Contents

Q1).................................................................................................................................................................2

Q2..................................................................................................................................................................4

Q3..................................................................................................................................................................6

Reference:.....................................................................................................................................................8
Q1) Explain the development of pidgins and creoles and discuss the view on whether they
count as varieties of English or entirely separate different languages?

Whenever two people contact to share their interests, the first thing they depend upon is
the language understandable for both the partner. It was the pidgin development base (Todd,
2003). Pidgin is considered the first language in this journey. It is a simplified form, and the
main objective to ease communication, but the deficiency of grammatical complexity leads to
muddles. One example of pidgin is Tok Pisin, which is derived from English. The first type of
language that is artificially developed from pidgin is labeled as creoles. Creoles acquire more
complexity resulting in making the language more feminine for both communities. Ceroles
acquires the characteristics of proper grammar, hugely established vocabularies, and adopted by
generation as the native language. ( Calvet, L.J., 2006. Towards an ecology of world languages.
Polity).

The other varieties are also considered as English as both have the same base. The new
Englishes have developed over the period for verbal, attitudinal, and practical needs (Kachru,
1981. The pragmatics of non-native varieties) in English for cross-cultural communication (pp.
15-39). Palgrave Macmillan, London). The new Englishes were needed because of the quickly
developing assemblage of English writing and its extension worldwide. Its use in
communication, press, broadcasting, politics, and education makes English a global language. Its
varieties are its modification and easing other communities in building a bridge. More than 70
countries use English as an official language, and one-third of the world uses it for
communication. The united nation demands a working language for its 192 members, and
English played this function. English acquired a lot of position due to its political, scientific,
economic, and traditional power. English played a significant role in globalization by resolving
language-related issues. The varieties of English differ in the aspects of diversity, origin,
pronunciation, and grammar.

The English language itself is changing to adjust to the conditions in which it is utilized
and various settings in its work. Language contact brings about new assortments of English
creating, which are impacted by the networks' linguistic and informative acts that utilize the
language. The varieties of English is spoken around the whole world share certain features due to
common language background. English acquired a lot of variation during the past 1000 years,
but a line continuing back is still seen. So the varieties should be referred to as an example of the
development of the same language.
Q2. Explain how different patterns of colonization contributed to the spread of English in
different ways. Provide evidence to support your argument.?

Colonization is described as the establishment of a language ,often by communities of

English speakers in the world. The process of colonization took almost 300 years and affected
almost 4 continents. In this English colonization journey, three types of colonization are seen
Displacement, Subjection Replacement, and each has resulted in some verbal imports.

The colonization played the main role in the spread of English inside and out of British. The
interest it shares was to play a role in economic, social, and political issues. The spread of
English within British is also included in colonization; for this purpose, the land was allotted to
knights. Displacement is referred to as the migration of English speakers outside of the British,
like North America and Australia. North America is the first clonal expansion step that leads to
English development as an international language. In North America, a variety of English
merged due to exposure to different languages. Even though the language is similar to the initial
one but it does have differences. American English has multiple new dialects. Further diversity is
seen in American English when immigrants are reached, e.g., Irish American, Italian American.
The diversity affects the language, due to which Noah Webster tried to create American
Dictionary to save its identity.

The second step in colonization is subjection, in which language is adapted as a second

language. The second type of colonization was accomplished in West Africa around the 1880s.
These small clonal settlements were made for slaves and controlled by British officials. It
resulted in English-based pidgins having words of other languages.

The third type of colonization is a replacement in which a pre-colonial population was

replaced by labor from somewhere else, and it was seen in Barbados and Jamaica. Slaves were
brought from different locations, and the main communicating language was pidgins; later, the
language required extension to make communication clearer and more defined. This lead to the
development of creoles. It can be seen in English speaking the Caribbean like Jamaica. Jamacia
was used for sugar production by English speakers, and the slaves were brought there from
Africa. They communicate with the common language, probably creoles influencing their mother
language. This is labeled as 'Africanisms, showing not only their culture but also the words from
their native language.

The conclusion of patterns of colonization in English is it helped in the establishment of a

common language due to deficiency of one. The presentation of English in different areas filled a
few needs. Thus gaining knowledge of the English language has been significant in the history of
colonization.
Q3.What is the difference of between ENL/ESL and EFL? Use examples and evidences
from kachru's circles, colonization patterns, settlement history, and contexts of use to
explain their distinguished characteristics and support your discussion.

ESL is English, usually taught to people in an English-speaking country OR countries the

inner circle. EFL is English, taught to a foreigner, non-English speaking country, or the outer-
circle countries. The difference seen in these variations is due to many reasons. The standard is
the English of England, and compared to it, many differences can be rule out in English varieties.

Kachru (1985) divides the English into three circles: the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle,
and the Expanding Circle. These circles represent the English along with variation. The inner-
circle represents countries having English as the first language, including the USA, UK, etc. The
outer circle represents countries using English as their country's chief setting, including
Malaysia, Singapore, etc. (Rajadurai, 2005). The expanding circle includes the countries in
which English is taught as a foreign language and use for communication purposes only at a
large scale, like China, Japan.

There are many reasons for variation in English across the different circles of English
speakers. Descriptions of different languages mainly focus on their uniqueness and characteristic
features.

The difference is dependent upon the following factors like

i. Any change in dialect made by the spoken due to influence of mother language
ii. Change in language over time due to more modification in the language
iii. Changes due to regional differences
iv. Retaining of some old forms

The change in dialect can be explained by changes found in the lexicon (vocabulary) and
grammar and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody) as if one person utters the sentence
'John is a farmer.' Another says the same thing except pronounces the word farmer as 'fahmuh,'
then the difference is the accent.ENL is the people with English as the first language, and they
learn it like and

linguistic distance is one factor that causes the difference in varieties of a language
 The English of inner circle has differences due to indigenous language, like innovation
with Scottish leads to Scottish English formation. An example of this variation includes: So we
a'gied down there. (gied = went).This variation of agied developed in Scotland and is not seen in
other varieties.' I-vocalization' such as pronouncing ball as ba is another example of innovation,
in addition to it is the use of rhotic speech is the retention of old English

The vowel change is another variation in English that can be observed. 'house' is
pronounced as hoose in more northern dialects: hoose is the original, unshifted pronunciation.
English of the outer world can be explained by the example of india where the language was first
taught by christian but became their chief governing language. During its establishment, Indian
English is generally rhotic, and the sound of v/w is not distinguished, and the pronunciation of t
and d is also different.

The ELF is the country where English is learned as a foreign language, like in Japan,
China. The English have nonofficial value in these countries. They understand the rule of
English, but no distinct variety can be seen. Many loanwords are adopted into both English and
Japanese.
Reference:
Calvet, L.J., 2006. Language wars: Language policies and globalization. Nanovic
Institute for European Studies.

Kachru, B., 1985. Institutionalized second-language varieties. The English language

today, pp.211-226.

Kachru, B.B., 1983. Regional norms for English.

Rajadurai, J., 2016. Pronunciation issues in non-native contexts: A Malaysian case

study. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research, 2(1), p.18.

Todd, R.W., 2003. EAP or TEAP?. Journal of English for academic purposes, 2(2),
pp.147-156.