typhoid), hepatitis (Viral) meningitis (meningococcal), Malaria and tuberculosis,
(Olawale & Olatunji, 2018).

Attitude Towards Environmental Sanitation

Proper waste management is a major concern of public health. It is necessary to create

positive behavioral changes towards waste management among households in order to control
diseases (Kaithery & Karunakaran, 2019). The attitude towards environmental sanitation
improvements can significantly enhance health and wellbeing of the households by preventing,
reducing the severity and impact of diseases associated with poor environmental sanitation
(Duru, 2017). Furthermore, improvements in one or more of these components of good health
can substantially reduce the rates of morbidity and the severity of various diseases and improve
the quality of household‘s life in developing countries like Nigeria.

According to Omeh (2019), promotion of environmental sanitation quality depends on

how households and community see themselves in relation to their attitude in the environment. It
is the ways people perceive the environment that they will treat it. And it is the way the
environment is treated that it will in turn support life. He believes that illiteracy, ignorance,
poverty, and greediness are some of the major contributions of environmental degradation
because of each influence people‘s behavior and attitudes towards the environment. A person
who is ignorant of his action on his/her environment will likely have the wrong perception about
the effect of that on his health. A community that understands the link between a healthy
environment and good health can save money and avoidable agonies. Environmental sanitation
comprises the disposal and treatment of human excreta, solid waste and wastewater, control of
disease vectors, and provision of washing facilities for personal and domestic hygiene which
work together to form a hygienic environment (Omeh, 2019).

22
 The way a person perceives the environment reflects his or her previous experience,
education, lifestyle, and interest. In another word, the way a person treats the environment
depends on his/her knowledge or level of awareness about the environmental sanitation. Despite
the low level of formal education most especially in the villages, various communities managed
the waste generated properly. In the past, people lived in harmony with their environment and
they enjoyed good health.

There were few medical experts, if any, in many towns and villages dumpsites are far
away from the hearts of the village where people live, and they occasionally burnt these sites.
Villagers whose environments were dirty were often penalized by elders-in-council. Human
fasces at the center of the city was regarded as sacrilege. People immediately removed carcasses
of an animal from the village any time there was one. Trees were planted to provide fresh air and
shades for relaxation. Community‘s sources of water guarded against pollution (Omeh, 2019).

Practice of Environmental Sanitation

Poor environmental sanitation is a serious health risk and an affront to human dignity.
Adequate environmental sanitation practices are more than just an inconvenience. It allows
households knowledge and experience to design and manage the facilities and services and to
increase the likelihood that the services will be used sustainably (Sani & Ogbole, 2018). In
Nigeria general access to environmental sanitation practice facilities and services by citizens
remains very poor. Nigerian cities are characterized by rapid population growth which is not
accompanied by a corresponding increase in the delivery of environmental sanitation facilities
and services capable of enhancing environmental sanitation practices. The resultant effects of
these are unsanitary and unhealthy environmental conditions that are prevalent in Nigerian urban
center‘s (Daramola, 2016).

Poor environmental sanitation practice exhibited in the disposal of solid waste,

wastewater, and excreta, cleaning of drainage including personal, household and community
hygiene significantly contribute to infant and child mortality (Daramola & Olowoporoku 2016)
Safe waste disposal and hygienic behaviors are essential for the dignity, status and wellbeing of
every household, irrespective of whether they are rich or poor, live in rural or urban areas, small
towns or cities. The primary direct impact of sanitation and hygiene promotion is on health, and
its impacts; the most significant is probably the prevention of disease. The primary barriers to the

23
transmission of diseases include both infrastructures such as household sanitation and hygiene
practices (Abogan, 2018). In the words of Wright (2020), there is various hygiene of the
communities, basic practical‘s, knowledge, skills and human behaviors as well as social and
cultural factors concerning health, lifestyles and environmental sanitation awareness.

According to Oluwaseun (2017) attributable to the idea that brought environmental

sanitation into the limelight during the military regime of Buhari/Idiagbon in 1984. The regime
instituted the mandatory monthly environmental sanitation exercise to be carried out from 7 to 10
am of every last Saturday of the month. With the advent of the current democratic dispensation
and renunciation of the military rule in 1999, the Federal Government of Nigeria rescinded the
monthly environmental sanitation exercise on the basis that it is an offspring of a military junta.
WHO (2019) stated that Poor sanitary conditions of our environment provide a good breeding
ground for disease-causing organisms (pathogens). This situation leads to the spread of disease
especially in tropical areas like Nigeria. Some of the tropical diseases that have become difficult
to control due to the filthy conditions of our environment are malaria, cholera, diarrhea, Ascaris,
lower respiratory infections, and unintentional injuries. In some adults and children under the age
of five, one-third of all disease is caused by environmental factors such as unsafe water and air
pollution. Tochukwu (2017) opined that the major way of solving environmental sanitation
issues is the encouragement of research on environmental sanitation. However, providing
sanitation to households requires a systematic approach rather than only focusing on the toilet or
water waste treatment plan (Tilley, 2014).

Environmental Sanitation system generally involves waste collection, segregation,

storage, transportation, Safe Disposal, and some waste can be reused (Memon, 2020). The main
objectives of a sanitation system are to protect and promote human health by providing a clean
environment and breaking the cycle of disease. In choosing a particular system to use, a lot of
factors have to be considered. The factors to be considered include; experience of the
households, methods of waste collection, segregation, storage, transportation or conveyance of
waste, treatment, and reuse or safe disposal of wastes (Adewole & Taiwo, 2019).

Water Aid Uganda (2019) discovered that diarrhea which is caused by poor
environmental sanitation kills 1.5 million children each year. Practices related to those basic
aptitudes, abilities or the technical competence to handle, in a very sensitive practical way, the

24
problems, situations, emergencies, and needs which exist or may arise with respect to sanitation
including the ability to teach or impact these skills to others. Some of these skills would also
encompass the ability to design, construct, build, repair and maintain sanitation related
infrastructure, installations, and mechanisms.

Emprical Review

Mohd and Malik (2017) conducted a study on sanitation and hygiene knowledge, attitude
and practices in the urban setting of Bangalore: using a cross-sectional survey study. The study
reviews unsafe drinking water, poor hygienic conditions, improper disposal of human excreta
and refuse is one of the prime concerns in India. The study was undertaken among 480
households in Hegganhalli locality of Bangalore city from January 2016 to December 2016.
Systematic random sampling technique was applied to obtain the desired sample size.
Information on socio-demographic characteristics and existing knowledge, attitude and practices
regarding sanitation and hygiene were gathered by using pretested, semi-structured
questionnaire. The data on knowledge revealed that 88.3% of respondents attributed sanitation
and hygiene to hand hygiene followed by safe disposal of feces (57.7%). Majority of respondents
had adequate knowledge about sanitation and hygiene.

Florence (2013) conducted a research on knowledge, attitude and practice on waste

management of people living in the University area of Ogbomoso. A descriptive survey design
was adopted. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents. Data collection
was carried out using questionnaire, the questionnaire was constructed and validated using
construct validity while test-retest reliability was used for consistency Descriptive statistics were
used for data classification and simple percentages and frequency count was used for data
analysis. The result indicated that the respondents are knowledgeable in refuse management but
the knowledge is not adequate, Observation from the responses shows that respondents have a
positive attitude toward waste management. The findings revealed that there was an improper
practice of refuse management. In conclusion, this study showed that the knowledge, attitude,
and practice of people were not appropriate, hence it is necessary to embark on the development
of long-term refuse management awareness programs.

Ige & Adetunji (2014) investigated some socio-economic factors affecting household
sanitation in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. This study examines the relationship of some socio-

25
economic factors and house sanitation in Ado-Ekiti. Using simple bar chat and Chi-Square test
of independence, the research reveals that though there seem to be variations among various
socio-economic classes in relation to waste household sanitation technique, the relationship is
found not to be statistically significant. Daramola & Olowoporoku (2016) Environmental
Sanitation Practices in Osogbo, Nigeria: Assessments of residents‘ sprucing-up of their living
environment, a total of 194 residents were selected for survey using the systematic sampling
technique. The study revealed that residents‘ socio-economic characteristics varied significantly
with different residential zones. Findings revealed that there is a low level of access to
environmental sanitation facilities across the residential zones. Similarly, the proportion of
residents with environmental sanitation facilities in their homes was low. The study established
poor environmental sanitation practices among the residents in terms of utilization of available
amenities across the residential zones.

Research by Chineke (2016) on “weekly and monthly environmental exercises, and

traders and stakeholder’s environmental knowledge, attitude and waste disposal skills in
sanitation Oyo state” the study looks into the identified gap in weekly and monthly
environmental sanitation exercises from traders and stakeholder’s environmental knowledge,
attitude and waste disposal skills in Akinyele local government area of Oyo state. The survey
was conducted involving twenty eight (28) Traders and one hundred and seventy two (172)
Stakeholders. It revealed that Traders have low knowledge of the environment, non-challant
attitude to environmental sanitation and poor waste disposal skills. It also revealed Stakeholders’
high knowledge of the environment, average attitude to environmental sanitation and average
waste disposal skills.

In a study by Oke, Atinsola and Aina, (2013) “Evaluation of Sanitation Practices in

Ibadan South East LGAs of Oyo State, Nigeria” Survey method was used in the study with
questionnaire administered on 233 respondents selected from 40 households spatially spread
across the LGAs. The analysis shows that domestic liquid and solid wastes constitute
environmental hazard in the area. About 69 per cent of the respondents are females which
indicate that issue of household sanitation is gender biased, 64 per cent of respondents are
married depicting large household size with multiplier effect on quantity of waste generated.
Also 28.3 per cent of households pack solid waste in sacks while 24 per cent use waste bins.
Also, 17.2 per cent dump and burn solid waste in front of houses while nine per cent dispose of
26
refuse on vacant plots. The astonishing revelation is that 6.9 per cent of them throw waste into
flowing streams while 12.9 per cent dump waste into drainage.

Summary of Literature Reviewed

In this chapter, the related literature of attitude, and practice towards waste disposal
among market traders were reviewed. Environmental Sanitation involves the control of adequate
cleanness of the environment without littering with domestic refuse, sewage, Sullage, garbage,
and other wastes. However Improper wastes management leads to the multiplication of
pathogens causing diseases. Protection of food we eat, housing, the control of insect vectors,
rodents and pollution. These control functions constitute a major aspect of the environmental
sanitation program, the responsibility for such controls rests with each member of every
household.

A pleasant environment promotes healthful living and hazards free is a fundamental right
of every human being. Disposal of fecal matter near homes, contamination the sources of
drinking water, poorly designed sewage system, dumping of refuse and sweeping into the gutters
and disposing of waste by the street corners and waterways are all unpleasant practices that poses
a potential risk to the development of diseases. Washing of hands after defecation and before
preparing food is of particular importance in reducing disease transmission, Poor housing also
contributes to poor environmental health and its consequent input in the health of the household.

Other problems include inappropriate design, operations, and maintenance of dumps and
landfills which have led to increased indiscriminate disposal of waste and lack of expertise and
manpower to run waste management programs in Nigeria. There is inadequate service coverage
in most urban areas and in rural areas, rural households in Nigeria have no access to waste
collection service, they dump waste at any vacant plot, public space, and river or burn it in their
backyard, thereby polluting the air. the overall problem of environmental sanitation and waste
management is multifaceted, many organizations, including the United Nations (UN) and various
governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), advocate an integrated approach to
environmental sanitation and waste management.

27
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter described the method that will be used in carrying out this research under
the following sub-headings: research design, population, sample and sampling techniques,
instrument for data collection, validity of the instruments, reliability of the instrument, data
collection and data analysis.

Research Design
This research was carried out by employing descriptive survey. The design was adopted
in order to investigate the attitude and practice of traders union towards waste disposal in Ilaje
Local Government Area, Ondo State.

Population
The population of this study comprises of Adults and young Adults traders (male and
female) in the market in Ilaje Local Government Area.

Sample and Sampling Techniques

28
 The sample for the study consisted of One hundred and ten (110) respondents drawn from
the market population of the Local Government. The study employed simple random sampling
technique to select the 110 respondents to make them representative of the market population in
the Local Government Area.

Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument used for the study was a self-constructed structured questionnaire titled
the attitude and practice of traders union towards waste disposal. The instrument was divided
into two sections. Section A dealt with personal data of the respondent. While section B designed
to obtain information on the topic based on the research questions.

Validity of Instrument
The questionnaire was given to the researcher’s supervisor for proper correction. Thus,
the instrument went through face and content validity of the researcher’s supervisor and
necessary amendment was made.

Reliability of Instrument
The questionnaire was administered twice at an interval of two weeks, and the results
from the two administrations of the instrument were subjected to Pearson Product Moment
Correlation to determine the reliability.

Data Collection

The researcher with research assistant administer the questionnaire to the respondent. The
questionnaires administered were collected from the respondents on the spot. The “on the spot”
administration reduced the incidence of loss and damage of the research instrument.

Data Analysis
From the responses obtained, the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics
of frequency counts and percentage.

29
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the analysis of data collected for this study. The results
of the analysis of the data are presented below:

Results:

Table 1

Distribution of Respondents based On Age

Age Frequency Percentage(%)

25-30years 29 26.4

31-36years 16 14.6

37-40years 38 34.5

41 years above 27 24.5

30
 Total 110 100

Table shows that 26.4% of the respondents are within the age 25-30years, 14.6% of the
respondents are within the age of 31-36years, 34.5% are within the age range 37-40years, while
the remaining 24.5% of the respondents are 41years and above.

Table 2

Distribution of Respondents Based On Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage (%)

Male 41 37.3

Female 69 62.7

Total 110 100

Table shows that 37.3% of the respondents are male while the remaining 62.7% of the
respondents were female.

Table 3

Distribution of Respondents based on Religion

Religion Frequency Percentage(%)

Christian 33 30.0

Muslim 41 37.3

Traditional 22 20.0

Others 14 12.7

Total 110 100

In the table above it shows that 30% of the respondents are Christian, 37.3% of the respondents
are Muslim, 20% are traditional while 12.7% are other specified.

31
 Table 4

What is the awareness level of traders union towards environmental sanitation waste
disposal in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria?

Statement Responses
S/N
SA A D SD

1 Many traders are unaware of the correct process 33 54 12 11

for disposing of waste, leading to improper 110
disposal practices 30% 49.1% 10.9% 10%

2 Lack of understanding of the negative effects of 61 27 18 4

poor waste disposal on the environment 110
55.5% 24.5% 16.4% 3.6%

3 Unaware of local regulations, laws, and policies 38 46 19 7

governing waste management, leading to non- 110
compliance 34.5% 41.8% 17.3% 6.4%

4 Poor separation of organic and inorganic waste, 69 29 7 5

leading to mixed waste disposal 110
65.8% 24.2% 5.8% 4.2%

5 Low prioritization of environmental sanitation 39 42 18 11

110
35.5% 38.2% 16.3% 10%

Table 4 revealed that 79.1% of the respondents agreed that many traders are unaware of the
correct process for disposing of waste, leading to improper disposal practices while 20.9% of
them felt contrary. 80.0% of the respondents agreed that lack of understanding of the negative
effects of poor waste disposal on the environment, while 20% of the respondents were of
contrary view. 76.3% of the respondents strongly held that unaware of local regulations, laws,
and policies governing waste management, leading to non-compliance while 23.7% of the
respondents expressed otherwise. 90% of the respondents expressed the view that poor
separation of organic and inorganic waste, leading to mixed waste disposal while 10% of the
respondents were of contrary opinion. 73.7% of the respondents agreed that low prioritization of
environmental sanitation while 26.3% of the respondents expressed otherwise.

32
 The findings revealed that traders are unaware of the correct process for disposing of waste,
the traders lack understanding of the negative effects of poor waste disposal on the environment,
traders are unaware of local regulations, laws, and policies governing waste management, poor
separation of organic and inorganic waste, low prioritization of environmental sanitation.

Table 5

What are the common practices of traders union in waste disposal in the area?

Statement Responses
S/N
SA A D SD

6 Dispose of waste in open areas, such as streets, 42 39 16 12

markets, or nearby bushes 110
38.2% 35.4% 14.5% 10.9%

7 Litter of waste, such as food wrappers, plastic 71 23 9 6 110

bottles, or paper, in and around market areas
64.5% 20.9% 8.2% 6.4%

8 Traders near water bodies dispose of waste into 68 32 7 3 110

rivers, streams, or canals
61.8% 29.1% 6.4% 2.7%

9 Storing of waste in unsanitary conditions, 80 16 8 6 110

attracting pests and creating unpleasant odors
72.7% 14.5% 7.3% 5.4%

10 Not recycling or reuse of materials, contributing 59 28 19 4 110

to unnecessary waste
53.6% 25.5% 17.3% 3.6%

Table 5 shows that 67.8% of the respondents strongly held that dispose of waste in open
areas, such as streets, markets, or nearby bushes while 32.2% of the respondents were of the
contrary view. 85.4% of the respondents agreed that litter of waste, such as food wrappers,
plastic bottles, or paper, in and around market areas while 14.6% of the respondents were of
contrary view. 90.9% of the respondents strongly held that traders near water bodies dispose of
waste into rivers, streams, or canals while 9.1% of the respondents expressed otherwise. 87.2%
of the respondents agreed that storing of waste in unsanitary conditions, attracting pests and

33
 creating unpleasant odors, while 12.8% of the respondents were of the contrary opinion. 79.1%
of the respondents expressed the view that Not recycling or reuse of materials, contributing to
unnecessary waste while 20.9% of the respondents were of contrary opinion.

The findings revealed that dispose of waste in open areas, such as streets, markets, or
nearby bushes, litter of waste, such as food wrappers, plastic bottles, or paper, in and around
market areas, traders near water bodies dispose of waste into rivers, or canals, storing of waste in
unsanitary conditions attracting pests, not recycling or reuse of materials, contributing to
unnecessary waste are the common refuse disposal practice in the market by the traders.

Table 6

What are the challenges faced by traders in effectively disposing of waste in Ilaje Local
Government?

Statement Responses
S/N
SA A D SD

11 Lack of adequate waste management 68 31 12 9

infrastructure 110
56.7% 25.8% 10.0% 7.5%

12 Inadequate waste collection facilities and lack 51 23 19 17

of access to proper waste disposal methods. 110
46.4% 20.9% 17.3% 15.5%

13 Insufficient funding making it difficult to 75 13 15 7

provide effective waste disposal services 110
68.2% 11.8% 13.6% 6.4%

14 Limited knowledge about proper waste 41 23 21 25

disposal practices among traders and the 110
general public 37.3% 20.9% 19.1% 22.7%

15 Poor enforcement of waste management 65 32 8 5

regulations, leading to illegal dumping and 110
littering 59.1% 29.1% 7.3% 4.5%

34
 Table 6 shows that 86.6% of the respondents view that lack of adequate waste management
infrastructure while 13.4% of the respondents were of contrary opinion. 67.3% of the
respondents agreed that inadequate waste collection facilities and lack of access to proper waste
disposal methods. while 32.7% of the respondents were of contrary opinion. 80% of the
respondents opine that insufficient funding making it difficult to provide effective waste disposal
services, while 20% of the respondents were of contrary opinion. 58.2% of the respondents opine
that limited knowledge about proper waste disposal practices among traders and the general
public while 41.8% of the respondents were of contrary opinion. 88.2% of the respondents
agreed that poor enforcement of waste management regulations, leading to illegal dumping and
littering while 11.8% of the respondents were of contrary opinion.

The findings revealed the challenges faced by traders to effectively dispose refuse that lack
of adequate waste management infrastructure, inadequate waste collection facilities and lack of
access to proper waste disposal methods, insufficient funding making it difficult to provide
effective waste disposal services, limited knowledge about proper waste disposal practices
among traders and the general public, poor enforcement of waste management regulations,
leading to illegal dumping and littering.

Table 7

What initiatives or programs have been implemented by the traders union to improve
waste disposal practices in the area?

Statement Responses
S/N
SA A D SD

16 Sanitation programs demand-based and 49 41 8 12

involvement of the market community 110
should consider in the market community 44.5% 37.3% 7.3% 10.9%

17 Sanitation and the maintenance or 46 41 4 19

improvement of sanitary conditions to
promote hygiene and to prevent diseases in 41.8% 37.2% 3.6% 17.3% 110
the market environment

18 Conduct of sanitation improvement 59 23 15 13

facilities, environmental conditions, and 110
behavioral change in the market 53.6% 20.9% 13.6% 11.8%

35
19 Awareness needs to be raised and sanitation 32 47 13 18
set as a priority in the market environment 110
29.1% 42.7% 11.8% 16.4%

20 Sanitation should be a component of other 45 26 25 17

health-promoting or disease control 110
programs in the market 40.9% 23.6% 22.7% 15.5%

Table 7 shows that 81.8% of the respondents strongly held that sanitation programs demand-
based and involvement of the market community should consider in the market community while
18.2% of the respondents expressed otherwise. 79.0% of the respondents expressed the view that
sanitation and the maintenance or improvement of sanitary conditions to promote hygiene and to
prevent diseases in the market environment while 29.0% of the respondents expressed otherwise.
74.5% of the respondents strongly held that conduct of sanitation improvement facilities,
environmental conditions and behavioral change in the market while 25.5% of the respondents
were of contrary view. 71.8% of the respondents strongly held that awareness needs to be raised
and sanitation set as a priority in the market environment while 28.2% of the respondents
expressed otherwise. 64.5% of the respondents opine that sanitation should be a component of
other health-promoting or disease control programs in the market while 35.5% of the respondents
were of contrary opinion.

The findings revealed the initiative program embark on by the traders union that sanitation
programs demand-based which involve the market community, sanitation and the maintenance of
sanitary conditions to promote hygiene in the market environment, conduct of sanitation
improvement facilities, environmental conditions, and behavioral change in the market,
awareness needs to be raised and sanitation set as a priority in the market environment, sanitation
should be a component of other health-promoting or disease control programs in the market.

Discussion of Findings

Research question one findings revealed that traders are unaware of the correct process for
disposing of waste, the traders lack understanding of the negative effects of poor waste disposal
on the environment, traders are unaware of local regulations, laws, and policies governing waste
management, poor separation of organic and inorganic waste, low prioritization of environmental
sanitation. The results corroborate with Olawale & Olatunji, (2018) that the relationship of
humans to the environment is reciprocal in such that the environment has a profound influence

36
on humans and, at the same time, humans extensively alter the environment to suit their needs
and desires. Some of these changes created new hazards. The humans‘ awareness of the
environment are still negative and are often contrary to the concept of sustainable development,
which recognizes that economic growth and environmental protection are inextricably linked and
the quality of present and future life rests on meeting basic human needs without destroying the
environment on which all life depends

Research question two revealed that dispose of waste in open areas, such as streets, markets,
or nearby bushes, litter of waste, such as food wrappers, plastic bottles, or paper, in and around
market areas, traders near water bodies dispose of waste into rivers, or canals, storing of waste in
unsanitary conditions attracting pests, not recycling or reuse of materials, contributing to
unnecessary waste are the common refuse disposal practice in the market by the traders. This is
in line with Tilley (2014) that waste is collected and disposed off in open dumps, drainage
channels, and few designated collection centers, bins are emptied by the roadside and carelessly
spilled even on the premises include composting, sanitary landfill, and incineration. Open
dumping is a process whereby refuse is piled in open land and left to decompose or consumed by
birds or rodents and rain erodes it causing land, water or air pollution. He noted that the method
is often used because it is less expensive. Poor environmental sanitation practice exhibited in the
disposal of solid waste, wastewater, and excreta, cleaning of drainage including personal,
household and community hygiene significantly contribute to infant and child mortality

Research question three revealed the challenges faced by traders to effectively dispose refuse
that lack of adequate waste management infrastructure, inadequate waste collection facilities and
lack of access to proper waste disposal methods, insufficient funding making it difficult to
provide effective waste disposal services, limited knowledge about proper waste disposal
practices among traders and the general public, poor enforcement of waste management
regulations, leading to illegal dumping and littering. This is in line with Momodu, (2021) the
main causes of improper waste disposal in urban centers are due to lack of good and enough
infrastructures, non-implementation of existing environmental sanitation laws, irregular and
unplanned dumping of environmental wastes, population and urban growth due to rural-urban
migration, insufficient capital to run environmental waste management process and lack of new
technology in waste disposing. The insufficient coverage of the collection system and methods,
lack of institutional arrangement and information resources, inflexible work schedule and
insufficient information on quantity and composition of waste have been reported as the major
problems facing the environmental wastes management systems (Olukanni & Ajayi, 2018).

Research question four revealed the initiative program embark on by the traders union that
sanitation programs demand-based which involve the market community, sanitation and the
maintenance of sanitary conditions to promote hygiene in the market environment, conduct of

37
sanitation improvement facilities, environmental conditions, and behavioral change in the
market, awareness needs to be raised and sanitation set as a priority in the market environment,
sanitation should be a component of other health-promoting or disease control programs in the
market. According to Yoada, Chirawurah & Adongo (2017) the most important aspect of
controlling waste is educating households on how to collect, segregate, store, transport and safe
disposal of domestic waste which are the components of waste management that mainly pertains
to local authorities this involves increasing awareness on pandemic preparedness, adaptation to
climate change, animal control and vaccination requirements, transportation and land use
planning affecting public wellness, water quality protection, waste management, energy choices,
food safety and systems, and ecological protection and restoration. Facilitating communication
among increasingly specialized experts improves health outcomes for communities.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter gives a brief summary, conclusions, and recommendations

Summary

The study which investigate the attitude and practice of traders union towards waste
disposal in Ilaje local government Ondo state Nigeria. Waste as unwanted materials, substances
or objects which are disposed or intended to be disposed off. It was further seen as substances or
objects discarded as useless or unwanted from human and animal activities. Waste can be
generated during the extraction of raw materials, processing of raw materials into intermediate
and final products, consumption of final product and other human activities. The market place, a
major source of solid waste, is an important structural part of the local economy occupying an
important social and economic position in the lives of Nigerians and as such it is a high
vulnerable place with the convergence of people, attracting large gatherings of buyers, sellers
and their children who either accompany their parents or are alone to sell or buy products. These
people especially the adult sellers and their children spend a greater part of the day within the
market environment and therefore, can be called market residents and as such, the improper,
unsafe and un healthy manner in which they collect and dispose of waste among themselves,
provides opportunities for the increased risk and spread of diseases. These waste management
practices which are associated to their attitudes, perceptions, motivations and incentives, are all
contributory to their existing sanitation problems. For an effective waste management system to

38
be developed, the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the producers of waste in addition to the
waste composition and volume must be known and also the existing safe, effective and
sustainable local options in the management of waste must be understood.

The research questions focused of the study include to examine the awareness level of
traders union towards environmental sanitation and waste disposal, assess the common practices
of traders union in waste disposal in the area, analyse the challenges faced by traders in
effectively disposing of waste in Ilaje Local Government, examine initiatives or programs have
been implemented by the traders union to improve waste disposal practices in the area. Review
of related literature that are relevant to the study was carried out under the following theoretical
framework, conceptual framework, an overview of environmental sanitation in Nigeria,
sanitation problems in Nigeria, environmental wastes, strategies to improve waste disposal
practice, common practices of waste disposal, importance of environmental sanitation, awareness
of environmental sanitation, attitude towards environmental sanitation among market traders,
practice of environmental sanitation among market traders, empirical reviews, summary of
literature reviewed. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The
questionnaire was designed to obtain information from the respondents which was organized on
a 4-point rating scale of Strongly Agreed, Agreed, Disagreed and Strongly Disagreed. The data
collected were analysed using descriptive statistics table of frequency counts and percentage.

The summarys of finding in this study were itemize below:

The finding revealed that traders are unaware of the correct process for disposing of
waste, the traders lack understanding of the negative effects of poor waste disposal on the
environment, traders are unaware of local regulations, laws, and policies governing waste
management, poor separation of organic and inorganic waste, low prioritization of environmental
sanitation..

Research question two revealed that dispose of waste in open areas, such as streets,
markets, or nearby bushes, litter of waste, such as food wrappers, plastic bottles, or paper, in and
around market areas, traders near water bodies dispose of waste into rivers, or canals, storing of
waste in unsanitary conditions attracting pests, not recycling or reuse of materials, contributing
to unnecessary waste are the common refuse disposal practice in the market by the traders.

39
 The result of research question three revealed the challenges faced by traders to
effectively dispose refuse that lack of adequate waste management infrastructure, inadequate
waste collection facilities and lack of access to proper waste disposal methods, insufficient
funding making it difficult to provide effective waste disposal services, limited knowledge about
proper waste disposal practices among traders and the general public, poor enforcement of waste
management regulations, leading to illegal dumping and littering.

Research question four revealed the initiative program embark on by the traders union
that sanitation programs demand-based which involve the market community, sanitation and the
maintenance of sanitary conditions to promote hygiene in the market environment, conduct of
sanitation improvement facilities, environmental conditions, and behavioral change in the
market, awareness needs to be raised and sanitation set as a priority in the market environment,
sanitation should be a component of other health-promoting or disease control programs in the
market.

Conclusion

The study on attitude and practice of traders union towards waste disposal in ilaje local
government Ondo state Nigeria. Among the market traders, having a good level of waste
management knowledge and favourable attitude may not always translate to a good level of
practice due to a number of intervening constraints such as personal inconvenience, availability
of time, costs associated with proper waste disposal, failure of the local governments to establish
functioning waste disposal infrastructure and the immediate burdens of the failing economy. So,
in order to overcome some of these difficulties within our constrained environment, strategies
must be implemented that will encourage individual personal efforts or driving force towards the
practice of proper waste management within their local sphere of control. The health belief
approach may be a starting point to improve practice, where the belief of an immediate risk of
contracting sanitation related diseases is inculcated through targeted, appropriate, periodic
education and consistent awareness campaigns among the traders.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this research the following recommendations are made:

40
1. Various environmental agencies, NGO’s, private bodies among others should as a matter of
urgency provide more trainings and platforms where women especially market traders will be
enlightened on the various endemic challenges awaiting the populace should they pay lip service
to the cleanliness of their environment

2. The traders union should as a matter of urgency, restrategize other means of recycling these
wastes so that its nearness to the various markets will not cause environmental hazards

3. There is a need to propagate environmental sanitation exercise and enlighten people

especially the traders on the need for cleaner environment.

4. There is need for all and sundry to start to care for the environment through simple daily
activities such as; Recycling of used items, proper disposal of waste materials and culture of
waste disposal skills should be imbibed by individuals for a suitable environment for living.

5. There is need for public and private partnership on waste management system. Government
should also take the lead role by provide the enabling environment, policies and programmes that
will drive the people to keen into sustainable development policies.

41
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 ADEKUNLE AJASIN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ADULT EDUCATION
FACULTY OF EDUCATION

Dear Respondents,
The researcher set out to investigate the attitude and practice of traders union towards
waste disposal in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State. Your sincere cooperation is
essential in filling this questionnaire, as this would enable the researcher to obtain relevant data
as regards this study. You are assured that all information supplied will be used for the purpose
of this research work only and will be treated as confidential.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Yours faithfully,

SECTION A: PERSONAL DATA

Instruction: Kindly tick (√ ) in the box as the statement applied to you.

1. Age: (a) 25- 30years [ ] (b) 31-36years[ ] (c) 37-40years (d) 41years above
2. Gender: Male [ ] Female [ ]

47
3. Religion: (a) Christian [ ] (b) Muslim[ ] (c) Traditional[ ] (d) Other[ ]

SECTION B
Instruction: Please tick (√) in any option that suits your opinions with regard to each of the
research question: StronglyAgree (SA) Agree (A)Strongly Disagree (SD)Disagree (D)
What is the awareness level of traders union towards environmental sanitation waste
disposal in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria?

S/NO ITEMS SA A SD D

1 Many traders are unaware of the proper way of disposing waste,

leading to improper disposal practices.

2 Lack of understanding of the negative effects of poor waste

disposal on the environment

3 Unaware of local regulations, laws, and policies governing waste

management, leading to non-compliance.

4 Poor separation of organic and inorganic waste, leading to mixed

waste disposal.

5 Low prioritization of environmental sanitation

What are the common practices of traders union in waste disposal in the area?

S/NO ITEMS SA A SD D

6 Dispose of waste in open areas, such as streets, markets, or

nearby bushes

7 Litter of waste, such as food wrappers, plastic bottles, or paper,

in and around market areas

8 Traders near water bodies dispose of waste into rivers, streams,

or canals

9 Storing of waste in unsanitary conditions, attracting pests and

creating unpleasant odors

10 Not recycling or reuse of materials, contributing to unnecessary

waste

48
What are the challenges faced by traders in effectively disposing of waste in Ilaje Local
Government?

S/NO ITEMS SA A SD D

11 Lack of adequate waste management infrastructure

12 Inadequate waste collection facilities and lack of access to

proper waste disposal methods.

13 Insufficient funding making it difficult to provide effective waste

disposal services

14 Limited knowledge about proper waste disposal practices among

traders and the general public

15 Poor enforcement of waste management regulations, leading to

illegal dumping and littering

What initiatives or programs have been implemented by the traders union to improve
waste disposal practices in the area?

S/NO ITEMS SA A SD D

16 Sanitation programs demand-based and involvement of the

market community should consider in the market community

17 Sanitation and the maintenance or improvement of sanitary

conditions to promote hygiene and to prevent diseases in the
market environment

18 Conduct of sanitation improvement facilities, environmental

conditions, and behavioral change in the market

19 Awareness needs to be raised and sanitation set as a priority in

the market environment

20 Sanitation should be a component of other health-promoting or

disease control programs in the market

21 Enlightenment on proper way of disposing waste

49
50