New Doon Blossoms School, Dehradun Affiliated by

Council for the Indian School Certificate Examination

PROJECT ON: Mathematics
Submitted By: Rakshit Kumar Jha UID/ADM NO. : 773
Class : IX SESSION : 2020-21
 Acknowledgement
It gives me a great pleasure to have an
opportunity here to acknowledge and express
my humble gratitude to the ones who helped me
in making the project. Although it is impossible
to thank everyone individually, I remember all
those who have guided me in completion of the
project. I sincerely acknowledge a deep
gratitude for the valuable guidance, suggestions
and generous help extended to me by my
subject teacher in the project.

-Rakshit Kumar Jha

 Certificate

This is to certify that Rakshit Kumar Jha

of Class IX under the guidance of
Mr. Mohit Khanduri has prepared a
project on Mathematics within the
syllabus of ICSE.

....Teachers Signature.....
Serial Number Topic Page number
1. Statistics- (i) Introduction 1
(ii) Significance and 2-3
application
(iii) Mean and Mediian 4-5
(iv) Frequency distribution 5-7
table
(v) Graphs 8-10
(vi) Question 11-23
2. Mensuration (i) 24
Introduction
(ii) Applicatio and 24-25
significance
(iii) Area and Perimeter of 25-27
shapes
(iv) Area and circumference 28-30
of circle and area, volume
and surface area of circle
(vi) Questions 31-37
3. Bibliology 38
 Statistics
The word 'Statistics' seems to have derived from the Latin word
'status' which means a 'political state'. Originally, statistics was simply
the collection of numerical data on some aspects of life of the people
useful to the government. However, with the passage of time, its
scope broadened. Today, statistics means collections of facts or
information concerning almost every aspect of life of the people with
a definitive purpose in the form of numerical data, organization,
summarization and presentation of the data by tables and graphs
(charts), analyzing the data and drawing inferences (meaningful
predictions) from the data.
 Significance
Some consider statistics to be a distinct mathematical science rather
than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations
make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the
context of uncertainty and decision making in the face of uncertainty.
It should seem obvious that statistics plays a key role in mathematics
considering it’s a branch of applied mathematics. However, statistics
is in more than just its own separate branch of math. You can find
statistical techniques in integration, differentiation, and algebra and
you can find those in statistics as well.
Much of math is based on probability and theories, and statistical
methods help make those mathematical theories that much more
accurate. Using averages, dispersions, and estimation allows you to
come up with conclusions that are closer to the real answer than just
taking a wild guess. Take a workshop on probability and statistics.
 Applications of Statistics
Statistics are applied in the field of:
1. Actuarial Science 15. Population Ecology
2. Astrostatistics 16. Psychometrics
3. Biostatistics 17. Quality Control
4. Buisness analiticcs 18. Quantitative Psychology
5. chemometrics 19.Reliability engineering
6. Demography 20. Statistics finance
7. Econometrics 21. Statistical Mechanics
8. Environmental Statistics 22. Statistical physics
9. Epidemology 23. Statistical signal processing
10. Forensic Statistics 24. Statistical Thermodynamics
11. Geostatistics
12. Jurimetrics
13. Machine Learning
14. Operation research
 Mean and Median
Mean:
Mean (or arithmetic average) of a number of observation is the sum
of the values of all the observations divided by the total number of
observations.
The mean (average) of a data set is found by adding all numbers in
the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set.
The arithmetic mean, denoted x , of a set of n numbers x1, x2, …, xn
is defined as the sum of the numbers divided by n:

∑xi = x1 + x2 + x3 + …………….. + xn
Mean = sum of observations/total number of observations
Median:
The median is the middle number in a sorted, ascending or
descending, list of numbers and can be more descriptive of that data
set than the average. The median is sometimes used as opposed to
the mean when there are outliers in the sequence that might skew
the average of the values.
OR
Median is a value separating the higher half from the lower half of a
data sample, a population or a probability distribution. For a data set,
it may be thought of as "the middle" value.

Frequency Distribution Table

Frequency distribution in statistics is a representation that displays
the number of observations within a given interval. The
representation of a frequency distribution can be graphical or tabular
so that it is easier to understand.
Example:
Using class intervals 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25 construct the
frequency distribution for the following data:
13, 6, 12, 9, 11, 14, 2, 8, 18, 16, 9, 13, 17, 11, 19, 6, 7, 12, 22, 21, 18,
1, 8, 12, 18.

Class Intervals Tally Marks Frequency

1-5 2
6-10 7
11-15 8
16-20 6
21-25 2
Total 25
Example:
The following is the pocket money survey of 50 students in a school
(pocket money in rupees per month):
49, 55, 22, 27, 30, 27, 25, 27, 30, 42, 40, 13, 24, 38, 10, 24, 30, 33,
17, 29, 10, 50, 18, 34, 15, 40, 13, 32, 36, 32, 27, 35, 17, 41, 18, 36,
20, 41, 35, 51, 29, 27, 44, 43, 15, 32, 29, 54, 14, 45.
From a frequency table with a grouping of 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-
50, 50-60 (class 10-20 means including 10 but excluding 20, class
20-30 means including 20 but excluding 30).
Classes Tally Marks Frequency
10-20 |||| |||| | 11
20-30 |||| |||| ||| 13
30-40 |||| |||| ||| 13
40-50 |||| |||| 9
50-60 |||| 4
Total 50
Graphs:
It is form of numerical data represented in the form of diagrams.
There are different types of graphs used to represent data in
diagrammatic form.
Bar Graphs
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical
data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the
values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or
horizontally. A bar graph shows comparisons among discrete
categories.
Histogram
A histogram is a graphical representation that organizes a group of
data points into user-specified ranges. It is similar in appearance to a
bar graph. The histogram condenses a data series into an easily
interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them into
logical ranges or bins.
Frequency Polygons
Frequency polygons are a graphical device for understanding the
shapes of distributions. They serve the same purpose as histograms,
but are especially helpful for comparing sets of
data. Frequency polygons are also a good choice for displaying
cumulative frequency distributions.
It uses a line graph to represent quantitative data.
 Questions based on Statistics
Question 1.
The following are the ages (in years) of 10 persons:
32, 28, 54, 41, 38, 40, 23, 33, 26, 35
Find he mean age of these persons
Solution: The sum in ages of all 10 persons
= 32+28+54+41+38+40+23+33+26+35
= 350
Mean age = Sum of ages/Total number of persons
= 350/10 years = 35 years
Question 2.
Find the median of the following data:
5, 3, 12, 0, 7, 11, 4, 3, 8
Solution: Arranging the given data in ascending order, we get
0, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12
Total number of observation = n = 9, which is odd
median = n+1/2th observation
= 9+1/2th observation
= 5th observation, which is 5
median = 5
Question 3.
The electricity bills (in rupees) of 40 houses in a locality are given
below.
Construct a grouped frequency distribution table:
78, 87, 81, 52, 59, 65, 101, 108, 115, 95, 98, 65, 62, 121, 128, 63, 76,
84, 89, 91, 65, 101, 95, 81, 87, 105, 129, 92, 75, 105, 78, 72, 107, 116,
127, 100, 80, 82, 61, 118
Solution: Hence maximum = 129 and minimum = 52
range = 129-52=77
Let us form 8 classes each of size 10.
Since we want to include 129 in the last class, 130 is the upper
limit of the last class, so the lower limit of the firt class is 50.
The grouped frequency distribution table of the given data is:
 Classes Tally Marks Frequency
50-60 || 2
60-70 |||| | 6
70-80 |||| 5
80-90 |||| ||| 8
90-100 |||| 5
100-110 |||| || 7
110-120 ||| 3
120-130 |||| 4
Total 40

Question 4.
Given below are the marks obtained by twelve students in a test:
21, 3, 28, 38, 6, 40, 20, 26, 9, 8, 14, 18, 20, 16, 17, 10, 8, 5, 22, 27,
34, 2, 35, 31, 16, 28, 37.
Using the class intervals 1-10, 11-20 etc construct a frequency
distribution table.
 Classes Tally Marks Frequency
1-10 |||| ||| 8
11-20 |||| || 7
21-30 |||| | 6
31-40 |||| | 6
Total 27

Question 5.
A man with a monthly salary of $6400 plans his budget for a month
as given below:
Item Food Clothing Education Miscellaneous Savings
Amount(in $) 2100 600 1200 1500 1000

Represent the above data by a bar graph

Solution:
 Scale : 1 cm= $300
2500
2100
Amount in Dollars

2000
1500
1500
1200
1000
1000
600
500

0
Food Clothing Education Misc. Savings
Question 6
The following table shows thee number of students participating in
various school games.
Game Cricket Football Basketball Tennis
Number of 27 36 18 12
students
Draw a graph to represent the following data.
Solution: 36
40
35
27
No. of Students

30
25 18
20 12
15
10
5
0
Cricket Football Basketball Tennis
Question 7.
Draw a histogram to represent the following data.

Class 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

Intervals
Frequency 3 5 12 9 4

Solution: Steps:
(i) Take 1 cm on x-axis = 10 units
(ii) Take 1 cm on y-axis = 2 frequency
(iii) Construct rectangles corresponding to the following data
 y
14
12
12

10
Frequency
9

6 5
4
4 3

0 o 10 20 x
30 40 50 60 70
Class Intervals
Question 8.
Draw a histogram on the following data
Height in cm 150-160 160-170 170-180 180-190 190-200
Frequency 8 3 4 10 2

Solution. Steps:
 (i) Since the scale at x-axis starts at 150, a break (kink or zigzag curve)
is shown near the origin along x-axis to indicate the graph is drawn to
scale beginning at 150 and not at the origin itself.
(ii) Take 1 cm on x-axis = 10cm (height).
(iii) Take 1 cm on y-axis = 2(no. of students).
(iv) Construct rectangles corresponding to the given data.
y
12
10
10
8
No. of Students

6
4
3
4 2

2
x
o 150 160 170 180 190 200
0 Height
Question 9.
Draw a frequency polygon to represent the following data

Class 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Interval
Frequency 5 10 20 25 18 6

Solution. Steps:
(i) Let 1 cm on x-axis = 10 units and
1cm on on y-axis = 5 frequencies
(ii) Find mid-points of class intervals
(iii) Find points corresponding to given frequencies of classes
and mid-points of class intervals, and plot them.
(iv) Join the consecutive points by line segments
(v) Join the first end point with mid-point of class 10-20 with
zero frequency, and join the other end points with the mid point of
class 80-90 with zero frequency.
 y

25
25

19
20 18
Frequency

15

10 10

6
5
5

o x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Class Intervals
Question 10.
100 students in school have height as tabulated below:
Height in 121-131 131-140 141-150 151-160 161-170 171-180
cm
No. of 12 16 30 20 14 8
Students
Draw Frequency polygon of above data.
Converting frequencies to continuous
adjustment factor = Lower limit of class - Upper limit of class/2
= 131-130/2 = 1/2 = 0.5
Class before adjustment Class after adjustment Frequency
121-130 120.5-130.5 12
131-140 130.5-140.5 16
141-150 140.5-150.5 30
151-160 150.5-160.5 20
161-170 160.5-170.5 14
171-180 170.5-180.5 8
 y
35

30 30
No. of Students

25

20 20
16
15 14
12
10 8

0 o x
110.5 120.5 130.5 140.5 150.5 160.5 170.5 180.5 190.5

Height in cm
 Mensuration
Mensuration is the branch of mathematics that studies the
measurement of the geometric figures and their parameters like
length, volume, shape, surface area, lateral surface area, etc.
By definition, mensuration refers to the part of geometry concerned
with ascertaining lengths, areas, and volumes .
Significance and application of Mensuration
1. Measurement of agricultural fields, floor areas or site areas
required for purchase/selling transactions.
2. Measurement of volumes required for packaging milk, liquids, solid
edible food items or non-edible items.
3. Measurements of surface areas required for estimation of painting
houses buildings etc..
4. While cooking, we measure the quantities according to their
volume stated in the recipe books. Tools like spoons, measuring jugs
are used to determine the volume.
5. Even while baking a cake, we choose an appropriate mould with a
specific width and length while understanding the area of the cake.
We also check out the weight of the dry ingredients before adding
them to avoid miscalculation.
Area and Perimeter of shapes
Area: Quantity that expresses 2d figure in the plane.
Perimeter: Length of the outline of the shape

Name of
Shape Shape Area and Perimeter
Rectangle L Area: Length*Breath
b l*b
Perimeter: 2*(l+b)
Square s Area: Side*Side
S*S
s s
S2
s Perimeter: 4*Side
Triangle
l l 1
___
Area: * base * height
2
b 1/2*b*h

a b
Perimeter: a+b+c
Semi-Perimeter(s): a+b+c
c 2

Heron's Formula:
Area= √ s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

Rhombus a b
Area: 1/2*ac*bd
Perimeter: 4*side
o
c
d
Parallelogram a b
Area: base*height
b*h
d c Perimeter: 2*(l+b)

Trapezium: a b
Area: ½*(b1+b2)*h
Perimeter: ab+bc+cd+da
d c

Equilateral
a a Area: 3*a
Triangle Perimeter: (√3a2)/4
a
 Cubes and cuboid AND CIRCLES
Cube and cuboid are three-dimensional shapes which consist of six
faces, eight vertices and twelve edges. The primary difference
between them is a cube has all its sides equal whereas the length,
width and height of a cuboid are different. Both shapes look almost
the same but have different properties. The area and volume of cube
and cuboid differ from each other.
Circles are round or circular figures with each having different
diameter.

Circle
 Area and circumference of circle.
Surface area and volume of cube and cuboid
Circumference of circle: The distance around the circular region is
called circumference.
Area of Circle: The measure of the region enclosed inside the circle is
called its area.
Surface area of cube: The surface area of a cube is equal to the sum
of the areas of its six faces.
Surface area of cuboid: The surface area of a cuboid is equal to the
sum of the areas of its six rectangular faces.
Lateral surface area of cube: The sum of area of its four walls.
Lateral surface area of cuboid: The sum of area of its four rectangular
walls.
Volume of Cuboid: The volume of the cuboid is equal to the product
of the area of one surface and height.
Volume of cube: The volume of the cube is equal to the product of
the area of the cube and height and as we know all sides of cube are
equal so the voulme of cube is equal to Side x Side x Side.
Name of Shape Area and circumference
Shape Surface area and volume
Circle
Area: πr2
r
Circumference: 2πr

Cube Surface area: 6*side2

Lateral surface area:4*side2
Volume: Side x Side x Side
=Side3

Cuboid Surface area: 2*(LB+LH+BH)

Lateral surface area: 2*(L+B)*H
Volume: l*b*h
= lbh
 Questions based on Mensuration
Question 1.
Find the area of a triangle whose base is 5cm and height is 8 cm.
Solution: Base= 5cm
Height= 8cm
Area of triangle= 1/2 * base * height
= 1/2 * 5 * 8
= 20cm2

Question 2.
Find the area of a triangle whose sides are
20 cm, 23 cm and 27 cm
Solution: a= 20cm, b=23cm, c=27cm
Semi-Perimeter(s)= a+b+c/2
= 20+23+27/2
= 70/2
= 35cm
Area of triangle= √s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
= √35(35-20)(35-23)(35-27)
= √35(15)(12)(8)
= √50400
= 224.49944321
= 60√14
Question 3.
Find the area of following figures: a
b
a b
a 9cm b
6cm 7cm ac(d1)= 7cm
5cm
8cm bd(d2)= 8cm
d c c
(i) d (ii) d (iii) c
a 5cm a 6cm b
b a

9cm 7cm
10cm
d c c b
8cm e
d c (vi)
(iv) (v)
Solution:
(i) Area of rectangle = l*b = 9*5 = 45cm 2
(ii) Area of square = Side*Side = 6*6 = 36cm2
(iii) Area of Rhombus = ½*d1*d2 = ½*7*8 = 28cm2
(iv) Area of Parallelogram = b*h = 5*10 = 50cm2
(v) Area of Trapezium = ½*(b1+b2)*h = ½*(6+8)*9 = 63cm2
(vi) Area of Equilateral Triangle = 3*side = 3*7 = 21cm2
Question 4.
A circle has a radius of 21 cm. Find its circumference and area. (Use
π = 22/7)
Solution: We know,
Circumference of circle = 2πr = 2 x (22/7) x 21 = 2 x 22 x 3 = 132 cm
Area of circle = πr2 = (22/7) x 212 = 22/7 x 21 x 21 = 22 x 3 x 21
Area of circle with radius, 21cm = 1386 cm2
Question 5.
If one side of a square is 4 cm, then what will be its area and
perimeter?
Solution: Given,
Length of side of square = 4 cm
Area = side^2 = 42 = 4 x 4 = 16 cm^2
Perimeter of square = sum of all its sides
Since, all the sides of the square are equal, therefore;
Perimeter = 4+4+4+4 = 16 cm
Question 6.
A rhombus having diagonals of length 10 cm and 16 cm,
respectively. Find its area.
Solution: d1 = 10 cm
d2 = 16 cm
Area of rhombus = ½ d1 d2
A = ½ x 10 x 16
A= 80 cm2
Question 7.
The area of a trapezium shaped field is 480 m2, the distance
between two parallel sides is 15 m and one of the parallel sides is
20 m. Find the other parallel side.
Solution: One of the parallel sides of the trapezium is a = 20 m, let
another parallel side be b, height h = 15 m.
The given area of trapezium = 480 m2
We know, by formula;
Area of a trapezium = ½ h (a+b)
480 = ½ (15) (20+b)
20 + b = (480×2)/15
b = 64 – 20 = 44 m

Question 8.
The height, length and width of a cuboidal box are 20 cm, 15 cm and
10 cm, respectively. Find its area.
Solution: Total surface area = 2 (20 × 15 + 20 × 10 + 10 × 15)
TSA = 2 ( 300 + 200 + 150) = 1300 cm2
Question 9.
Find the height of a cuboid whose volume is 275 cm3 and base area
is 25 cm2.
Solution: Volume of cuboid = l × b × h
Base area = l × b = 25 cm2
Hence,
275 = 25 × h
h = 275/25 = 11 cm
Question 10.
Find the LSA and TSA of (i)cube and (ii)cuboid whose sides are (i)
9cm and (ii) 9cm, 6cm, 5cm respectively.
Solution: LSA of cube = 4*side^2 = 4*9^2 = 324cm^2
TSA of cube = 6*side^2 = 6*9^2 = 486cm^2
LSA of cuboid = 2*(l+b)*h = 2*(9+6)*5 = 150cm^2
TSA of cuboid = 2*(lb+lh+bh) = 2*(9*6+9*5+6*5)
= 258cm^2
Question 11.
The base of a right angled triangle is 24 cm and its hypotenuse is 25
cm long. Find its area and the perimeter.
Solution:
BC= 24cm
AB= 25cm
By Pythagorus theorum
AB^2= AC^2 + BC^2
(25^2) = (AC^2) + (24^2)
AC^2 = (25^2)-(24^2)
= 625-576
= 49
AC = 7cm
Area of ABC = 1/2*base*height
= 1/2*24*7
= 84cm^2
Perimeter of ABC = AB+BC+CA
= 24+25+7
= 53
 Bibliography

I have used the following resources to

take information for making the project:
* Understanding ICSE Mathematics
*Wikipedia
*www.Byju’s.com