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Chapter 3. Synthesis of driving point functions

Elementary synthesis procedures
Removal of a Pole at infinity
Removal of a pole at Origin
Removal of complex conjugate
Removal of minimum resistance/conductance
Reference:
1 Singh Network Analysis and Synthesis, Chapter 16(16.4), page 1162
2 Franklin Kuo Network Analysis and Synthesis, Chapter 10 (10.4), page 308

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Elementary synthesis Concepts
We know that impedances and admittances of passive networks are positive real
functions. Hence, addition of impedances of the two passive networks gives a function
which is also a positive real function.
When impedances are connected in series there equivalent is the sum of each
impedance. For admittance, it will be addition when they are connected in parallel.

Figure: Equivalent impedance of series connected Figure: Equivalent admittance of parallel

are sum of each connected are sum of each

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Elementary synthesis Concepts
There is a special terminology for synthesis procedure. We have,

Z(s) =Z1 (s) + Z2 (s)

Z2 (s) =Z(s) − Z1 (s)

Here Z1 (s) is said to have been removed from Z(s) in forming the new function Z(s)
as shown in Fig. above.
There are four important removal operations.
1. Removal of a Pole at Infinity
Consider an impedance function Z(s) having a pole at infinity which means that the
numerator polynomial is one degree greater than the degree of the denominator
polynomial.
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Elementary synthesis Concepts

Now Z1 (s)=Hs and

Z2 (s) =Z(s) − Hs

Z1 (s) = Hs represents impedance of an Figure: Network interpretation of the removal of

inductor of value H. Hence, the removal a pole at infinity
of a pole at infinity corresponds to the
removal of an inductor from the network If the given function is an admittance
of Fig. function Y(s), then Y a capacitor Y1 (s) = Hs
represents the admittance of capacitor of
value C = H.
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Elementary synthesis Concepts
2. Removal of a Pole at Origin
If Z(s) has a pole at the origin then
Z1 (s)=k/s and it may be written as

k
Z2 (s) =Z(s) − , where
s Figure: Network interpretation of the removal of
k =sZ(s)|s=0 a pole at origin

Z1 (s) represents the impedance of a Thus, removal of a pole from the impedance
capacitor of value 1/k. If the given function function Z(s) at the origin corresponds to the
is an admittance function Y(s) then removal removal of a capacitor, and from admittance
of Y1 (s) = ks corresponds to an inductor of function Y(s) corresponds to removal of an
value 1/k. inductor.
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Elementary synthesis Concepts
3. Removal of Conjugate Imaginary Poles
If Z(s) contains poles on the imaginary axis,
s = ±jω1 , then Z(s) will have factors (s + jω1 )(s-j
ω1 )=s2 + ω12 in the denominator.

2k1 s Figure: Network interpretation of the

Z2 (s) =Z(s) − , where removal of conjugate imaginary poles
s + ω12
2

k1 =(s − jω1 )Z(s)|s=jω1

where y1 = 2ks1 is the admittance of
a capacitor of value C=1/2k1 and
ω2
2k1 s 1 1 y2 = 2k11 s is the admittance of a
Z1 (s) = = =
s2 + ω12 s
+
ω12 Y1 + Y2 inductor of value L= 2k 1
.
2k1 2k1 s ω2 1

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Elementary synthesis Concepts

If the given function is an admittance

function Y(s) then

2k1 s 1 1 Thus, removal of conjugate imaginary poles

Y1 (s) = = = from impedance function Z(s) corresponds to
s2 + ω12 s
+
ω12 Z1 + Z2
2k1 2k1 s the removal of the parallel combination of L
s and C and from admittance function Y(s)
where z1 = 2k1 is the admittance of a
corresponds to removal of series combination
ω2
inductor of value L=1/2k1 and z2 = 2k11 s is of L and C.
the admittance of a capacitor of value
C= 2k
ω2
1
.
1

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Elementary synthesis Concepts
Example: Synthesize the
impedance function
4. Removal of a Constant s3 + 4s
If a real number R1 is subtracted from Z (s) such that Z(s) =
s2 + 2
Solution: Here, since the degree
Z2 (s) =Z(s) − R1 numerator is one degree greater
than degree of denominator there is
If Re[(Z(jω)] is minimum at some point ωi , and if the pole at infinity, i.e., removal of pole
value of Re[Z(jωi )] = K, we can remove a constant at infinity can be done.
R1 ≤K from Re [Z(jω )] so that the remainder is still
positive real.

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Elementary synthesis Concepts

2s
Thus Z(s)=Z1 (s) + Z2 (s)= s + , i.e., For parallel impedance,
s2 + 2
Z1 (s) = s [1H inductor] is in series with Z2 (s). 1 1
Now let’s synthesize Z2 (s). Divide both by 2s Zeq = 1 1 =
Z3 + Z4
Y3 + Y4
2s 1
Z2 (s) = = s 1
Therefore Z2 (s) is the two parallel
s2 + 2 +
2 s elements equivalent, where Y1 (s) = s/2
When two impedance are connected in series, and Y2 = 1/s which are Capacitor of
Zeq = Z3 + Z4 , and when they connected in 1/2F and Inductor of 1H connected in
parallel, Z1eq = Z13 + Z14 . But reciprocal of parallel. And the overall realization will
impedance is admittance. be Z1 = s in series connection with Z2 .

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Elementary synthesis Concepts

s2 + 2s + 10
Z(s) =
s(s + 5)

Z(s) have pole at origin, i.e., removing pole @

origin (A/s) can be done. Where residue A can
be found, A=sZ(s)|s=0 = 2.

s2 + 2s + 10 2 s2 s
Figure: Network realization of example 1 Z2 (s) = − = 2 =
s(s + 5) s s + 5s s+5

Example 2: Realize the network Z(s) is a series connection of Z1 (s) = 2/s, or a

s
having impedance function capacitor of 1/2 F, and Z2 (s) = .
s+5
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Elementary synthesis Concepts

s 1 1
Z2 (s) = = =
s+5 5 Y1 + Y2
1+
s
Thus, Z2 (s) is a parallel connection of
admittance value of 1 [1Ω resistor] and
admittance value of 5/s [Inductor of 1/5H].
The final realization become 1/2 F capacitor will
be in series connection with parallel connection of
1Ω resistor and 1/5 H inductor. Figure: Network realization of example 2

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Elementary synthesis Concepts
Example 3: Realize the network having
impedance function 6s3 + 5s2 + 6s + 4 2
Z2 (s) = −
6s3 + 5s2 + 6s + 4 2s3 + 2s s
Z(s) = 3 2
6s + s + 6s
2s3 + 2s =
2s3 + 2s
Here, it can be done in 3 ways. one way is to 2
6s + s + 6
remove pole at origin; the second way is to remove =
2s2 + 2
complex conjugate poles and the third way is to
remove constant. Let’s do in all of them. Z(s) is a series connection of
Method 1: Start by removing pole at origin Z1 (s) = 2/s, or a capacitor of 1/2 F,
Z(s) have pole at origin, i.e., removing pole @ 6s2 + s + 6
and . Z2 (s) have the same
origin (A/s) can be done. Where residue A can be 2s2 + 2
found, A=sZ(s)|s=0 = 2. degree of numerator and denominator,
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Elementary synthesis Concepts

so, removing constant can be done. To do 6s2 + s + 6

Z4 (s) =Z2 (s) − Z3 (s) = −3
this, let’s find Re[Z2 (jω)]. 2s2 + 2
s 1
 −6ω 2 + jω + 6  −6ω 2 + 6 = = 2
Re[Z2 (jω)] =Re = 2s2+2 2s + s
−2ω 2 + 2 −2ω 2 + 2
2
6ω − 6 Z4 (s) is a parallel connection of a capacitor
= 2
2ω − 2 of 2 F, and inductor of 1/2 H.
2 s

6ω 2 − 6
 Z(s)= + 3 + 2 , is a series connection
min Re[Z2 (jω)] = = 3 is 3. Let s 2s + 2
2ω 2 − 2 of 1/2 F capacitor, 3 Ω resistor and a
Z2 (s) = Z3 (s) + Z4 (s) parallel connection of a capacitor of 2 F, and
inductor of 1/2 H.

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Elementary synthesis Concepts
Method 2: Start by removing complex
conjugate pole at j 6s + 4 6s 4 2
Z(s) have Complex conjugate poles at s=±j, i.e., = = + =3+
2s 2s 2s s
removing complex conjugate pole 2k1 /(s2 + 1)


T his means Z(s) is written as
can be done. Where residue k1 can be found,
1/2s 2 s 2
k1 =(s-j)Z(s)|s=j =1/4. Z(s) = 2 +3+ = 2 +3+
s +1 s 2s + 2 s
6s3 + 5s2 + 6s + 4 1/2s s 2
Z2 (s) = − 2 Z(s)= + 3 + ,is the same as in
2s(s2 + 1) s +1 2s2
+2 s
6s3 + 4s2 + 6s + 4 method 1, is a series connection of 1/2 F
= capacitor, 3 Ω resistor and a parallel
2s(s2 + 1)
6s(s2 + 1) + 4(s2 + 1) connection of a capacitor of 2 F, and
= inductor of 1/2 H.
2s(s2 + 1)
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 Elementary synthesis Concepts
Method 3: Start by removing constant min {Re(Z(jw))} =3. So, we can
Since the degree of numerator and denominator remove R=3 from Z(s).
are the same, removing constant can be done. to
do this find Re[Z(jω)] first. 6s3 + 5s2 + 6s + 4
Z2 (s) = −3
2s3 + 2s
−j6w3 − 5w2 + 6jw + 4 5s2 + 4
Z(jw) = 3 =
−j2w + j2w 2s3 + 2s
3
j(−6w + 6w) − 5w + 4 2
= Z2 (s) have pole at origin, i.e., removing
j(−2w3 + 2w)
pole, A/s, at origin can be done. A=
6w3 − 6w + j(−5w2 + 4) sZ (s)|
= 2 s=0 =2.
2w3 − 2w
6w3 − 6w 6w2 − 6 5s2 + 4 2 s2 s
Re[Z(jw)] = 3 = 2
= 3 Z 4 (s) = 3
− = 3
= 2
2w − 2w 2w − 2 2s + 2s s 2s + 2s 2s + 2
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Elementary synthesis Concepts

Here also the same as Method 1 and 2,

2 s
Z(s)=3 + + 2 is a series connection of 3
s 2s + 2
Ω resistor, 1/2 F capacitor, and a parallel
connection of a capacitor of 2 F, and inductor of
1/2 H.
There is also other possible methods to do this.
you could see your text.
Figure: Network realization of example 3

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