Thermodynamics
ENGR. LYRAH C. LOPECILLO
JRMSU
Introduction
01
and Basic Concepts
02 Energy & Energy Transfer
and General Energy Analysis
03 Properties of pure substances
Topic 04 Energy analysis of closed systems
Outline 05 Mass and Energy analysis of control volumes
06 The second law of thermodynamics
07 Gas Power cycles
08 Vapor and Combined power cycles
09 Refrigeration cycles
Topic
Outline
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Overview
• Diesel engine is also known as compression ignition (CI) Engine
• It is invented by Rudolf Diesel (1892)
• The four stroke diesel engine is similar to four stroke petrol engine
except that it operates at a higher compression ratio (14 to 22)
• In diesel engine, only air is sucked from the atmosphere instead of
air-fuel mixture during the suction stroke
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Overview
• In diesel engines, spark plug is not required for igniting the air fuel mixture
→ because the fuel is injected and forms an explosive mixture, which ignites
spontaneously under pressure
• Diesel engine works on the principle of diesel cycle
→ it is also called as constant pressure combustion cycle
- as the combustion of fuel takes place at constant pressure with increase of
temperature
• Since ignition results due to high temperature of compressed air → these are
called compressed ignition (CI) engines
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
The cycle of operation of a
four stroke diesel engine
consists of the following
strokes:
1. Suction or intake stroke;
2. Compression stroke;
3. Expansion or power stroke;
and
4. Exhaust stroke
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
1. Suction or intake stroke
• During the suction stroke, the inlet valve
opens the exhaust valve closes
• The piston moves from TDC to BDC
• This piston movement reduces the
pressure inside the cylinder below the
atmospheric pressure
• Due to the pressure difference, the fresh
air is sucked into the cylinder through the
inlet valve
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
2. Compression Stroke
• During this stroke, both the inlet and exhaust
valves are closed
• The air in the cylinder is compressed as the
piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC
→ pressure and temperature of the air is
increased
• Just before the piston reaches the TDC, the
diesel is injected into the cylinder in the form of
a fine spray
• The fuel gets vaporized and self ignited due to
the heat of compressed air
• The fuel burns instantaneously at constant
pressure
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
3. Expansion or Power Stroke
• During this stroke, both the inlet and exhaust
valves are closed
• The combustion of fresh fuel injected into the
cylinder is due to the high pressure and
temperature developed during compression
stroke
• The high pressure of the combustion products
due to expansion of charge pushes piston from
TDC to BDC
→ it is also called as working stroke
- as work is done by the expansion of hot
gases
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
4. Exhaust Stroke
• During this stroke, the inlet valve is closed, and
the exhaust valve is opened
• The piston moves from BDC to TDC
• The burnt waste gases are sent out through
exhaust valve and the cycle is repeated
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Summary:
• Four strokes are completed in
two revolutions of the crankshaft
• Hence for one cycle, there is only
one power stroke and two
revolutions of crankshaft
• Since four stroke diesel engines
produce higher power than the
four stroke petrol engines, they
are generally used in tractors,
tracks, etc.
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
Overview
• Petrol engine is also known as spark ignition (SI) Engine
• It is invented by Nicolaus A. Otto (1876)
→ that is why petrol engine is also known as Otto engine
• Since ignition occurs due to a spark petrol engines → called spark ignition (SI)
engines
• A four stroke engine gives a power stroke in every set of four strokes of the piston or
two revolution of the crankshaft
• The petrol engine operates on theoretical Otto cycle
→ it is also called constant volume combustion cycle
- as the combustion takes place at constant volume with increase of pressure
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
The cycle of operation of a
four stroke petrol engine
consists of the following
strokes:
1. Suction or intake stroke;
2. Compression stroke;
3. Expansion or power stroke;
and
4. Exhaust stroke
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
1. Suction or intake stroke
• During suction stroke, the piston moves
from Top Dead Center (TDC) to Bottom
Dead Center (BDC) creating a vacuum
inside the cylinder
• During this stroke, the inlet valve is kept
opened and the exhaust valve is kept
closed
• The vacuum created inside the cylinder
draws the air petrol mixture (which is also
known as charge) into the cylinder through
the inlet valve
• It is performed till the piston reaches BDC
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
2. Compression Stroke
• During this stroke, both the inlet and exhaust valves
are closed
• The air petrol mixture is compressed as the piston
moves upwards from BDC to TDC
→ As a result of this compression, pressure and
temperature of the air fuel mixture or charge is increased
• Just before the piston reaches the TDC, the air petrol
mixture (charge) is ignited by a spark plug; suddenly
burning of the air fuel mixture takes place almost
instantaneously
→ It increases the pressure and temperature inside
the cylinder
• Volume remains constant during combustion
• These two strokes (suction and compression stroke)
complete once revolution of the crankshaft
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
3. Expansion or Power Stroke or Working
Stroke
• During this stroke, both the inlet and exhaust valves
remain closed
• The high pressure of the products of combustion (due to
expansion of charge) pushes tile piston from TDC to BDC
→ it is also called as working stroke
- as work is done by the expansion of hot gases
• The force above the piston is transmitted to the
crankshaft through the connecting rod and crank
mechanism
• Excess energy due to the combustion is stored in the
flywheel which helps for the operation of three idle
strokes
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
4. Exhaust Stroke
• At the end of the expansion stroke, the exhaust
valve opens and the pressure inside falls
suddenly
→ during this stroke, the inlet valve is closed,
and the exhaust valve is kept opened
• The upward movement of the piston from BDC
to TDC, pushes out the products of combustion
from the engine cylinder through the exhaust
valve into the atmosphere
• The cycle of operation is then repeated
• These two strokes (expansion and exhaust
strokes) complete one revolution of the
crankshaft
Four Stroke Diesel Engine Four Stroke Petrol Engine
