Unit 10 Heat and Temperature

Students’ Learning Outcomes

After studying this unit, the students will be able to:
describe the expansion of the three states of matter on heating, and contraction on
cooling, in terms of particles
predict the effects of heat gain and heat loss
compare all three scales of temperature (including inter-conversion of temperature
scales)
define the terms heat and temperature on the basis of Kinetic Molecular Theory
explain why metals are good thermal conductors and fluids are poor conductors of heat
using the particle model
construct the concept of heat conduction, convection and radiation by applying particle
theory including daily life examples
identify the effects of thermal expansion and contraction with their applications in daily
life
explain the practical methods of thermal insulation used for constructing buildings

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 EXERCISE
Choose the correct answers:
1 Which of the following is not the way of transfer of heat?
(a) Conduction (b) Evaporation (c) Convection (d) Radiation
2 Which one of the following is an example of heat conduction?
(a) Sun (b) Electric iron (c) Fire (d) Microwave oven
3 Example of heat transfer through radiations is:
(a) Microwave oven (b) Computer (c) Cell phone (d) Electric bulb
4 Examples of convection is:
(a) electric iron (b) air conditioner (c) heater (d) microwave oven
5 The lowest temperature in Fahrenheit scale correspond to:
O
O
(a) 0 F
O
(b) 32 F
O
(c) 38 F (d) 212 F

6 Solids expand and contract depending on the:

(a) mass (b) volume (c) density (d) temperature
7 The sate of expansion and contraction of gases is:
(a) much smaller than solid and gases (b) much greater than solids and gases
(c) equal to solids and gases (d) variable than solids and gases
8 The energy that is transferred from one object to another due to temperature difference is
called:
(a) atomic energy (b) light energy (c) heat energy (d) sound energy
9 The heat energy from the sun reaches us by:
(a) conduction (b) convection (c) insulation (d) radiation
10 Which of the following metal is known as the best known conductor?
(a) Iron (b) Copper (c) Silver (d) Gold
Give short answers of the following questions:
1 Define conduction.
Ans. Conduction
Conduction takes place in solids. What happens when we heat one end of a metal rod? Let us try
to understand what is happening inside the solid metal rod. We know that the particles in a
solid are tightly packed. They cannot move around freely but can vibrate about fixed positions.

2 Differentiate between heat and temperature.

Ans. Difference between Heat and Temperature:
Heat Heat
Heat is a form of energy that is
Temperature of a body is degree of
transferred between objects (or system)
hotness and coldness of the body.
with different temperatures.

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 It is transferred from higher temperature
Temperature is defined as a measure of the
object to lower temperature object. Heat is
average kinetic energy of the particles in
a also referred as heat energy or
an object.
thermal energy.

It is measured in Joules (J) and

It is measured in degree Celsius (°C).
kilojoules (kJ).

3 Convert 6 °C into Kelvin scale.

Ans. To convert 6 °C into Kelvin scale, you can use the following formula:
K = °C + 273.15
So, to convert 6 °C into Kelvin:
K = 6 + 273.15 K = 279.15 K

4 Why spark from candle cannot hurt you?

Ans. The spark from a candle cannot hurt you because it is very small and not hot enough to
cause harm. It's like a tiny, cool piece that quickly goes away, unlike a bigger flame that can be
dangerous. So, as long as you stay a safe distance from the candle, the sparks won't hurt you.
5 What is condensation?
Ans. Condensation:
If we remove the heat energy from the gas, the particles of gas slow down and come close
together and become the liquid. This process of conversion from gas in to liquid is called
condensation.
Give detailed answers of the following questions:
1 Explain effects of expansion and contraction.
Ans. Effects of Expansion and Contraction:
Expansion and contraction give rise to a variety of problems in daily life. Although
expansion and contraction of solids may be and not easily visible, the forces of
expansion and contraction can be tremendous.
Some of these problems and how scientists and
engineers overcome them are described below:
Concrete Road Surface:
If we provide no space for expansion, the
concrete road surfaces will expand and crack,
to get rid of this problem, blocks of

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concrete, a few metres long, are laid with small gaps between them to
allow for expansion on hot day.
Railway Track:
We have observed the gaps in the railway track? What would happen
to the
railway track on hot day if there were no gap? If a continuous
track of metal rail is used, it will expand
in hot weather and become bent.
Train running on this type of
track can be derailed which
may cause a severe
accident.
Bridges:
Concrete and steel
bridges are built with
allowance for expansion and contraction du to change in
surrounding temperature. Rollers and sliding joints fixed in the bridge
allow for the movement of bridge as it expands and contracts.

Applications of Expansion and Contraction:

We have discussed different problems of contraction and expansion in daily life.
There are also many useful effects of expansion and contraction.
Hot Air Balloon:
Hot air balloon can be made to rise by the
expansion of the air inside the balloon.
Thermal expansion of gases is utilized
in hot air balloons. In hot air balloons,
when the gas is burnt it expands
and causes the hot air balloon to
move upwards.

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Baked Cake:
The dough in bread and cake rise when baked. This is because the carbon
dioxide gas inside them expands when heated.

2 Explain different ways for transfer of heat.

Ans. Transfer of Heat:
There are three ways through which heat transferred from a region of high temperature to
one of lower temperature.
· Conduction Convection Radiation
Conduction:
Conduction takes place in solids. What happens when we heat one end of a
metal rod? Let us try to understand what is happening inside the solid metal
rod. We know that the particles in a solid are tightly packed. They cannot
move around freely but can vibrate about fixed positions.
When we heat one end of the metal rod, the particles of the rod at this end start
to vibrate faster. These faster-moving particles collide with their neighbouring
particles and pass on their energy on them. This process continues and each
particle keeps transferring the energy to the next particle while vibrating at its
original position.
Thus, heat is transferred from one end of the rod to the other end of the rod.
Let us place a plastic spoon and a metal spoon into a glass of hot water. Touch the spoons
handle. Which will hot?
The metal spoon gets hot very quickly but the plastic spoon does not. The reason is that heat
flow more quickly through metals.
Metals are good conductor of heat. Plastics do not allow heat to flow through quickly. They are
poor conductors.
Convection:
Convection is the transfer of heat from one part of fluid to another by the circulating movement
of the fluid itself. Heat passes through different materials at different rates. When the beaker is
kept of flame, the water in contact with the bottom of the beaker gets warm. As hot water is
lighter
than cold water, it rises up to the surface. Water from the sides moves to take its place.
Meanwhile hot liquid at the surface beings to cool. It again sinks to the bottom. This movement
set up circulating steams of hot and cold water known as convection current.

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 This method of
heat transfer occurs
in liquids and gases.
It is because in liquids and gases the molecules are less densely packed and are free
to move. Air conditioner, radiator and refrigerator are example of convection.
Radiation:
Much of outer space is vacuum. Conduction and Convection cannot take place in vacuum. The
heat energy from the sun reaches us by radiation because method of conduction and
convection need particles to carry energy.
When we cook food under a grill, heat must travel to the food from the heating element in the
grill.
The heat cannot be carried by convection because convection carries hot air upwards. Also,
heat cannot be conducted to the food because air is the bad conductor of heat.
The transfer of energy in the form of infra-red waves which can also travel through vacuum is
called radiation.
3 How can you describe thermal expansion and contraction in gases.
Ans. Thermal Expansion and Contraction of Gases:
The rate of expansion and contraction of gases is much greater
than that of solids and gases for the same value of temperature.
The temperature of a gas is a measure of the movement of
its molecules. Increasing the temperature of a gas increases the
collision of the molecules. This causes the molecules to spread
out, this phenomenon named as expansion.
If an inflated balloon is tied at the mouth of a bottle and the bottle is placed in
ice-cold water, what will happen? The balloon will shrink in size, as the air inside
the balloon contracts on cooling. The balloon will expand in size as the air inside the balloon
expands on heating.
4 How can you describe thermal expansion and contraction in gases.
Ans. Scales of Temperature:
A scale is a marked value on the thermometer. There are three types of
temperature scale.
· Kelvin Scale Celsius or Centigrade Scale Fahrenheit scale
The difference between all three temperature scales is given below:

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 Celsius Scale Reaction Force
Celsius Scale Celsius Scale
It is a temperature scale that It is the temperature scale It is the temperature scale
tells the temperature range that tells the temperature that tells the temperature
between lower and upper range divided in to 100 equal range divided into 180 equal
temperature values. parts. parts.
The lower temperature based The lowest temperature on
The lower temperature on this
on 0 °C for freezing point temperature scale correspond
scale is 273K and upper
and upper temperature to 32 °F and upper
temperature on the scale
value at 100 °C for temperature on this scale
is 373K.
boiling point. correspond to 212 °F.

5 Discuss different states of matter on the basis kinetic molecular theory?

Ans: Kinetic Molecular Theory:

The word kinetic means the motion. The kinetic molecular theory means the molecules are
always moving even in the solid materials.
The movement of particles affected by temperature. Solids, liquids and gases are made up of
tiny particles. The more heat energy the particles have, the more they move about. The opposite
is also true. This change in energy is heat. As a solid cool, heat energy is removed. The particles
will slow down and will stop to move. The temperature at which particles stop to move is called
absolute temperature.
Heat Energy in Solids, Liquids and Gases:
Solids:
The particles of solids are attached to each other. Each particle
vibrates about fixed position. That is why solids do not contain
a lot of energy.

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 Liquids:
Particles of the liquids have an ability to move about by rolling each contain.
So, liquids have more heat energy than solids.

Liquids:
Particles of the liquids have an ability to move about by rolling each contain. So,
liquids have more heat energy than solids.

PROJECT Make a Bottle Thermometer. 4. Insert the straw into the bottle. The bottom of
the straw should be within the colored water,
Materials but should not touch the bottom of the bottle.
Empty glass soda bottle 5. Secure the straw with modeling clay at the top
Measuring cup ½ cup of water of the bottle. Make sure not to cover the top of
½ cup of rubbing alcohol (with adult the straw.
supervision) 6. Place your thermometer in the Sun and wait for
Food coloring Clear straw a little while as the liquid rises.
Modeling clay Permanent marker 7. Use the marker to draw a line on the outside of
the bottle to show where the top of the liquid is
Procedure in the straw. Write the date next to that line.
1. Pour the water into the glass bottle. Did the liquid in the thermometer rise after being in
2. Pour the rubbing alcohol into the bottle. the Sun? How long was the thermometer in the Sun
3. Add a few drops of food coloring. Mix by before you began to see the liquid rise? Did the
gently swirling the liquid in the bottle. liquid rise slowly or quickly?

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