NCM 121

DISASTER CONTINUUM

GROUP A
ACLADO, MARRIELA
AMASAN, JESSICA
BAGUIO, RHEALYN
BALAZA, LORENZ JOSPEH
BORDALLO, ANAGELEIGH
CABER, HUSSBEL
CATOR, MA. KATHERINE
COMONICAL, SHYMAE
CONTRIDAS, ROTCHIE
TEOLOGO, JOSHUA

Submitted to: MS. BANOLERVICA C. NOVELA, RN, MSN

 CONTENT:  planning
 implementation of measures before
A. PRE-IMPACT
the incident occurs.
1. Prevention/mitigation
2. UNITED NATIONS NURSING ACTIONS:
3. International strategy for disaster
1. Participate in the development of
reduction-
community disaster plans
4. HYOGO framework for action on
2. Participate in community risk
disaster reduction
assessment:
5. Hazard, risk, and vulnerability
 Elements of hazard analysis
analysis
for all-hazards approach
- Hazard focus
 Hazard mapping
- Site specific
 Vulnerability analysis
3. Initiate disaster prevention measures:
 Prevention or removal of
DISASTER CONTINUUM hazard
 Public awareness campaigns
The life cycle of a disaster is generally
 Establishment of early
referred to as the “disaster continuum,” or
warning systems
“emergency management cycle.” This life
 Movement/relocation of at-
cycle is characterized by three major phases
risk populations
—preimpact (before), impact (during), and
4. Perform disaster drills and table-top
postimpact (after)—and provide the
exercises.
foundation for the disaster time line
5. Identify educational and training
needs for all nurses.
6. Develop disaster nursing databases
for notification, mobilization, and
triage of emergency nurse staffing
resources.
7. Develop evaluation plans for all
components of disaster nursing
response.
Preparedness refers to the proactive
planning efforts designed to structure the
disaster response prior to its occurrence.
 evaluating potential vulnerabilities
(assessment of risk
 propensity for a disaster to occur.
Mitigation includes measures taken to
reduce the harmful effects of a disaster by
attempting to limit its impact on human
health, community function, and economic
infrastructure.
Prevention refers to a broad range of
activities, such as attempts to prevent a
disaster from occurring, and any actions
taken to prevent further disease, disability,
or loss of life
PRE-IMPACT
 forethought
The International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (ISDR) is a
global
framework established within the United
Nations
A “disaster” is defined as: “a serious
disruption of the functioning of a 7 ways to reduce vulnerability and
community or a society at any scale due to prepare for disaster:
hazardous events interacting with conditions 1. Know the hazards in your area;
of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, 2. Know your vulnerabilities;
leading to one or more of the following: 3. Know your risks;
human, material, economic and 4. Know how to find information about
environmental losses and impacts” (United the weather; and
Nations International Strategy for 5. How to protect yourself, your family,
Disaster Reduction [UNISDR], 2017). and properties form potential threat;
6. Know about the potential risks to
your properties; and
7. Know how to take immediate actions
around your home to help minimize
a disaster if something begins to
occur.
Integration

PURPOSE:  Communicate with your neighbors.

Do they have disaster plans?
 reduce social vulnerability and risks  What are they? Do they plan to
of natural hazards and related evacuate in the event of a disaster?
technological and environmental  Make an agreement to share
disasters. information with each other in the
 facilitate, in an inter-agency effort event of a disaster.
Governments and communities in  Communicate with your family.
disaster-prone areas in integrating Create a family disaster plan.
the management of risk into their  Where will you go if you need to
development policies, programmes evacuate? Who is in charge of doing
and projects. what in an emergency? Select an out
 Long-term goal- enable of state person all the members of
communities to become resilient to your family can contact if you get
disasters saving lives as well as separated and cannot reach each
social, economic, and environmental other. Be sure everyone knows how
assets. to contact the out of state person.
 increase public awareness about  Social media is a great, free tool that
disaster reduction, you can use.
 to motivate commitment from public
authorities,
 to stimulate inter-disciplinary and Here are also some of the most vital things
inter-sectoral partnerships that can and reminders the UNISDR highly directs,
improve the scientific knowledge on one may consider.
natural hazards and the causes of
disasters. 1. TRUST – one should have known
trusted source of announcements and
other vital information regarding the
 occurrence of a disaster, including 1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction
trusted community officials and is a national and a local priority
appropriate authorities with a strong institutional basis for
implementation.
2. Subsistence – one should have “go-
kits” readily available for one’s Key activities:
survival during a disaster. It may be
 Creating effective, multi-sector
composed of food and water that
national platforms to
could sustain each member of the
household for at least 3 days. It may  provide policy guidance and to
also include small stockpile of coordinate activities;
medication, and must be placed in a
strategic location for easy  Integrating disaster risk reduction
accessibility. into development

3. Mobility - one should have a pre-  policies and planning, such as

planned course of transportation, Poverty Reduction
their way, as well as one’s freedom  Strategies; and,
to leave their work in case they have
to prioritize more important matters  Ensuring community participation,
such as their kids in schools. so that local needs are met.

4. Impact avoidance - Also referred as 2. Identify, assess and monitor

MITIGATION, includes taking disaster risks and enhance early
action to reduce or eliminate risks of warning.
impact during a disaster.  National and local risk
assessments
5. Adaptability – it is also important  Early warning
that one recognizes their weak spots  Capacity
so that they can have a pre planned  Regional and emerging risks
alternatives that could minimize the
effects of a disaster. 3. Use knowledge, innovation and
education to build a culture of
safety and resilience at all levels.

HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR  Providing relevant

information on disaster risks
ACTION:
and means of protection,
 key instrument for implementing especially for citizens in
disaster risk reduction high-risk areas;
 to build resilience of nations and  Strengthening networks and
communities to disasters, by promoting dialogue and
achieving substantive reduction of cooperation among disaster
disaster losses by 2015 - in lives, and experts, technical and
in the social, economic, and scientific specialists, planners
environmental assets of communities and other stakeholders;
and countries  Including disaster risk
 offers five areas of priorities for reduction subject matter in
action, guiding principles and formal, non-formal, and
practical means for achieving informal education and
disaster resilience for vulnerable training activities;
communities in the context of  Developing or strengthening
sustainable development. community-based disaster
risk management
PRIORITIES FOR ACTION:
programmes; and,
  Working with the media in from interactions between natural of human-
disaster risk reduction induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
awareness activities.
Conventionally;
4. Reduce the underlying risk
Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability
factors.
For some;
Vulnerability is increased such as:
Risk = (Hazard x Vulnerability) –
 Locating communities in
Capacity
hazard-prone areas, such as
flood plains; Vulnerability – condition determined by
 Destroying forests and physical, social, economic and
wetlands, thereby harming environmental factors or processes, which
the capacity of the increase the susceptibility of a community to
environment to withstand the impact of hazards.
hazards;
 Building public facilities and Social Vulnerability – people’s capacity to
housing unable to withstand anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover
the impacts of hazards; and, from the impacts of a natural hazards
 Not having social and  Refers to behavioral changes
financial safety mechanisms
in place. At risk more

5. Strengthen disaster preparedness  gone through the disaster themselves.

for effective response at all levels.  in close contact with victims (e.g.,
frontliners/ first responders or
 The development and regular rescuers).
testing of contingency plans;  Gender
 The establishment of o Womenpoor, less educated,
emergency funds to support and politically marginalized.
preparedness, response and  having a family member e.g children,
recovery activities; spouse
 The development of  children
coordinated regional  adults aged 40-60
approaches for effective  education
disaster response; and, o we can learn how to avoid or
 Continuous dialogue between reduce many impacts. When
response agencies, planners populations are literate, then
and policy-makers, and written messages can be used
development organizations. to spread word about hazards
in general or about specific
disasters.
HAZARD, RISK AND  Age
VULNERABILITY o Children and elderly
 Governance
ANALYSIS o Governments can advance
Hazards – phenomena that poses a threat to policies that reduce
people, structures, or economic assets and vulnerability. They can
which may cause disaster (either manmade establish agencies tasked with
naturally occurring). reducing vulnerability (e.g.,
Interagency Task Force
Risk – the probability of harmful (IATF) for Pandemic
consequences, or expected losses resulting COVID- 19).
 Technology
 o Technology can improve our Human vulnerability - most susceptible
ability to forecast extreme groups to any environmental hazards are the
events, withstand the impacts children, pregnant, the elderly, people with
of the events, and recover poor health status, those with co-morbidities,
afterwards. immunocompromised, and those living in
extreme poverty.
Economic Vulnerability – vast majority of
lives both lost and affected by natural  Refers to physiological changes
hazards come from developing countries,  Based from section 3 of Republic
underlining the link between poverty and Act 8429, it defines that there are 14
vulnerability to disasters disadvantaged sectors in the society
which are as follows:
 Industrialized Countries  Farmer - peasant
o Suffer higher short term  Artisanal fisherfolk
economic losses.  Workers in the formal sector and
o e.g., early warning systems migrant workers
and building regulations to  Workers in the informal sector
ensure development in high-  Indigenous people and cultural
risk areas is designed to communities
withstand forces.  Women
o Have immediate emergency  Differently - abled persons
and medical relief  Senior citizens
infrastructure available which  Victims of calamities and disasters
reduces casualty numbers.  Youth and student
o Have insurance against  Children
property and infrastructure  Urban poor
losses.  Cooperatives
 Non - governmental organizations
 Wealth
 Developing Countries o The poor are less able to
o long- term economic and afford housing and other
social development of the infrastructure that can
country. withstand extreme events.
o Lack of resources for early o They are also less likely to
warning systems; unplanned have access to medical care
informal settlers/squatter o less able to purchase
developments are not resources needed for disaster
designed to withstand natural response
forces. o less likely to have insurance
o lack of relief infrastructure policies that can contribute.
and resources. o Rich more monetary loss
o divert funds from o Eg. Hurricane Katrina
development programs to (wealthier area, fewer deaths,
emergency relief and higher monetary damage);
recovery. Cyclone Nargis (poorer area,
Physical Vulnerability more deaths, less monetary
damage).
- Human vulnerability
Agricultural vulnerability - agricultural
- Agricultural plants and animals being susceptible to
vulnerability certain diseases that causes shortage
- Structural Structural vulnerability - arises when
vulnerability buildings, roads, bridges, homes are
constructed using designs and materials that  stockpile certain supplies to be
are not capable of withstanding extreme available in times of need.
stresses, or that which allow hazardous  develop insurance schemes to help
materials to infiltrate the building. each other recover from damages
that occur.
Environmental Vulnerability –
 design and install warning systems to
environmental degradation, climate, change
alert us to extreme events that may
settlements patterns, livelihood choices, and
be about to occur.
behaviour can all contribute to disaster risk,
 study natural hazards so that we
which is turn adversely affects human
know how to prepare
development and contributes to further
environmental degradation Determinants of Vulnerability to Natural
Hazards in the Philippines
Reducing Vulnerability to Natural
Hazards. Exposure- it pertains to elements in the
environment which hazardous events may
1. Pre-event Preparedness
occur. A population or economic resources
 When an extreme event is projected may be at risk of exposure if they are located
to occur, steps can be taken to make in potentially dangerous areas or settings.
the event less of a disaster
 The exposed elements' vulnerability
to hazards are dependent on
 the information must be
communicated effectively so three characteristics, namely:
that the information is put to
1. Sensitivity of certain elements to a
use
hazard,
 early detection and early
warning systems 2. The regular exposure of the
elements to a hazard, and
2. Emergency Response
3. The duration of when certain
 help affected people survive: pulling
elements can adapt to the hazards.
people out from under the rubble,
attending to major injuries,
distributing food and water, and
building shelter. Physical Dimensions
 getting critical infrastructure back up  Demographic growth and
and running as fast as possible. This urbanization
infrastructure includes fuel and o deteriorating solid waste
electricity, transportation routes, management
telecommunication systems, and o aggravating flooding
clean water supplies. o forced many to squat in
3. Post-event Recovery and Reconstruction marginal and hazard-prone
areas such as flood-prone
 As the immediate emergency areas, riverbanks, along the
situation settles, focus shifts to the coast and on steep slopes.
longer-term project of trying to get
conditions back to normal Socio-economic Factors
 Buildings, roads, and other  income
infrastructure are rebuilt and repaired  age
4. Building Resilience in Non-disaster Times  gender
 civil status
 develop and enforce building codes
requiring that buildings be able to Physical infrastructure
withstand earthquakes or high winds.
  The poor quality of infrastructural  positive attitudes and strong
systems including roads, energy motivations such as the will to
supply, water and irrigation that are survive, love and concern for each
not constructed to resist to extreme other, bravery and willingness to
events with very high winds, very help each other.
strong rain events is also contributing
Purpose: To help communities make a risk-
to the vulnerability of communities.
based choices to address vulnerabilities,
Environment mitigate hazards and prepare for response
to, recovery from, a range of hazard event
 Environmental degradation has
hugely contributed to increasing Importance: HRVA is the foundation
natural disaster occurrence in the document for community emergency
Philippines. programs and should inform both strategic
o land development, pollution, and emergency plans. Additionally, it will
deforestation for fuel and the ensure that the community can make
establishing of fishponds for planning and land use decisions that
aquaculture. consider hazard mitigation
Institutional capacity An effective HRVA assists in answering the
following questions such as:
 The level of the capacity of the LGU
in coordinating the response, 1. What hazards are likely to occur in
mobilizing resources and restoring my community?
services obviously also has a direct
2. How resilient my community is?
effect on the way in which affected
communities are able to recover 3. How is climate change affecting the
likelihood of hazards?
Corruption
4. How severe will the impact be on the
 Corruption diverts funds from
community’s population,
essential services such as healthcare,
infrastructure, property, and
leaving countries around the world
environment?
vulnerable and under-prepared to
deal with public health crises 5. What risk reductions strategies can I
implement in my community?
Who is this tool for?
Capacity – the combination of all the
strengths and resources available within a - For anyone leading the development
community, society or organization that can of a HRVA at the community
reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a
How to use?
disaster
- It provides a step-by-step process for
 An example is, if people reside in a
community to lead the development
floodplain (exposure to dangerous
of a HRVA
setting) but have the capability to
modify the environment structure of 1. GETTING STARTED:
the location (buildings, roads,
bridges, homes are constructed using ACTIVITIES:
designs and materials that are - Become familiar with the HRVA
capable of withstanding extreme process
stress like high and strong winds,
hydraulic pressures of water) so as to - Identify and obtain the necessary
avoid probability of loss of lives and resources
properties, then these people may not - Define the HRVA endorsement and
be vulnerable. approval process
 - Identify a project team and project - Review consequence categories and
champion rating system
- Complete an inventory of existing - Rate and document consequences
assessments & documents
- Identify and engage partners and
6. BUILDING A RISK PROFILE
subject matter experts
ACTIVITIES:
2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION:
- Generate your report
ACTIVITIES: - Analyze your risk results
- Gather hazard information
- Select hazards - Interpreting the risk matrix table
Hazard list - Interpreting the consequence
stacking table
3. UNDERSTANDING
COMMUNITY RISKS AND - Prioritizing hazards
RESILIENCE
ACTIVITIES: 7. IDENTIFY RISK REDUCTION
- Describe existing risk reduction STARTEGIES
measures ACTIVITIES:
- Gather or generate community maps - Review risk reduction measures
identify critical assets and already in place
infrastructure - Recommend new risk reduction
- Identify critical assets and measures
infrastructure
8. GENERATING AND
- Identify vulnerabilities ASSEMBLING YOUR REPORT
- Consider underlying disaster risk ACTIVITES:
drivers
- Generate report
- Write hazard scenarios
Assemble & review report
9. REVIEWING AND APPROVING
4. ASSESSING HAZARD YOUR REPORT
LIKELIHOOD
ACTIVITIES:
ACTIVITIES:
- Obtain feedback from partners
- Gather and apply knowledge
- Determine a maintenance schedule
- Determine historical likelihood score
- Publish & submit for official
- Understanding and documenting approval
changing likelihood
- Document feedback
- Predicting future likelihood

5. ASSESSING CONSEQUENCES
ACTIVITIES: