LECTURE 4: re and hybrid model applications

• The re and hybrid models discussed in the previous section will now
be used to perform an ac small signal analysis of a number of
standard transistor network configurations.
• Let us first look at the re model as it is sensitive to the actual
operating point.

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COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS

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COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS

• At this point we need β, re and ro. The magnitude of β and ro are typically given from
specification sheets. re is obtained from the DC analysis of the thermal voltage and DC
emitter current.
• Now we will perform a circuit analysis to find the two port parameters: Zi, Zo, Av, Ai and
phase relationship.

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(a) Input Impedance Zi
• When we look into the input side, Zi appears to be:

𝑍! = 𝑅" ||𝛽#$ (4.1)

In most cases 𝑅" ≥ 10𝛽#$ . When this is tested and it true then:

𝑍! ≈ 𝛽#$ (4.1𝑎)

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(b) Output Impedance Zo
• Remember from the two port system that to determine Zo, we set the
input signal to zero. In this case we set Ii=0 therefore:

𝐼! = 𝐼% = 0 hence 𝛽𝐼% = 0. This makes the output circuit look like this:

𝑍& = 𝑟& ||𝑅' (4.2)

Usually, ro is very large i.e
𝑟& ≥ 10𝑅' ∴

𝑍( ≈ 𝑅' (4.2𝑎)

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(C) Voltage gain Av
• The voltage gain is given by:
𝑉&
𝐴) =
𝑉!
After replacing the values of Vo and Vi from the equivalent circuit, the
AV works out to be:

𝑅' ||𝑟& *Absence of β here has

𝐴) = − 4.3 a design meaning. What
𝑟$ is it?

Usually, 𝑟& ≥ 10𝑅' therefore:

𝑅'
𝐴) ≈ − (4.3𝑎)
𝑟𝑒

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(d) Current gain Ai
We know the following formular for current gain:
𝐼"
𝐴! =
𝐼!
You can get values for Io and Ii from the equivalent circuit and work out the
current gain to be:
𝛽𝑟" 𝑅$
𝐴! = × 4.4
𝑟" + 𝑅# 𝑅$ + 𝛽𝑟𝑒
Depending on the test values of 𝑟% ≥ 10𝑅# 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅$ ≥ 10𝛽𝑟𝑒 we get:
𝐴! ≈ 𝛽 (4.4𝑎)
But for current gain we can just used the two port parameter analysis:

𝑍!
𝐴! = −𝐴& (4.4𝑏)
𝑅#
* Discuss the phase relationship
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Example question:
For the given circuit when ro=∞ohms
and β=100 find:
(a)re (compute this from the DC
conditions. Hint: first find IB then find
IE.
(b)Zi
(c)Zo
(d)Av
(e)Ai
[10.71Ω;1.069KΩ;3KΩ;-280.11; 100]

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Voltage Divider Bias
𝑅 * = 𝑅+ ||𝑅,

The same rules for equivalent circuits will be used here to get the show equivalent with the BJT replaced with the
corresponding re model.

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(a) Input Impedance Zi
• When we look into the input side, Zi appears to be:

𝑍! = 𝑅 * ||𝛽#$ (4.5)

(b) Output Impedance Zo

When we set the input signal Ib to 0A we get βIb=0mA therefore,

𝑍! = 𝑟! ||𝑅" (4.6)

Then if we test 𝑟! ≥ 10𝑅" 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡:

𝑍! ≈ 𝑅" (4.6𝑎)
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(C) Voltage gain Av
• The voltage gain is given by:
𝑉&
𝐴) =
𝑉!
After replacing the values of Vo and Vi from the equivalent circuit, the
AV works out to be:

𝑅' ||𝑟& *Same as CE fixed bias

𝐴) = − 4.7
𝑟$
Usually, 𝑟& ≥ 10𝑅' therefore:
𝑅'
𝐴) ≈ − (4.7𝑎)
𝑟𝑒

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(d) Current gain Ai
Notice that the network derived in this subsection is the same as that of
CE fixed bias configurations except that RB is replaced by R’ therefore
𝛽𝑟& 𝑅′
𝐴! = × 4.7
𝑟& + 𝑅' 𝑅′ + 𝛽𝑟𝑒
Depending on the test values of 𝑟( ≥ 10𝑅' 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅" ≥ 10𝛽𝑟𝑒 we get:
𝐴! ≈ 𝛽 (4.7𝑎)
But for current gain we can just used the two port parameter analysis:

𝑍!
𝐴! = −𝐴- (4.7𝑏)
𝑅'

* Discuss the phase relationship

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Example question two
Note: To find re, IE needs to be determined from the DC bias point. In this
case find IB first.

Find when ro=∞Ω

(i) re
(ii) Zi
(iii) Zo
(iv) Av
(v) Ai

[18.44Ω;1.35KΩ;6.8KΩ;-368.76;73.04]

As a self assignment student to repeat the exercise with ro=50KΩ)

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UNBYPASSED CE CONFIGURATION

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(a) Input Impedance Zi (consider ro=∞Ω)
• When we look into the input side, Zi can be derived as follows:
Consider the combined resistance of βre and RE as ZB therefore
𝑍! = 𝑅𝐵||𝑍𝐵 (4.8)
)!
But: 𝑍" = ∵ 𝑉! = 𝐼% 𝛽𝑟𝑒 + 𝛽 + 1 𝐼% 𝑅/ (4.8a)
."

Therefore: ZB= 𝛽𝑟𝑒 + 𝛽 + 1 𝑅/ but usually β ≫ 1 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

ZB≈ 𝛽𝑟𝑒 + 𝛽𝑅𝐸 (4.8b)

When 𝑅/ ≫ 𝑟𝑒 then 𝑍" ≈ 𝛽𝑅/ (4.8c)

𝑍! ≈ 𝑅" ||𝛽𝑅/ (4.8d)

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(b) Output Impedance Zo
When we set the input signal Ib to 0A we get βIb=0mA therefore,

𝑍! = 𝑅" 4.9
What happens when we consider the effects of ro??

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(C) Voltage gain Av
• The voltage gain is given by:
𝑉&
𝐴) =
𝑉!
But 𝑉& = −𝐼& 𝑅0 = −𝛽𝐼% 𝑅' and 𝑉! = 𝐼% 𝑍"

1#
This works out to be 𝐴- = − (4.10)
#$21$
Since mostly 𝑅/ ≫ 𝑟𝑒 then
1#
𝐴- ≈ − (4.10𝑎)
1$

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(d) Current gain Ai
𝛽𝑅/
𝐴! = 4.11
𝑅" + 𝑍"
Working out the ratio of output current to input current works out to
equation (4.11).
Current gain can also simply be computed by the 2-port equation:
𝑍!
𝐴! = −𝐴-
𝑅'
Note: Phase relationship reveals a 180° out of phase for currents.
So far we have looked at the output impedance assuming an infinite
output resistance ro. As a self assignment re-analyse the circuit in this
sub-section by putting ro into consideration and find the expression for
Zo, Av, Ai.

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EMITTER FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION
This configuration has its output taken from the
emitter terminal hence the name emitter
follower. Vo is only slightly less that one due to
the effects of VBE hence Av≅1. Vo is also in phase
with Vi
Hence Vo follows Vi in phase and magnitude
hence the name emitter follower. The figure
shown is an emitter follower circuit.

The most common use of an emitter follower is in

impedance matching of transmission lines. The
circuit has a high input impedance and a relatively
low output impedance which is opposite to what
we saw with the fixed bias CE configuration.
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Equivalent circuit for the emitter follower

(a) Input Impedance

Consider the combined resistance of
branch βre and RE is ZB.
𝑍# = 𝑅$ ||𝑍$ (4.12)
Since 𝛽 ≫ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅% ≥ 10𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑍$ ≈ 𝛽𝑅%

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(b) Output Impedance (Zo)
Usually, we set the input signal to 0 but it is not preferred in this case
(however we will investigate this during a class session).
We consider the current 𝐼/ flowing through the output resistance RE.
Substituting for IB in IE= (β+1)IB. We ultimately get:
𝑉!
𝐼/ ≈ 4.13
𝑟𝑒 + 𝑅/
Now we can set Vi=0:
𝑍! = 𝑅% ||𝑟𝑒 (4.14)

If 𝑅% ≫ 𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑍! ≈ 𝑟𝑒 (4.15)

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(c) Voltage gain Av
𝑅/ 𝑉!
𝑉& = 4.16
𝑅/ + 𝑟𝑒

Equation 4.16 is obtained from voltage divider rule in the previously

derived circuit. Making Vo/Vi subject to get voltage gain gives:

𝑅/
𝐴- = 4.17
𝑅/ + 𝑟𝑒
But 𝑅/ ≫ 𝑟𝑒 therefore:
𝑅/
𝐴- ≈ ≈ 1 (𝑛𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)
𝑅/

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(d) Current gain (Av)
The current gain can be obtained from the ratio of the output current
to the input current from the equivalent circuit to get:

𝛽𝑅"
𝐴! = − (4.18)
𝑅" + 𝑍"
Or you can use the generic 2-port equation:

𝑍!
𝐴! = −𝐴-
𝑅/

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Example question
For the given circuit find the values of the following
parameters:

(a) re (b) Zi (c) Zo (d) Av and (e) Ai

[12.61Ω, 132.72KΩ, 12.56Ω, 1, -39.67]

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