Thermodynamics
ENGR. LYRAH C. LOPECILLO
JRMSU
Introduction
01
and Basic Concepts
02 Energy & Energy Transfer
and General Energy Analysis
03 Properties of pure substances
Topic 04 Energy analysis of closed systems
Outline 05 Mass and Energy analysis of control volumes
06 The second law of thermodynamics
07 Gas Power cycles
08 Vapor and Combined power cycles
09 Refrigeration cycles
Topic
Outline
7b. Two Stroke Engines
Overview of the Two Stroke Engines
7b. Two Stroke Engines
Overview of the Two Stroke Engines
• Two stroke engines perform only two stroke to complete one cycle
• In a four stoke cycle, the power is obtained only once in two
revolutions of the crankshaft
• Much attention was paid to obtain power once in every revolution of
the crankshaft and this led to the development of a two stroke cycle.
• Two stroke cycle engines will theoretically give twice the power
obtained from a four stroke engine of similar size
7b. Two Stroke Engines
Construction of the Two Stroke Engines
• Two stroke IC engine is similar in construction to the four stroke IC
engine except that the valves are replaces by ports
• The two stroke engines are provided with inlet port ports or openings
cut in the cylinder walls
• The closing and opening of the ports are controlled by the movement
of pistion
7b. Two Stroke Engines
Construction of the Two Stroke Engines
• Inlet port is provided to feed the fresh charge into the crankcase
• A transfer port is provided to take the compressed charge from the
crankcase to the cylinder.
• The burnt waste gases are discharged into the atmosphere through
an exhaust port
7b. Two Stroke Engines
Construction of the Two Stroke Engines
• The crown of the piston (i.e., top of the piston) is shaped in such a
way to assist in deflecting the fresh charge upwards in the cylinder
and help scavenging
Scavenging – is the process of forcing out the burnt exhaust gases
from the cylinder by admitting the fresh charge into the cylinder.
Two Stroke Diesel Engine
The working principle of a
two stroke diesel engine:
• For every one revolution
of crankshaft, there is
one power stroke
Two Stroke Diesel Engine
1. First Stroke (Upward Stroke of the Piston)
(a) Compression and Inductance:
• During the upward movement of the piston from BDC to
TDC, both the transfer and exhaust ports are covered by the
piston.
• The air which is already transferred into the engine cylinder
is compressed by the moving piston.
→ this increases the pressure and temperature of the air
• The compression process is continued until the piston
reaches TDC.
• At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered by the moving
piston and the fresh air enters the crankcase through the
inlet port
Two Stroke Diesel Engine
1. First Stroke (Upward Stroke of the Piston
(b) Injection and Inductance
• After the piston almost reaches the TDC, the fuel
(diesel) is injected through the fuel injector in the
cylinder
• The combustion of fresh fuel injected into the cylinder
takes place due to the high temperature already
developed in the cylinder during compression of the air.
Two Stroke Diesel Engine
2. Second Stroke (Downward Stroke of the Piston)
(c) Expansion and Transfer
• The burnt gases expand and forces the piston to
move down, thus useful work is obtained
• When the piston moves down, the air is partially
compressed in the crankcase.
→ this compression is known as crankcase
compression
Two Stroke Diesel Engine
2. Second Stroke (Downward Stroke of the Piston)
(d) Exhaust and Transfer
• Nearly at the end of the expansion, the exhaust port
is uncovered, and the combustion products escape
to the atmosphere
• Immediately the transfer port is also uncovered and
the partially compressed air from the crankcase
enters the cylinder through the transfer port.
Two Stroke Diesel Engine
The cycle of the operations
are then repeated
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
The working principle of a
two stroke petrol engine
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
1. First Stroke (Upward Stroke of the Piston)
(a) Compression and Inductance:
• During the upward movement of the piston from BDC to
TDC, both the transfer and exhaust ports are covered
by the piston.
• The petrol air which is already transferred into the
engine cylinder is compressed by the moving piston.
→ the pressure and temperature of the charge
increases at the end of compression
• The compression process is continued until the piston
reaches TDC.
• At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered by the
moving piston and the fresh petrol air mixture enters the
crankcase through the inlet port
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
1. First Stroke (Upward Stroke of the Piston
(b) Ignition and Inductance
• After the piston almost reaches the TDC, the
compressed petrol air mixture is ignited by
means of an electric spark produced by a
spark plug
• The admission of fresh charge into the
crankcase continues till the piston reaches
the TDC.
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
2. Second Stroke (Downward Stroke of the Piston)
(c) Expansion and Crankcase Compression
• The ignited gases expand and forces the piston to
move down, thus useful work is obtained.
• When the piston moves down, the petrol air mixture
is partially compressed in the crankcase
→ compression is known as crankcase
compression
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
2. Second Stroke (Downward Stroke of the Piston)
(d) Exhaust and Transfer
• Almost at the end of expansion, the exhaust port is
uncovered, and the combustion products escape to
the atmosphere.
• Immediately, the transfer port is also uncovered
and the partially compressed air fuel mixture from
the crankcase enters the cylinder through transfer
port
• The crown of the piston is made of a deflected
shape, so the fresh air-petrol mixture entering the
cylinder is deflected upward in the cylinder.
→ the escape of fresh charge along with the
exhaust gases is reduced
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
The cycle of the operations
are then repeated
Two Stroke Diesel Engine Two Stroke Petrol Engine
