Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: Study of different logic gates
Objectives:
1. To understand the functioning of basic logic gates, including AND, OR,
NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.
2. To verify their truth tables using experimental methods.
Introduction:
Logic gates are fundamental components of digital electronics. They are
electronic devices that perform logical operations on one or more binary inputs
to produce a single binary output. These gates are the building blocks of digital
circuits, enabling computers, microprocessors, and other digital systems to
process data and make decisions.
Logic gates operate based on Boolean algebra, a branch of mathematics that deals
with binary values: 1 (true or high) and 0 (false or low). The behavior of each
gate is defined by its truth table, which lists all possible input combinations and
their corresponding outputs.
The basic logic gates include:
1. AND Gate: Produces an output of 1 only if all inputs are 1.
2. OR Gate: Produces an output of 1 if at least one input is 1.
3. NOT Gate: Inverts the input, producing 1 for 0 and 0 for 1.
4. NAND Gate: A combination of AND and NOT gates; it
produces an output of 1 unless all inputs are 1.
5. NOR Gate: A combination of OR and NOT gates; it produces an
output of 1 only when all inputs are 0.
Required Apparatus:
➢ Trainer board
➢ Power supply
➢ Connecting wires
➢ LEDs or a logic probe for output observation.
Fig: Trainer board
Logic symbols, Boolean expression and Truth table:
OR Gate:
Logic symbol- Boolean Expression- Truth table:
A B Output(A+B)
0 0 0
0 1 1
Output=Y=A+B
1 0 1
1 1 1
AND Gate:
Logic symbol Boolean Expression- Truth table:
A B Output(AB)
0 0 0
Output=Y = A.B
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
NOT Gate:
Logic symbol: Boolean Expression- Truth table:
A ̅)
Output(𝑨
Output = Y = 𝐴̅ 0 1
1 0
NAND Gate:
Logic symbol: Boolean Expression- Truth table:
A B Output(𝑨 𝑩)
̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅
Output =Y= 𝐴 ⋅𝐵 0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR Gate:
Logic symbol: Boolean Expression- Truth table:
A B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Output(𝑨 + 𝑩)
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 0 0 1
Output =Y=𝐴 +𝐵
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
XOR Gate:
Logic symbol: Boolean Expression- Truth table:
A B Output
(𝑨𝑩̅+
̅ 𝑩)
𝑨
Output = Y = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅𝐵
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XNOR Gate:
Logic symbol: Boolean Expression- Truth table:
A B Output
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Output = Y =A ⊕ B = ̅𝑩
(𝑨𝑩+𝑨 ̅)
𝐴𝐵+𝐴̅𝐵̅ 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
X-OR Gate Using NAND Gate:
A
B Y=𝐴⊕𝐵
Input Input Output
A B Y= 𝐴 ⊕
𝐵
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
X-NOR Gate Using NAND Gate:
A
Y= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
A ⊕ B
Input Input Output
A B Y=
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐀 ⊕ 𝐁
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Conclusion: The experiment provided a practical, hands-on experience with
basic logic gates and their truth tables. The functions of AND, OR, NOT, NAND,
and NOR gates were validated using practical circuits, with the truth tables
confirmed by examining the outputs. Logic gates are crucial elements in the
design and development of digital systems. By comparing the results of the
experiment with what was expected, we learned more about how each gate
works. It also helped improve problem-solving and troubleshooting skills,
which are important for working with digital systems.
