Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) What are the three general types of amino acids? 1)

A) positive, negative, and noncharged
B) acidic, basic, and neutral
C) hydrophobic, polar (noncharged), polar (charged)
D) covalent, noncovalent, and van der Waals forces
E) α helices, β sheets, and looped segments

2) You are researching a cytoplasmic protein associated with a nerve disorder. The native form of the 2)
enzyme appears to be globular protein; however, when a sample of the purified protein is treated
with a chemical that reduces disulfide bonds, the enzymatic activity decreases dramatically and
multiple globular proteins can be detected in the sample. What does this tell you about the
protein?
A) The protein is most likely composed of α helices that are held together by disulfide bonds.
B) The protein is most likely composed of β sheets that are held together by disulfide bonds.
C) The protein is most likely composed of multiple polypeptide chains that are held together by
disulfide bonds.
D) The primary and secondary structure of the protein depends on disulfide bonds.
E) The primary structure of the protein contains multiple cysteine residues that are hydrolyzed
by the chemical reductant.

3) A peptide bond 3)
A) is a covalent bond between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of
a second amino acid.
B) is a noncovalent bond that dictates the tertiary structure of a protein.
C) is a covalent bond between the NH group of one polypeptide and the CO group of an
adjacent polypeptide that holds together multimeric proteins.
D) is a covalent bond between the functional R groups of adjacent amino acids.
E) is a covalent bond between adjacent glucose molecules in a peptide.

4) Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of protein structure? 4)
A) secondary
B) tertiary
C) primary, secondary, and tertiary
D) primary
E) None of these structures involve disulfide bonds.

5) The primary structure of a protein 5)

A) is the linear sequence of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds.
B) is important both genetically and structurally.
C) is important for determining the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein.
D) is simply the order of amino acids from one end of the protein to another.
E) All of these statements are true.

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 6) Proline is referred to as the "helix breaker" because 6)
A) it has a polar functional group.
B) its only found in the L form, which is incompatible with helical protein structure.
C) it lacks a charged functional groups for ionic bonding.
D) it is hydrophobic.
E) it lacks the hydrogen atom needed for hydrogen bonding.

7) Which of the following accurately describes the structure of fibrous proteins? 7)

A) Fibrous proteins are composed of an equal mixture of α helices and β sheets with
interconnecting looped segments.
B) Fibrous proteins are usually composed of either α helices or β sheets throughout the
molecule, giving them a highly ordered, repetitive structure.
C) Fibrous proteins have a simple primary structure and very little secondary structure,
resulting in long, thin fibers.
D) Fibrous proteins usually contain a number of different domains with different structural
motifs.
E) Fibrous proteins have an extensive tertiary and quaternary structure that affects the strength
and elasticity of each fiber.

8) Hydrogen bonding is most important in stabilizing the ________ structure of many proteins. 8)
A) quaternary
B) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
C) tertiary
D) primary
E) secondary

9) Which of the following statements is false? 9)

A) There are more than 60 different kinds of amino acids present in cells.
B) Only around 20 amino acids are used in protein synthesis.
C) An amino acid has an N-terminus, a C-terminus, and an R group.
D) Equal amounts of D- and L-amino acids are found in cells.
E) The R group of amino acids differs from one amino acid to another.

10) Which of the following is not a major functional class of proteins? 10)
A) enzymes
B) motility proteins
C) regulatory proteins
D) hereditary proteins
E) structural proteins

11) Two proteins associated with a rare neurodegenerative disorder have been sequenced. Protein A 11)
contains many polar amino acids with small regions containing nonpolar, hydrophobic amino
acids. Protein B is rich in nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acids with only two small regions
containing polar amino acids. What might this suggest about the two proteins?
A) Protein A and Protein B are complementary parts of a supramolecular structure.
B) Protein A is fibrous and Protein B is globular.
C) Protein A may be a cytoplasmic protein and Protein B may be a membrane associate protein.
D) The two proteins may have different secondary structures.
E) Protein A is most likely and enzyme and Protein B is most likely a storage protein.

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12) Which of the following is a possible function of a terpene? 12)
A) cell surface receptor
B) motility
C) enzyme
D) vitamin
E) structure

13) Which of the following pairs correctly matches the monomer with its polymer? 13)
A) peptides; proteins
B) glucose; proteins
C) amino acids; polysaccharides
D) terpenes; nucleic acids
E) nucleotides; nucleic acids

14) Cellulose belongs to which of the following groups of macromolecules? 14)

A) nucleic acids
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) carbohydrates
E) none of these

15) Which of the following has the greatest number of glycosidic bonds? 15)
A) triacylglycerol
B) amylose
C) glucose
D) DNA
E) vitamin A

16) To which of the following classes of sugars does glucose belong? 16)
A) hexose B) triose C) heptose D) tetrose E) pentose

17) You are investigating the structure of the seeds of a newly discovered tropical plant. There is 17)
storage material inside the seed. You treat the seed with peptidase (an enzyme that breaks peptide
bonds), glycoside hydrolases (an enzyme that breaks β glycosidic bonds), and amylase (an enzyme
that breaks α glycosidic bonds). Only the amylase appears to dissolve the storage material in the
seed. What does this tell you about the identity of the storage material?
A) The seed contains starch to store carbon and energy.
B) The seed contains lipids to store carbon and energy.
C) The seed contains fibrous proteins to store carbon and energy.
D) The seed contains cellulose to store carbon and energy.
E) The seed contains globular proteins to store carbon and energy.

18) Fatty acids are ________; they function in the cell as ________. 18)
A) short chains of double-bonded carbon molecules; vitamins, cofactors, and storage lipids
B) short chains of double-bonded carbon molecules; vitamins and cofactors
C) four-ringed hydrocarbon molecules; key components of membranes
D) short chains of double-bonded carbon molecules; storage lipids
E) long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end; building blocks for
other lipids

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19) The two strands of DNA are held together by ________; thus ________. 19)
A) covalent bonds; double-stranded DNA is very stable at a range of temperatures
B) hydrogen bonds; double-stranded DNA separates into two separate strands at high
temperatures
C) ionic bonds; double-stranded DNA separates into two separate strands in water
D) antiparallel bonds; double-stranded DNA is amphipathic
E) hydrophobic interactions; double-stranded DNA separates into two separate strands when
dissolved in a hydrocarbon (hydrophobic) solvent

20) RNA and DNA differ 20)

A) in that RNA contains uracil and DNA contains thymine.
B) in that RNA contains nucleosides and DNA contains nucleotides.
C) in that RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose.
D) both A and C.
E) All of these are correct.

21) Complementary relationships between purines and pyrimidines 21)

A) allow adenine to form two hydrogen bonds with thymine (or uracil) and guanine to form
three hydrogen bonds with cytosine to form double-stranded nucleic acids.
B) allow the interaction of the oppositely charged amino acids to form the tertiary structure of
proteins.
C) allow adjacent bases in a nucleotide chain to stack tightly, stabilizing the DNA double helix.
D) provide highly ordered, repetitive bonding to form α helices and β sheets within proteins.
E) Both A and C are correct.

22) The components of a nucleotide are 22)

A) a six-carbon sugar, an ester linkage, and a four-ringed hydrocarbon.
B) a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a variable R group.
C) two six-carbon sugars attached with an α(1→4) glycosidic bond.
D) a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing aromatic base.
E) a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon and three fatty acids.

23) The chemical nature of each amino acid is determined by which of the following groups? 23)
A) hydrogen B) amino C) R D) carboxyl E) hydroxyl

24) The nucleoside triphosphate molecules in DNA are linked together in the 5'→3' by a(n) ________ 24)
bridge.
A) peptide
B) covalent
C) phosphodiester
D) phosphate
E) phosphatidyl

25) The function of triglycerides is 25)

A) store information.
B) to form semipermeable membranes.
C) to transport substances in and out of cells.
D) to store energy.
E) Both B and C are correct.

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26) A general trend in the structure of many biomolecules is 26)
A) that each class of biomolecule can form either fibrous or globular conformations depending
on the chemical conditions inside the cell.
B) that four different monomers form the basis for the functional and structural properties of
each polymer.
C) that each class of biomolecule forms one type of secondary structure independent of the
order of the monomers in the polymer.
D) that the order and bonding of monomers form the basis for the secondary and tertiary
structure of the polymer.
E) that they are all soluble in water independent of the size of the polymer.

27) Cholesterol is a ________, which ________. 27)

A) fatty acid; functions in energy storage
B) steroid; is the basis for many animal and plant hormones
C) steroid; is a component of eukaryotic membranes
D) steroid; is a component of eukaryotic membranes and is the basis for many animal and plant
hormones
E) terpene; is the basis for many animal and plant vitamins

28) Which of the following is found exclusively in RNA? 28)

A) thymine B) uracil C) adenine D) cytosine E) guanine

29) Which of the following is true of purines? 29)

A) Both adenine and thymine are purines.
B) Cytosine is a purine.
C) Purines bind readily to deoxyribose but not to ribose.
D) Purines have a double-ringed structure.
E) Adenine's bonding to thymine is stronger than is guanine's to cytosine.

30) Which of the following contributes to the stability of the DNA double helix? 30)
A) hydrogen bonding between the phosphate and sugar groups in the backbone of the double
helix
B) hydrophobic interactions between aromatic bases at the center of the double helix
C) ionic bonds between the negatively charged phosphate groups and the positively charged
pyrimidine bases.
D) covalent bonding between complementary purine and pyrimidine bases.
E) hydrophobic interactions between aromatic bases at the center of the double helix and ionic
bonds between the negatively charged phosphate groups and the positively charged
pyrimidine bases

31) Which of the following is false? 31)

A) Phospholipids are amphipathic.
B) Phospholipids are important in membrane structure.
C) Phosphatidic acid contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
D) Sphingolipids are the predominant phospholipid in membranes.
E) Serine is a molecule that may be part of a phosphoglyceride.

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32) The term amphipathic describes the characteristic of some molecules that have 32)
A) two nonpolar regions.
B) no polar regions.
C) only a single polar region.
D) two polar regions.
E) both a polar and a nonpolar region.

33) Which of the following is not one of the six classes of lipids? 33)
A) pectins
B) steroids
C) fatty acids
D) terpenes
E) triacylglycerols

34) Which of the following statements is true? 34)

A) Unsaturated fatty acids are usually branched.
B) Fatty acids with 24 carbons are most common.
C) Fatty acids are synthesized by the stepwise addition of three carbon units.
D) Hormones are unsaturated fatty acids.
E) Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbons.

35) Which of the following is true of glycolipids? 35)

A) Fructose and sucrose are often part of glycolipids.
B) Glycolipids are found in plastids and are used to store energy.
C) Usually more than 10 sugar units are attached to the glycolipid.
D) Glycolipids are usually found on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane.
E) Glycolipids contain steroids.

36) Which of the following is not a steroid? 36)

A) phenylalanine
B) estradiol
C) aldosterone
D) testosterone
E) cortisol

37) Which of the following is a terpene? 37)

A) chitin
B) estrogen
C) vitamin A
D) glycerol
E) testosterone

38) Which of the following is not a polymer of numerous monomer units? 38)
A) an RNA molecule
B) cellulose
C) starch
D) a polypeptide
E) a phospholipid

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 39) Trans fats 39)
A) resemble saturated fatty acids in shape.
B) are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
C) are unsaturated fatty acids.
D) are present in small amounts in meat and dairy products.
E) All of these statements are true.

40) Lipid rafts are 40)

A) regions of the membrane that are high in sphingolipids, which facilitate communication with
the external environment of the cell.
B) regions not typically associated with signal transduction.
C) important regions of membrane structure comprised of phospholipids.
D) rafts of lipids inside of the cell that serve to store energy.
E) regions where greater concentrations of sphingolipids are on the inner side of the membrane.

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the choice on the left with the choice on the right.

41) monomer of protein A) quaternary structure

41)

42) polymer of glucose B) amino acid

42)

43) pyrimidine C) steroids

43)

44) nucleotide D) AMP

44)

45) multimeric complex E) adenine

45)

46) Haworth projection F) cytosine

46)

47) a fibrous protein G) enzyme

47)

H) monosaccharide

I) spatial structure

J) collagen

K) guanine

L) linear structure

M) starch

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List all the functions that match with each biomolecule. Note that the functions may match with more than one
biomolecule and each biomolecule may have multiple functions.

48) protein A) hormone

48)
structural component of cells
49) DNA
49)
B) enzyme cofactor
50) lipids and steroids vitamin
50)

51) terpenes C) carbon and energy storage

structural component of cells 51)

52) polysaccharides
D) carbon and energy storage 52)
hormone
53) RNA
enzyme 53)
structural component of cells
cell receptor
motility

E) informational molecule

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

54) ________ is the major storage polysaccharide for animals, while ________ is the major 54)
storage polysaccharide for plants.

55) A ________, a ________, and a ________ are the major parts of a nucleotide, whereas a 55)
________ and a ________ are the major parts of a nucleoside.

56) Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to ________. 56)

57) Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids attached to a molecule of ________. 57)

58) ________ RNA is a component of the ribosomes that serve as the site of protein synthesis. 58)

59) Cellulose is a polymer of ________, a common monosaccharide. 59)

60) ________ and ________ are the two kinds of sugars found in bacterial cell walls. 60)

61) The ________ projection illustrates saccharides as linear, whereas the ________ projection 61)
suggests the spatial relationships of saccharides.

62) Structurally, starch exists as both unbranched polysaccharide chains called ________ and 62)
branched polysaccharide chains called ________.

63) In 1953 the structure of DNA was determined to be a ________. 63)

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 64) For the amino acid glutamine, the three-letter abbreviation is ________ and the one-letter 64)
abbreviation is ________.

65) ________ fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, while ________ fatty acids are solid. 65)

66) Because of their structure, trans fats resemble ________ fatty acids in shape and are 66)
produced artificially during the manufacture of shortening and margarine.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

67) As a protein is being synthesized, the correct folding of the protein is aided by the movement of nonpolar
amino acids toward the inner areas of the protein. How can this phenomenon be explained? How will this
influence other levels of protein structure?

68) A transmembrane protein has 1000 amino acids. The fifth amino acid is found on the external surface of the cell
membrane. It interacts with the aqueous environment outside the cell. Amino acids 25 and 205 are covalently
bonded to each other and are required to give the protein its three-dimensional shape. Amino acid 554 is found
on the outer surface of the protein, but it is deep in the interior of the membrane. Amino acid 979 is found on
the external surface of the protein, where it forms a weak ionic bond with a chloride ion. Can you identify each
of the numbered amino acids by structural group and name? Please note that there may be more than one
specific amino acid possible in some cases.

Amino acids:
5
25
205
554
979

69) 5'-ATAGGGCTT-3' is a short sequence of a strand of DNA. What will be the complementary sequence of the
other strand? What will be the complementary mRNA sequence derived from the second strand of DNA? Be
sure to indicate the 5' or 3' ends of each sequence.

70) Amylose, cellulose, and glycogen are all polysaccharides composed of glucose. What makes each of these
polysaccharides unique in spite of the fact that all are composed solely of glucose?

71) Give an example of both fibrous and globular proteins and explain how their structure relates to their unique
functions.

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED3

1) C
2) C
3) A
4) B
5) E
6) E
7) B
8) E
9) D
10) D
11) C
12) D
13) E
14) D
15) B
16) A
17) A
18) E
19) B
20) D
21) A
22) D
23) C
24) C
25) D
26) D
27) D
28) B
29) D
30) B
31) D
32) E
33) A
34) E
35) D
36) A
37) C
38) E
39) E
40) A
41) C
42) M
43) F
44) D
45) A
46) I
47) J
48) D
49) E
50) A
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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED3

51) B
52) C
53) E
54) Glycogen; starch
55) phosphate group, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), aromatic base (in any order); pentose sugar, aromatic base
(either order)
56) proteins
57) glycerol
58) Ribosomal (or r)
59) glucose
60) N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc); N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)
61) Fischer; Haworth
62) amylose; amylopectin
63) double helix
64) Gln; Q
65) Unsaturated; saturated
66) saturated
67) The exclusion of hydrophobic groups from the aqueous surface is called the hydrophobic effect. This then influences
the other levels in orientation. (Many correct answers are possible.)
68) 5: polar, charged or uncharged (hydrophilic) amino acid; any amino acid in this group
25: polar, uncharged (hydrophilic) amino acid; cysteine
205: polar, uncharged (hydrophilic) amino acid; cysteine
554: nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acid; any amino acid in this group
979: polar, charged (hydrophilic) amino acid; any positively charged amino acid in this group (Lys, Arg, or His)
69) Complementary DNA: 3' TATCCCGAA5' or 5'AAGCCCTAT3'
Complementary mRNA: 5'AUAGGGCUU3'
70) Amylose: is produced by plants and is a nutritional form; linear structure with glucose molecules connected by α(1
→4) linkages.
Cellulose: is produced by plants and is a structural form; linear structure with glucose molecules connected by β(1
→4) linkages; mammals do not have the enzyme needed to break this type of linkage.
Glycogen: is produced by animals and is a nutritional form; branched form with α(1 →4) linkages with α(1→6)
linkages at the branch points.
71) Fibrous proteins such as (silk, collagen, elastin, or keratin) have extensive secondary structure (either helix or b sheet)
throughout the molecule that gives them a highly ordered, repetitive structure. Fibrous proteins usually have an
extended, filamentous structure. Often multiple proto-filaments will interact to create thicker, stronger filaments.
Small hydrophobic amino acids that pack tightly are common in fibrous proteins. In contrast, globular proteins, such
as (enzymes, transport proteins, or transmembrane proteins) have extensive tertiary structure wherein β sheets and/or
α helices are connected by loops that fold into a compact structure. Globular proteins often have multiple regions, or
domains, that have different functions. The diverse shapes of globular proteins create binding pockets for substrates,
regions of hydrophobicity that interact with membranes, and other domains that allow globular proteins to act as
enzymes, receptors, and a diversity of other functions in the cell.

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