When Switch is closed

❖ EF is developed ctorsconne
instantly ·th Battery When Switch is open
❖ Force experienced bye- ❖ e· are in random motion
❖ F =-eE ❖ Nonetflow
eE
❖ a=-- ❖ e· sea model
m
❖ e- starts drifting ❖ No net direction of now
towards +ve T ❖ No net current
❖ Since there is net now
❖ Current is developed.
-•-•- •-,-~-•-•-T-~-T-•-•- •··
j dq =JI dt
i - . ;i; - . - .q ~ T(tf . - . - . - . - . - . ;
. I=- d I
• I 1 dt J = -I t =t, Tn\.~W\tqy1u>11s •
I)= 2t2 , dt Cl4Y'C'e,¢ I
• 2 16
! QT= Jdq = J0 2t dt =3 C 2
---1l 1l1l•ltl---.... Ex q = 3t2 2t + 1
! QT = JI dt = Area of 1/t 1 Electric current I = q/t =~
I=!!!= 6t + 2
I
• Upper graph area= +ve l: 1 ❖ Unit= A t dt
Att= ls I= 8A
! Lower graph area = -ve r. ~c-t-) ! ❖ Fundamental PQ Slope of q/t
I t~ 1 I ❖ Dim : [A]
i 1..v = QT/T = J r~ Graph = Current 1
i:1 1 ❖ Scalar Qty.
Slope = .YrY, = tan 8 i
1
"= 1. -t-, J t:! ❖ Rate of now of e- Xz-X1 •
I
~ ·- - - - - - - - - - - - ·'
· · · · · · · · · · · ~~---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_~_-:.-_-:.-::-:.~ . - - - · - · - · - · - · - · - · - · - · - · -·
v. = v, +v +...... v.
2 :_ •
= (ii 1 +!t,) / (iiz + at;r)+..... . (ii. + it.} j M~billty- · - · - · - · - ~
battery
ii 1 + iiz + ... + ii.
= --=--=----____;;; + i(t,
n
+ tz + t.)
_;;...._...;;.__ I· .o, drift: velocity attained per
unit E
·

n v,1. •e ·
Relation Between Current n
Relation lime · average I· .o, µ = 6 = -;; 1
& Drift Velocity t tJme or coUislon· '' ~ v • 1 •

❖ n = Carrier density m ~- µa_m ·-·-·-·-\-.I

no. of free e- ~Cu~~;;~;.fy-6)-. - .- .- .-,-
volumes I ,.. -
J =A or J · A =I
4

Charge nAle A ❖
I =time
- - = -t = ne vd ❖ VectorQty
_ V. ,. _ ne 2 AT£ V ❖ Dir Same of Current
I - ne d."" - m ❖ I = J. A,c,+ Jy'\, + )z A2
I _ ne2 c,,~ E ~ -! =i"f
- ❖ Finding Current
- m (.'I• ,\-o, l11111l) ❖ J = const I = Variable
❖
v
f : -- -
ne 2 Ac (M,cro\lll'i<- ac;__ __
()Mil\ \NI) R2> R,
----v ❖ I = I (Area) I =JI · dA
m l

A
❖ J=Kx2
❖ V -- ml
2 ...
IV=IRohm'slaw Unit R(obm) n ❖ I=
ne'"" I I p.:,.Clm
Resistance = R = ~ = p- ~n- 1• s, mho JoR Kx2 (2nx dx) j
Resistivity p =
ne2eA A
n;e cr11-1m-1, sm-m - ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·
❖ n particles each Carrying
Charge & pass per Sec per unit
Area I= nqA ♦ Current through Resistor is Constant once It is Connected to
battery - .,. . . . .,~ -7V"'
❖ If there are n particles per unit ♦ Areal Jl vdl EJ.
volume each having charge q ♦ Conductor does not get Charged
moving with velocity then .A Re .
.,,. Ststance = P:.t
Current through Cross
Sectional area A is I = ne Av
t = length travelled by I
A = .1 Area faced by Current ,.
❖ Charge q moving with Speed in
Radius R y ., ~
~Kt
•
• •• • • b •
• a •~
p (b-a)
R = "--'--...;.
4,rab
1t--
b

·· ---------- ..
R1 = pb/ lh

R2 • p//bh
= Lu(Ji.) R3 = ph/lb
♦ Ohmic Nonohmlc P R 2,rt ct R L

follows V cc I
Does not follow V cc I ♦ Resistance= R = p!. l ~ -11. .."""~-..,,.. t~~ c~,Q i\ S'l'I\~
C
1

V V A ~. t AT

♦♦ Area
Lenl!)hR~t
Ra ; R )\___ AT ♦ for semjconductor

..__ ____, ____, ....::;.

~,:- ~"'1lico.Ju.do~
♦ Nature of cond R a !.
~al ♦ Temp Ra .!..a T
"
R ~ ♦ higherTemp
o'c ~ I ~ a_...!!_ ♦ R = Rc,[l+a ~T ♦ B~T2)
dioJ.s . ♦ R = Ro [l+a4T] Ra.4T AT

AO _,I- _,l_ > }A

•:=:TI•- :::IJ, ITTX••=•I

♦ Voltage may be dill.
R0 8(2ir-8)
.____ ii IIII11- ~ ♦ V= V1 + V2 , Rr = 4,,.2
♦ R, • R1 + R2 R
V
--v-- ♦ n Resistor Rs • nR
♦ Vl -
- ~ , V2 -..!!iL
-
R, ♦ Ri R, ♦Ri

♦ Vis same ♦ I_..,&_

1 -R,+Rz
Pos 1 ,. If Pos passes ~
I ♦ Current may be dilf through A&B overlap ckt. A~ B
♦ I2 - ..!!!...
'-------1 111111~---' ♦ I= 11 + 12 - Ra+Rz they are in Parallel
V Po5z = If Pos passes .l to A & B Incoming
current is renected,
00

shortckt
t
♦

♦
In Serles Total R Is greater than
max Resistor
In Parallel total R Is Smaller than
Smallest value.
♦ Khall wire par potential same
Rahta ha!
--•-· i
00
Use Superimposition
principle.
 ♦ (EMF) : Pot difference between terminal of battery In open (kt)
♦ Depends on : Nature of Electrolyte, Electrodes
♦ Does not depend on : Area of plate, dist. between, Electrodes. quantity

-------
ll11(hi'r of electrolyte, size of cell.
Po t
♦ Internal Resistance : distance between electrodes, Area dipped In
-·-·-·-·-·-·-· electrolyte. concentration, Temp.
j
!---i ._
Ideal Battery
!
I
r-.-.-.-.s~;~ c~-~i·:-.-.-.-.- r· - · - · - · -·-·- · - · - · - · - · - · -·- · - ·1
i Parallel Comb : ·
1
.
Open : E
Ckt : E
L. , - • - • - • - • - • - •
1• - • - • - • - • - • 1
1
j
•
I~ =E + E
.I a.rr 1
~c
~
2 El
AAAA

r1
• J ,- AAAA
r-v!YV---, ,-vyyy---
i:-
~
r2
!-<:E
,_ r
1
Eeq =~ + E 2
req r1
.
1
Real Battery ·
I !· r T : r 1 + r 2 ______:_J
• - -
l:_____AA A A~~
•
I
+ -
1---'VVVv---' r =r1-r2-
Open Ckt : E 1
~r-v;vv---, r eq r1+r2
1 2 ' E, r2
Close CKT : 1 j E1 Ei
Charging
V • E + IR
·I E.r=E1-E2 rT=r1+r2
i •!• n identical ET= nE rT= nr !-<: .£I rz
req

req =r1r-
1r2
-
r1

discharging I,.. ' senes

i ••• n are an . m are wrongIy •
I
- ~ 1
1--'-'VVVv-----' +r2
V• E- IR I I Conn ! •!• n identical in parallel
I
i-H-W./v-! ! ET= nE - 2mE rT = nr iEr=E rT=r/n
-·-·-·-·-·-·
I I ~ - -•-•-·- · - · - · - · - · -•-•-·- · - · - · • -·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·
I=..!!!!!!..
mR+nr
~
Er
~
Er
-···"
Er
nr - - t - - t - ···
•I lmu ~ - =R Im
1•
- m R ♦

~~~~n_n_e: l_n :e.~ ~l .!: ? ~b.a:l~~ ~ ~ ~~t _E~~ a~ ~~5!s_?_n.5~ ~r-~ _. _. _. _. _. ~ ♦ Krtcboff's Current Law
♦ Conservation of charge
❖ Krlchofrs Voltage Law ♦ Net Current at any junction ls zero.
❖ Conservation o f Energy ♦ Incoming Current • -ve
❖ Loop Law ♦ Outaoln1 Current = +ve

I
❖ Net Voltage drop across au 13
componenL~ in a loop is zero. KrlchofP•
~~ ~~ ~~
I I
law lz I
Loop Loop l.oop 1- 1. - a, + 1, + 1, ~ 1, • oI
· - i::· "- IR" -~11t· ♦ Junction Law.
For Questions : Open Loop KVL
❖ distribute Current In Circuit, You can Take Current from (To ftnd pot difference between any two points
one battery & distribute In Ckt or take Current from ofCkt)
multiple battery and distribute don't violate KCL VSlar1illa ,_.. ± E ± IR • V..., ,....
❖ Take any loop in any dir. ♦ You decide starting and end point.
❖ Take any starting point and write Equation for ♦ You can take any Path
Complete Loop. Follow sign. Convention. ♦ FoUow Sip Convention.
Balanced Condition : Wheatstone Bridge
C
~-!!-1 ~ ;•~....: ~w ...
1• Meter Bridie

·~
R2 - '4
No Current in Rs A ♦ Find Value of unknown resistance using
Vc •Vo standard known Resistance.
Remove R5, (R 1 S R2} P (~ S R.) ♦ Concept of balanced WSB
Imp.

1. !!.>~
R2 R4
DJ ♦ at Null Point
!!J. ___
Rz - ( 100-/)
2. !!!
R4
> !!1
Rz
Ve > V11 _ I ♦ at Null Point 11 = 0
un~alanced WSB.
X ~+~+!:!=o
2 1 S
♦ In end Correction
R1 /
1
+oc }
--, - to+
~ + y-x +~= 0 ♦ R2 = 100-t,+B Re . . h d
3 S 't
R
J. = 1 +«
____.2____ Ststance are mterc ange
8
Solve x = 0, y = 0 R1 100-/2 +8
R I +<l
♦ If and Correction given-Rs = s
y
IT
Ir =7 +7
x-0 y -0
2 100-1 s• 8
♦ i ~)
1111--- o....v Vr = lrRr Rr - -
_ 100 Error analysis,;- =
l1R
s +1 +
.4S .,, .1 ( 100-1)
_
100 1
( ~ :. QI 1~\<110111
~ 1.11,~~ e-n-011
100
100 'r ♦ Least error at mid point

♦ Potentiometer < Works on Null Point r-------------------------------------------~

Heating Effect
Better than voltmeter <• e collision with atoms during flow

c~•7
♦ Measure pot using pot gradient
E
•> Loss of Energy as heat
K = Vwlrr RE
Vwlre= i♦r v2 t
Lwlr•
❖ H = 12 Rt= Vlt = -
RE R
K=-- R ♦:• Unit: Joules
(R + r)L ♦ at null point on Current
exchange between •:• Heat dissipated is independent of
primary & Secondary
♦ At null point Vw1re = V.u., direction of Current
♦ Applications ~-------------------------------------------~
(A) Comparison of two EMF £Es = :•
+ Power : Rate of doing work (Loss of
i. 2 heat -+ Light)
(B) Internal Resistance of cell r = R (t- 1) ♦ p = work = Heat = 12 R = VI = ~
time time ,t R '-\
(C) Finding pot across R = K}e( !Rs)!_
\R♦ r L (Series) (Parallel)
 1---.J'W'wl\.-- .0, p = ..£!... When connected with battery
,--_ __,"f.___ _....
(R♦ r) 2

R
..__-"l'V',/1,,------'
<0>1=...!..~=0
R+r dR ~ R= r Rck1 = (~Y Po Po Vo
/(~\ V =V0 =
P P0
-co 'max or pmax where Ren = rlnt V<V0 P<Po ~-- Iii-----'
B2
-CO - = Pmax
V>V fu~ V
p
4R r-(i)--------(i)-------r-;:;ri~;----------~---~---;-----------------p~;,;.j;i-------
...__ __,., PzV -=-+-
Ps P, Pz
IOOW bOW
IIOV I IOV ore power less
-i~ib______________________ _ ..__~ II ,_____, brightness
V For Mixed Ckt
~ Pr=P1+Pz
IOOW 60W
: Tungsten filament SOV 220V L---•-•--, .0, R = yl
~
1 p More power more
'.," .,,. R • Const !'t1'\"i~ ~ Roc-p brightness
.0, Hfab meltina Point c."~ .o, Replace bulb by Resistor
""'J'~ R100 < R6o .o, Calculate Current ln Each R
.0, Doesn't oxidised
v,2 .0, Calculate p = IZR
.0, Po • Rated Power
••• D _ 0
.o, More Power In Ckt more
.0, VO = Rated Voltqe • •'filament= Po
brtptness

k
In Questions
Att= 0 --4111-1- => 0 0

When not Connected with

At t = 00 -1-1- Q

1::~-1t:=J e.::m~~do:
In dlscharatna
~~Q
Att = 0
C
with-•~
Tbls growth & decay ls not sudden
c
--ti--
0 Y• Ole.
V
Qau=±CV lnfact exponential
t•O
t :: GO
---41--- ~ -
u
- Cbuslnl of Capadtor Steady State t • SC q
Dlscba1"11111 of
Capadtor R ·C· q = CV (1 - e-Ci"9 t =0
CV
q =Qe-t/RC =CV e-t/RC q = Q.. (1-e-c/llCJ -H- ~-- 0.63 CV •
C = RC (time const)
I = 10e-«tae
Time for 6316 charged
J:
Time ror 63% discharged
V/R ·······._ • I= !.e-t/Rc
R C R
Ill ;a I= loe-t/RC
 [CJ]!
.----------------------------------------"'\ ·--------
1 Calculation or time Constant

Open Capacitor
Short the battery

FlndR.u
"

6
1

[O
I
s J
Att=O

a V
-
1

Vffi/R V

I
•
l_!_ + ..!...]
Rt Rz

"
8 J V

~---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------~
At t = «>
Calculation orV"' ~
Question Analysis
Open Capacitor r.=--:Yl
Distribute Current 6
I·---------------------------~
Any Time Questions: I ~
Write open loop KVL Iq = CV[1 - e-c/llCJ
I I
j
I V I
Find V,. - V1 , I = -e-t/ Rc I Calculate potential across Cap
L------------------------------------
------------------------1 L.--·-·--------------------------------
I R I

Find Equivalent Circuit ·----------------------------~

For MultJple Capadtor I
Open Ckt
I
Only steady state I Distribute Current
~ C
.....__------t II v, = ...£!!...
C1 + Cz
II Write open loop KVC from /,. io ~ .
Q = C(VA - Ve)
I
VHJ V2 = I
E :.!.cv2 = .!.ccvA - Ve) 2
CzV
I
'---------------,---------------
C1 + Cz
2 2
~---------------------------------