ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Experiment No.1

Aim: - To perform Mesh & Nodal analysis (KVL & KCL)

Apparatus: -
i. Bread board
ii. 0-30V/2A D.C. power supply
iii. Multimeter
iv. Connecting wires

Components: -
Mesh analysis (KVL) Nodal analysis (KCL)
Resistors(¼ W) Qty Resistors(¼ Qty
560Ω 1 W)
470Ω 1 560Ω 1
150Ω 1 470Ω 2
390Ω 1 150Ω 1
680Ω 1 680Ω 1
120Ω 1 1kΩ 1
100 Ω 1

Circuit diagram: -

470 150 390

560

680

10
100 120

Mesh analysis(KVL) Nodal analysis(KCL)

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 ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
Theory: -
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
“The algebraic sum of the voltage drops in any closed path in a circuit and the
electromotive forces in that path is equal to zero."
To state Kirchhoff's law another way, the voltage drops and voltage sources in a
circuit are equal at any given moment in time. If the voltage sources are assumed
to have one sign (positive or negative) at that instant and the voltage drops are
assumed to have the opposite sign, the result of adding the voltage sources and
voltage drops will be zero.
∑ IxR + ∑ Emfs = 0
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
"The algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero."
∑ Iin = ∑ Iout
Incoming current = Outgoing current
Procedure: -
Mesh analysis
1. Connect circuit as shown.
2. Connect voltmeter across the resistor where voltage is to be determined.

Nodal analysis
1. Connect the circuit as shown.
2. Connect ammeter in series with the resistor where current is to be
determined.

Observation table: -

Mesh analysis
Sr.no. Voltage across elements Voltage across elements
(Practically) (Theoretically)
1 V1= V1=
2 V560Ω= V560Ω=
3 V470Ω= V470Ω=
4 V150Ω= V150Ω=
5 V390Ω= V390Ω=
6 V680Ω= V680Ω=
7 V120Ω= V120Ω=
8 V100Ω= V100Ω=
9 I= I=

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Nodal analysis
Sr.no. Current through elements Current through elements
(Practically) (Theoretically)
1 IV1= IV1=
2 I560Ω= I560Ω=
3 I100Ω= I100Ω=
4 I470Ω= I470Ω=
5 I150Ω= I150Ω=
6 I1kΩ= I1kΩ=
Node voltage
Node voltage
7 VA=
VA=

Calculations: -

Mesh Analysis:-

Nodal Analysis:-

Results: -

Conclusion: -In KVL and KCL analysis, we found that theoretically and practical
values are approximately same.

Attach simulation performed in simulation software that is circuit diagram and

simulation Results.

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 ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
Experiment No.2

Aim: - Verification of superposition theorem.

Apparatus: -
i. Bread board
ii. 0-30V/2A D.C. power supply
iii. Multimeter
iv. Connecting wires

Components: -

Resistors(¼ W) Qty
560Ω 1
470Ω 2
150Ω 1
680Ω 1
1kΩ 1

Circuit diagram: -

Theory: -.
Statement- Superposition theorem is defined as in a linear, bilateral network
having two or more than two sources, current flowing through any branch or
voltage appear across any branch is the sum of currents flowing or voltages appear
across branch due to each source acting alone while other sources are replaced by
their internal resistances.
The strategy used in the Superposition Theorem is to eliminate all but one source
of power within a network at a time, using series/parallel analysis to determine
voltage drops (and/or currents) within the modified network for each power source
separately. Then, once voltage drops and/or currents have been determined for
each power source working separately, the values are all “superimposed” on top of
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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
each other (added algebraically) to find the actual voltage drops/currents with all
sources active.

Procedure: -
1. Connect circuit as shown in figure
2. Connect ammeter in series with the resistance where current is to be determined.
3. Consider one source at a time i.e. V1 with all other voltage sources short
circuited & all current sources open circuited.
4. Note down the current reading i.e. I’
5. Repeat the same procedure by considering V2 and note down current I’’.

Observation table: -

Active sources (V) Current (I) Experimental value Theoretical value of

(mA) of Current Current by SPT
I= I’ + I” (mA)

V1 = 10V ,V2 =8V I

V1 = 10V ,V2 = 0V I’

V1 = 0V ,V2 =8V I’’

Calculations: -

Results: - Current flowing through 1KΩ resistance.

1) Practically =
2) Theoretically =

Conclusion: -We have found that the practical and theoretical values are almost
same.

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Experiment No.3

Aim: - Verification of Thevenin’s theorem

Apparatus: -
v. Circuit board
vi. 0-30V/1A D.C. power supply
vii. Multimeter
viii. Connecting wires

Components: -

Resistors Qty
560Ω 1
470Ω 2
150Ω 1
680Ω 1
1kΩ 1

Circuit diagram: -

680

A
560 470

V2

V1 1k

470 B 150

Theory: -.
I. Thevenin's Theorem

Any combination of batteries and resistances with two terminals can be replaced
by a single voltage source VTh and a single series resistor RTh. The value of VTh is
the open circuit voltage at the open circuit terminals, and the value of R Th is the
resistance across open circuit terminals with all sources replaced by their internal
resistances.
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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Procedure: -

a) THEVENIN’S THEOREM: -
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Open circuit terminals A & B i.e. remove load resistance.
3. Read VTh with help of multimeter across the terminals A & B.
4. Find RTh across the terminals, for calculating RTH deactivate all the sources
present in circuit i.e. short voltage sources & open current sources.
5. Draw Thevenin equivalent circuit & connect RL across A & B to calculate IL by
Thevenin’s theorem.
6. Measure IL through load resistance experimentally and compare with theoretical
Values by Thevenin’s Theorem.

Observation table: -

a) THEVENIN’S THEOREM: -

VTh VTh Theoretically Practically

Sr. V1 V2 (V) (V) RTh IL = VTh
no. (V) (V) Th Pra () RTh+ RL IL

01

Calculation:

For VTh

For RTh

Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit:

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Results: - By Theorotical

VTh= RTh = IL =

By Practical

VTh= RTh = IL =

Conclusion: - Hence Thieving’s Theorem is proved.

Attach simulation performed in simulation software that is circuit diagram and

simulation Results.

Precautions: -
 While determining RTh voltage source should not be short circuited actually
rather it should be disconnected from the circuit & the actual circuit should
be shorted.
 While performing superposition theorem the actual direction of the current
in load must be taken into consideration while calculation.

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Experiment No.4

Aim: - To study the series resonance phenomenon in RLC series circuit.

Apparatus: -
i. Bread board.
ii. Function generator.
iii. Multimeter.
iv. Connecting wires

Components: -
Component Qty.
Resistor-150Ω (¼W) 1
Inductor-100mH 1
Capacitor-1μF 1

Circuit diagram: -

Figure 1: Series Resonance Circuit

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
Theory: -
A resonant circuit, also called a tuned circuit consists of an inductor and a
capacitor together with a voltage or current source. A network is in resonance
when the voltage and current at the network input terminals are in phase and the
input impedance of the network is purely resistive. The steady-state admittance
offered by the circuit is:

Y = 1/R + j( ωC – 1/ωL)

Resonance occurs when the voltage and current at the input terminals are in phase.
This corresponds to a purely real admittance, so that the necessary condition is
given by
ωC – 1/ωL = 0

The resonant condition may be achieved by adjusting L, C, or w. Keeping L and C

constant, the resonant frequency Wo is given by:

Frequency Response:
A parallel resonant circuit is resistive at the resonant frequency. At resonance
XL=XC, the reactive components cancel. The impedance is maximum at resonance.
the resonant frequency, the series resonant circuit looks inductive since the
impedance of the inductor is lower, drawing the larger proportion of current.
Above resonance, the capacitive reactance decreases, drawing the larger current,
thus, taking on a capacitive characteristic.

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

A series resonant circuit looks like a resistance at the resonant frequency.

Since the definition of resonance is XL=XC, the reactive components cancel,
leaving only the resistance to contribute to the impedance. The impedance is also
at a minimum at resonance. Below the resonant frequency, the series resonant
circuit looks capacitive since the impedance of the capacitor increases to a value
greater than the decreasing inductive reactance, leaving a net capacitive value.
Above resonance, the inductive reactance increases, capacitive reactance
decreases, leaving a net inductive component.

Procedure: -
b) Study of resonance in series circuit.
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.
2. Apply 20 V ac (p-p) using function generator.
3. Note down VR, VL, VC & V keeping amplitude.
4. At constant amplitude of voltage vary frequency of the supply & continuously
observe the voltage across the resistance on C.R.O.
5. Plot a graph of (I) versus frequency (f), mark the resonance frequency &
compare it to the theoretical or calculated resonance frequency.
6. Draw phasor diagram.

Observation table: -
1
b) Series R-L-C circuit: - VP-P = ________, XL = 2.f.L X C=
2 . f .c

Calculation:

Results: -

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
a) Series resonance circuit
1
VS = _____________, fr = = Hz
2 LC

fr (Pratically)=

Conclusion:

Attach simulation performed in simulation software that is circuit diagram and

simulation Results.

Graph: - Plot the Graph between current & frequency.

Frequency I
Sr. no.
(Hz) (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Experiment No.5

Aim: - To study the parallel resonance phenomenon in RLC parallel circuit.

Apparatus: -
i. Bread board.
ii. Function generator.
iii. Multimeter.
iv. Connecting wires

Components: -
Component Qty.
Resistor-150Ω (¼W) 1
Inductor-100mH 1
Capacitor-1μF 1

Circuit diagram: -

Figure 2: Parallel Resonance Circuit

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Theory: -
A resonant circuit, also called a tuned circuit consists of an inductor and a
capacitor together with a voltage or current source. A network is in resonance
when the voltage and current at the network input terminals are in phase and the
input impedance of the network is purely resistive. The steady-state admittance
offered by the circuit is:

Y = 1/R + j( ωC – 1/ωL)

Resonance occurs when the voltage and current at the input terminals are in phase.
This corresponds to a purely real admittance, so that the necessary condition is
given by
ωC – 1/ωL = 0

The resonant condition may be achieved by adjusting L, C, or w. Keeping L and C

constant, the resonant frequency Wo is given by:

Frequency Response:
A parallel resonant circuit is resistive at the resonant frequency. At resonance
XL=XC, the reactive components cancel. The impedance is maximum at resonance.
the resonant frequency, the series resonant circuit looks inductive since the
impedance of the inductor is lower, drawing the larger proportion of current.
Above resonance, the capacitive reactance decreases, drawing the larger current,
thus, taking on a capacitive characteristic.

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
A series resonant circuit looks like a resistance at the resonant frequency.
Since the definition of resonance is XL=XC, the reactive components cancel,
leaving only the resistance to contribute to the impedance. The impedance is also
at a minimum at resonance. Below the resonant frequency, the series resonant
circuit looks capacitive since the impedance of the capacitor increases to a value
greater than the decreasing inductive reactance, leaving a net capacitive value.
Above resonance, the inductive reactance increases, capacitive reactance
decreases, leaving a net inductive component.

Procedure: -
a) Study of resonance in parallel circuit.
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.
2. Give supply using variac.
3. Note down I keeping amplitude.
3. At constant amplitude, vary the frequency of output of function generator.
4. For each frequency measure the drop across R1. At resonance, drop across R1
will be minimum as total current is minimum at resonance.
5. Remember that CRO can only measure voltage drop & not current, i.e. why to
measure current, we are measuring voltage drop across the small resistance R1 .
6. Plot a graph of (I) versus frequency (f) & mark the resonance frequency when I
is minimum.

Observation table: -
a) Parallel
Frequency I
Sr. no.
(Hz) (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

1
R-L-C circuit: - VP-P =_________, XL = 2.f.L, X C=
2 . f .c
Results: -
a) Parallel resonance circuit
v Vp-p =______, Vm= _________, VS = ______ volts (constant),

fr = __________ Hz

fr (Pratically)= _______ Hz

Conclusion: -
Attach simulation performed in simulation software that is circuit diagram and
simulation Results.
Graph: - Plot the Graph between current & frequency.

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
Experiment No.6
Aim: - To study the relation between line & phase quantity in star connected load.

Apparatus: -
i. Three phase lamp bank 230V, 2400W.
ii. Wattmeter 500V/7.5A.
iii. Voltmeter 0-500V.
iv. Ammeter 0-10A.
v. 3Ø 415V, 50Hz ac supply.
vi. Connecting wires.

Circuit diagram:-

Theory: - Write down

Derivation for the, IL = Iph , Vph= VL/ √3
Procedure: -
i. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
ii. Give 3Ø supply & for various load condition note down VL, Vph, IL, Iph, W1
& W2
iii. Draw pharos diagram for unity p.f.(resistive load)

Observation & calculations: -

Sr. no Vph VL = √3 Vph IL Iph

1
2
3
4
5

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Result: -

Conclusion: -

Precautions: -
i. Before switching 3Ø supply, all connections should be checked properly
otherwise any short circuit can damage the instrument connected in the
circuit.
ii. Do not touch the connected wires while performing the experiment when
supply is ‘ON’ otherwise you may get a severe shock of 415V ac voltage.

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
Experiment No.7
Aim: - Measurement of power using two wattmeter method in star connected load.

Apparatus: -
vii. Three phase lamp bank 230V, 2400W.
viii. Wattmeter 500V/7.5A.
ix. Voltmeter 0-500V.
x. Ammeter 0-10A.
xi. 3Ø 415V, 50Hz ac supply.
xii. Connecting wires.

Circuit diagram:-

Theory: - Write down

Derivation Total power = W1 + W2 using phasor diagram for star connected
load.
W1 + W2 = P = √3 VL IL cos Ø

Procedure: -
iv. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
v. Give 3Ø supply & for various load condition note down VL, Vph, IL, Iph, W1
& W2
vi. Draw phasor diagram for unity p.f.(resistive load)

Observation & calculations: -

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Sr.
W1 W2 P = √3 VL IL cos Ø P = (W1 + W2)
no
1
2
3
4
5

Result: -

Conclusion: -

Attach simulation performed in simulation software that is circuit diagram and

simulation Results.

Precautions: -
iii. Before switching 3Ø supply, all connections should be checked properly
otherwise any short circuit can damage the instrument connected in the
circuit.
iv. Do not touch the connected wires while performing the experiment when
supply is ‘ON’ otherwise you may get a severe shock of 415V ac voltage.

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Experiment No.8

Aim: - To perform O.C. & S.C. tests on single phase transformer.

Apparatus: -
i. Single phase transformer 1KVA, 50Hz, 230V/115V.
ii. Voltmeter 0-250V.
iii. Ammeter 0-10A.
iv. Wattmeter 125V/250V/15A.
v. Connecting wires.

Circuit diagram: -

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 ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Theory: -
I. Open Circuit test on single phase transformer

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 ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

II. Short Circuit test on single phase transformer

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Procedure: -
I. Open Circuit test on single phase transformer
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Set the dimmerstat to zero position & switch on the supply.
3. Vary the supply of dimmerstat to suitable voltage.
4. Measure the readings of wattmeter, voltmeters & ammeter.
5. Take minimum 5 readings upto rated LV voltage.
6. Calculate RO & X0 for all the readings.

II. Short Circuit test on single phase transformer

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Set the dimmerstat to zero position & switch on the supply.
3. Vary the supply of dimmerstat to suitable low voltage watching the ammeter.
4. Measure the readings of wattmeter, voltmeters & ammeter.
5. Take minimum 5 readings upto rated LV current.
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 ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I
6. Calculate total resistance (r1+ r’2) & the reactance (x1+ x’2) for all the readings.
7. Measure the resistance of the HV winding.
8. Calculate r’2 & x1 (=x’2) using the above equations.
9. Draw the complete equivalent circuit diagram for transformer.

Observations: -
I. Open Circuit test on single phase transformer

Sr. LV side
no V1 IO W
(Volts) (Amperes) (Watts)
01
02
03
04
05

III. Short Circuit test on single phase transformer

Sr. HV side
no VSC ISC Wsc
(Volts) (Amp)
01
02
03
04
05
06

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ACADMIC YEAR 2023-24 BEE LAB MANUAL SEM I

Results: -

Conclusion: -

Attach simulation performed in simulation software that is circuit diagram and

simulation Results.

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