i Relation between Drigl velotity and. Electic Field :> CA oad BE) > In abscente cp elechic field i> | (Del) | Motion ef free eclechonas in yardom iW nate. Electors are moving (Random rmetion | in any direction wrth a very 4 pee electors) igh “speedo 10 mel. | r. > > ‘TRerefore, thermal velodty Sum “iy Zero UL, =0 --—©| I Motion cl fre electrons becomes —Unitorely accelerated motion [ger a very short time (relaxation time) | Elechostatic force + i > | ~£@]-- “Agley time t=t (steady stole) ea Motion o, free. elects. becomes _ Uniform in_nature(@=8) | Stovled “to dvigh with a. conatant speed (Called drift span) opposite to the direction of, applied eclectic _4ield. Theregere. : ——— | Final velo. (average drift velocihy pier elevation Hire t) In terms a potentiol difjerence > e=¥= wv g, |W=eve 7 ™ 2 WUXE 7 Uv (Musto? ms') ot Me 0656 ¥ increase. In temp- [ML deperda on temperabiras ith neve, n feme Scanned with CamScanner| Dependance “ drigh Speed om relaxation tme and | temperature. | loith ineveae in temperature 4, Conductor eC mean Square Speed of free electona increases ven = Vat ee time[te) oc IL], So, reloxakon tine | decreanes taith increase W™S Jemperature - Since, Lu 2] So. dvit Speed a tee electens idecreaned ~ caith increase =m temperature. | ——s | _Corrent Density (a) es | ee | i | t=4}— Current per_unit area} nermoh css _____Sectim __oh Conductor. _— | Soi a eR] a - 4 aa J= DI ) Current densily, AD & Vector quant by Cairection > | alon Current) - : Ie 4 Current (L) “is Pee ei or 1. oe Wi) Sy Current density (2) 4n_comstowt then, Io A. levy If Crocs- seckon in Pees then aoc ae Scanned with CamScanner|_Onm'# Law i> Q emperature. A Conductor i» | Constant, then Cuvenl Uwough a cres- section 4» duectly Proportimal to the potential digerence — capplied aowss the — condaclor- kt oO v| Temperature Crmtadd > J=kv > [vere] Kel conductance i ®wvesTion :> I | Compare resistance two Conductys (Land 2) % a f, | Since. gor Constant Vo 1 | In>h 4 | Also, reM : ' Mayes * For V= Vo (constant) Tx 4 |so, [Ra< RB ® when temperature ch) Conductor increases , thich | | Veriation Ao Correckt y | Solution: With increase in temp-, t duo to increase m_ tesistiviby, L_ Yenistance a conductsr increanen. 1$0, grph+3 - comect- oy graph 3, yenistance 4+ mereasing. = ® Indicote ors yesistance vegion im this graph. | (fer nen -lineay variation ef, v-1) | AL pointoc . 4 Slope graph dn Y"- [Siwce, slope = SL = tand ; 8 : | | Slope = - = + = tand _ At primtec ,(8>96) so tan Ci ao || co, resilare tn OS Scanned with CamScannerPart: er ART: 2 CoRRENT EvecreicitY > CELLS. | Basic Definitions + CTerminolo iat +) Poitions yiex) hip Oo mt (lechomolive force) of ce a Sper yasistance St aa dhe maximum Potential dijerence belveen the elecodeo 6. call Chee a ee dyawn from the cel SI unit’ > volt. ® Terminal Polentiol ef cell CV) + Bt in potential difference between the dlectrodes (anede and cathe ) = cell, when the cell a2 in closed armit (either in ischarging mode cr in charg mode)- SL unit 9g volt - . ay ® Internal resistance 4 cell. (7) x Gt an the nek opposition ned. by the Sea Pre ecb te oO cell do the -gleos. fy orrent. ARrough it __ Gt depends on i) ¥ xd (seperation distance of . elechodes-ranod # Cadied) (A> Aires. 9 elechoda. \ateo) (od ) —_ Do ee A in) v7 a C._Ce. Cancentetion of, G1 olco depends on temperature electaly te.) - Alechdlyte > with increase in temp-, internal Yeoisknee decrenaed. Revarion Berween €, V ark ¥ = Cone 1 +? Discharging + cell. deal voltmeter vn (Va &- 17 Current im branch Cert) é _Tetebem Rtr \ jal yesia bc. 1 Texmivot polentiol of cell load R (Polentil available outside 4 cell NY, olenied aroilable to load) RandY av in Seri vieo V) VW Since EDL. Thorefore, to provdea. 2 Chargi Current 4D the — chargi call, a_ ean! ew 6d proper value “Gut ba connected in Series. R-)—> Role Derieg restr Ho to avid CRs) 4 3 My inte j (veccry’ © © Sesteging ce %- Nee, & changing 4 cell, Q = e+1y) ul Scanned with CamScannerTNIPORTANT GRaPHS :-+ @ Varianon OF emt (E) with lood veastance. (R) (e+e) Y Ems 4 Cell Ao independant Oy external —locd. resdlawa. € —+_ 2 @) Variarton OF TeRminac Foren at R . CY) ITH LoD Resistance (R) Wer) ve y, Vo— Ein —.- © nel s vo tek 4 Vv R+y @ Substituting @ in O f_______» ei R> - _ | (non-linear variakon) g R4y = pets When R=o v= 2 =0 Congin) 1 £ r When R= ¥ (equal to the internol_ resistance. Value) then ve BT 2 E . + z @) Fa whol volue of Joad , the terminal polental 4 cell becemes holy of the_em, Nolua. Arn: For R= Ve & @2) Whol 4a meanir ideal cell? ete ae ge te tere ey cl eal oleae C=aV . Intemol vertstance. r=0 (clway) 44 Meal call. (TH) VaRiaTIon OF Terminear PoTeNTLAL UT CuRReNT (3) Since e E (emg) ond intemal resistance volue wn coolant Vv Vo depends Viney with Current- fees % NoTes: When I=0 —> V=@ Cem q cell) Isk 7 when V=0 —-> Scanned with CamScanner~~ Sete a veer eee TON gages met ee SMBINATION OF CELLS -—> (Z) Serres Combination eH identicch celle Ce = E+ at ~. 0 tied fot pees = eq = née —---O I “SAN internal vesistances R q cells are in erieo EegZ ME Fe,2 OF (Same current) UY | eanne te Veg = VEY += hime 1 ht Yeq = nt R _ €a _ nf _--@© Ro Taq RenY Nore Candition to dvaco moximum current through Series Combination ny << R(T! intemal ‘resistance should : be very swol\l) Rtnys RB Lnog = ee ) R Lmox Aon’ Hmes the cuwert dracon through o Single exit comer ideal, cell connected. +o the came load. 2, deel cell (==, tan yi R (Zl) Parattec Comewarion R Cit identicoh cella) ae bwe—_ e asi > fat = eG why Single e¥. aN intemal ee 1 p ore in parallel - i 1 ei 7 as 14 +- nbroo 7 nT — + I a = R : a. =] 2G eee n Ln = Scanned with CamScannera R+Y. — R+ 2% n > L= _né AR +7 Condikon to draus maximum current throvgh Parallel combination Gy idenkcal calls. ¢ ee MR << — (load resistance Should bee very small) then, wR+ye T | we: 2 . dimox = > =nl&) a é Lmox 40 i times of short Grail % cell i R=o ¥ the Curent dvacen through Go short civouited Swgle cell. Ql) Toso celle Ae w, 2v (hs 245 Geir) yeop: Gre Comment im. Series. \ what. Should Ge sexes be the ~ extemal renStank (lood) in the civenit Se Ahot al) Find the value 4 em and. interna’ yess stasrce 4 unknown = Call. am dhe gen geaph: ¥ ts VG (lt) 3 2 4+ i 2 Tt A x Gmpere ) Scanned with CamScannerce PARALLEL Com@iNATioN OF Two DIFFERENT Cevis > Let i, cuwent Un dracon - cell (em}) Ee, and i, Convent Hrrough cell having em, E,- Lo t=fi+i, [2 sit ia] -O ree TS Pig Since. both cells are € Connected between pants A cmd B- They are in pevallel. (terminal potential 4, call £1) Saee > ----® Also, Vaz — 1,7, Clerminal pat 4, cell E,) Ee ---©® om Subsitukng 4 ® ard © im © 3 eae Ge ee = &,&_ 4 f . Se ee oe +x) > I= Eh ey = eth We _ 64+ nh _ o/h a. The aoa Gas pr. EGt bt _ p/n ® a T+ th (ae) vet 8 ke YW Eey,= Ent ey YT VW Nano (te 2a YY ae ae Ys yh Scanned with CamScanner‘. - @l) Find Current available to the locd reaistor % yesistance value R=I0 tL. + 2 R= low @D Two celle emt 4V, 2v and internal resistances ISL, 2M Yeop. are” connected in (y) Series (Vi) parallel seperately. Lohat should. be the extemal load resistance in the © Circuit So. that the Curet thyough the. lood resistence be the same in the tu Cava? NOTE: Guestions bored on nixed group' cells (loth Seriey. ord parallel) 0 eae in bee. s ‘aor So fey you: Board exam study seried ond parallel Combinakono gq cells Seperate. Prockce obove given numericals ond. graphs. Maximum Power TRansFéR THEOREM +> Condition to dace moximum powe#r thyough A a given cell. R= lood oe) should ft be equal to the internal vesistarce Gh cell- Maxirnum power Jo given by i> 2 T= EL e& Rty 2r = ae <= Powe: across ood (Rr) Ee. e [Pree = pp > ae d ’ Notes: At the point moxima > slope + Pv R graph Zest0- = dv. dee (lope) ocima =" ge Scanned with CamScanner