Uni-axial strain
∆𝐷
P P
𝛿
𝑃𝐿 𝛿
𝛿= 𝜀=
𝐴𝐸 𝐿
Hooke’s Law POISSON’S RATIO (𝜈)
𝜎 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑦
E= 𝜈=− =−
𝜀 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑥
MULTI-AXIAL STRAIN
1
𝜀𝑥 = [𝜎𝑥 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ]
𝐸
1
𝜀𝑦 = [𝜎𝑦 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 ]
𝐸
1
𝜀𝑧 = [𝜎𝑧 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ]
𝐸
Dilatation/Volumetric Strain Sign Convention
Δ𝑉 3 1−2𝜈 𝑃 Compression = Negative
𝑒= ≈ 𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧 =
𝑉 𝐸 Tension = Positive
Example #1:
A 20-mm diameter rod is subjected to a tensile force P=6kN.
An elongation of 14 mm and a decrease in diameter of 0.85
mm are observed in a 150-mm length rod.
a.) Determine the modulus of Elasticity.
b.) Determine the Poisson's ratio of the material.
c.) If the rod is subjected to compressive pressures of 5 kPa
along the length and 2 kPa at the lateral sides, determine the
change in length and diameter of the rod.
∆𝐷
P 𝐷 = 20 𝑚𝑚 P
𝐿 = 150 𝑚𝑚 𝛿
Given:
𝑃 = 6 𝑘𝑁 𝐿 = 150 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝐿 = 14𝑚𝑚 Diameter= 20 𝑚𝑚
∆𝐷 = −0.85 𝑚𝑚
Solution:
𝑃𝐿
a.) 𝛿𝐿 = , 𝐸 =?
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝐿 6000𝑁(150 𝑚𝑚) 𝑁
𝐸= = 2 = 204.628 2
= 𝟐𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐴𝛿𝐿 20𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 (14𝑚𝑚)
2
b.) Poisson’s ratio (𝜈)
∆𝐷 −0.85𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑦
𝜈=− = − = − 𝐷 = − 20𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑥 𝛿𝐿 14 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 150 𝑚𝑚
𝟓𝟏
𝝂= 𝐨𝐫 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟓
𝟏𝟏𝟐
c.) If the rod is subjected to compressive pressures of 5 kPa
along the length and 2 kPa at the lateral sides, determine the
change in length and diameter of the rod.
Sign Convention
Compression = Negative
Tension = Positive 2kPa
x 5kPa
𝜎𝑥 = −5𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝐸 = 204.628 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑦 = −2𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝐿 = 150 𝑚𝑚
Diameter= 20 𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝐿 = 𝛿𝑥
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐷 = 𝛿𝑦
1
𝜀𝑥 = [𝜎 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ]
𝐸 𝑥
1 51
𝜀𝑥 = [−5𝑘𝑃𝑎 − −2𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 0 ]
204.628𝑥103 𝑘𝑃𝑎 112
𝜀𝑥 = −1.998𝑥10−5
𝛿𝑥
𝜀𝑥 = 𝛿𝑥 = 𝐿𝑥 𝜀𝑥 = 150𝑚𝑚 −1.998𝑥10−5
𝐿𝑥
𝜹𝒙 = −𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒎
1
𝜀𝑦 = [𝜎𝑦 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 ]
𝐸
1 51
𝜀𝑦 = [−2𝑘𝑃𝑎 − −5𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 0 ]
204.628𝑥103 𝑘𝑃𝑎 112
𝜀𝑦 = 1.353𝑥10−6
𝛿𝑦
𝜀𝑦 = 𝛿𝑦 = 𝐿𝑦 𝜀𝑦 = 20𝑚𝑚 1.353𝑥10−6
𝐿𝑦
𝜹𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Example #2:
A rod made of aluminum alloy, with a gauge length of 100 mm,
diameter of 10 mm, and yield strength of 150 MPa, was subjected to
a tensile load of 5.85 kN. If the gauge length was changed to 100.1
mm and the diameter was changed to 9.9967 mm, calculate the
modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio.
∆𝐷
P 𝐷 = 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑷 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝐿 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝛿
Given:
𝑃 = 5.85 𝑘𝑁
𝛿𝐿 = 100.1𝑚𝑚 − 100𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚𝑚
∆𝐷 = 9.9967𝑚𝑚 − 10𝑚𝑚 = 0.0033 𝑚𝑚
Solution:
𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝐿 = , 𝐸 =?
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝐿 5850𝑁(100 𝑚𝑚) 𝑁
𝐸= = 2 = 74484.51
𝐴𝛿𝐿 10𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋 (0.1𝑚𝑚)
2
𝑬 = 𝟕𝟒, 𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟓𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂
b.) Poisson’s ratio (𝜈)
∆𝐷 −0.0033𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑦 10𝑚𝑚
𝜈=− =− =− 𝐷 =−
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀𝑥 𝛿 0.1 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 100 𝑚𝑚
𝝂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
Example #3:
A cube made of alloy with dimensions 50mm x 50mm x 50mm is
placed into a pressure chamber and subjected to a pressure of 90
MPa. If the modulus of elasticity of the alloy is 100 GPa and
Poisson’s ratio is 0.28, assuming that the material remains within the
elastic region.
a.) What will be the length of each side of the cube.
b.) Calculate the volumetric strain e.
-90 MPa
-90 MPa
-90 MPa
𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 = −90 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1
𝜀𝑥 = [𝜎𝑥 − 𝜈 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ]
𝐸
1
𝜀𝑥 = [−90𝑀𝑃𝑎 − 0.28 −90𝑀𝑃𝑎 + (−90𝑀𝑃𝑎) ]
100𝑥103 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑥 = −3.96𝑥10−4
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜀𝑦 = 𝜀𝑧 = −3.96𝑥10−4
𝛿
𝜀= 𝛿 = 𝜀𝐿 , 𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑧
𝐿
𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑧 = −3.96𝑥10−4 50𝑚𝑚 = −0.0198 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑥 = 𝐿𝑦 = 𝐿𝑧 = 50𝑚𝑚 − 0.0198 𝑚𝑚 = 49.9802 𝑚𝑚
Δ𝑉 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 49.9802 3 − 50 3
𝑚𝑚 3
𝑒= = = = −1.188𝑥10−3
𝑉 𝑉𝑖 503 𝑚𝑚3
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
• Elasticity-ability of a deformed material body to return to its original
shape and size when the forces causing the deformation are removed.
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (E) in GPa or MPa is used to measure
Elasticity
• Ductility-The ability of a material to prevent deformation under tensile
stress.
• Malleability-The ability of a material to prevent deformation under
compressive stress.
• Resilience-The ability of a materials to absorb energy when it is
deformed elastically and release that energy upon loading.
• Toughness- the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically
deform without fracturing.
• Strain Hardening-the material undergoes changes in its structure
resulting in increased resistance to further deformation
• Elasticity-the material returns to its original shape when the load is
removed
• Plasticity- it is a condition when the material breaks down and deforms
permanently even due to a slight increase in stress above the elastic
limit
• Yielding-the material deforms considerably even with a slight increase
in stress.
