as tmep increases , tehrmal agitation of the conductor increaes and this will lead
to inrease in rate of collision of free eleedctrons and due tot his opposition
force will be more , tus valeu of k will also increase
-in an isolated conductor free electrons behave like gas moelcules , which are in
radnom motion colliding ith each other . the averegae time ebwteen two successive
ecolisions by ana eletcron avergaged overe all the free electrons over a large
period of time is called relaxation time
-for radnom motion , average velcoty of all the elctrons at any instant is zero
-frift vecloty of free eletcons is the vagerage vec;oity of all the free electrons
at any instant of time
For some conductors under constant physical conditions like temperature, mechanical
strain, humidity etc. the current flowing through it is always directly
proportional to the potential difference across its two ends.
-accordint to principle of conservation of enrgy an electrical circuit sum of all
the currents flowing into the junction must be equal to the sum of all the currents
flowing out from the junction.
by chemcia rection electrons are pushed n chemicals nside the batteeru on one
electrode and pulled form another electrode die to whcih potneial of these
electrode changess. the one whcih has excess electrons will be at lesser potenial
and the other one which is eletron difcient will be at highere potenial
-batteery chemcials always offer some restance to flow of currn as it iconnectd in
series ,. internal resitance "
-for a real batetery inder practical cosnirion as it isued its cheicals are
consumed and with time its internal reistance "increases "
-under open circuit, the terminal potential differnce is equal to its emf
under state when current is supplied into a battery by some external source then
terminal potenial differnece of the battery is more than the battery EMF
-tehre are two ways in whcih cells can be connected in series combination called
supporitng mode and opposing mode
-EMF does not chaneg when identical cells are connecyted in aprallel
-battery grids aare made to reduce the overall internal reistance without
compromisiing on the overall EMF to supply required power in specific application
- rate at which work is done or heat is dissipated in reistor is called thermal
power
-maximum pwoer is upplied by the battery to etrnal reisatne when exyernal resitance
value is equal to internal restance of battery. maxm power transfer theoram)
-above and below the internal reisatcne there can be two values when the powt
supplied by the batetery can be equal
-on closing switch for a short preiod of time current flows and chrgein circuit
becomes zero. this state is called steady sttae of circuiit . the state of circuit
just after closing the switch and before it attains the steady state is called
transient state and the duration for which the current flows in the circuit unttil
the charg issteady is calaled transient dureation
-on increasing the value fo resiatcne R the transient duratio in whcih capacitor
reacives its full charge increases
-time constant of RC circuit is dfined as time duration in whcih the RC circuit
charged upto 63 % of its steady state value
-is r4istance is connected in cricuit then ehat is dissiapted in that resitor and
if no ristor is connected then it is due to the reistance of the connecting wire
which is distributed across the circuti
-as during the dischrge the charge on capcitor plates decreases so the potenial
difference acrodd capacitor also decreases , the curret in circuit also decreases
with time
-in RC circuits , uncharged capcitor behave like short cirucit just after closing
the switch and behave liek open circuit after a long time in their steady state
- and chaarged cpacitors behave like a battery of EMF equal to initial potneial
difference acros the cpaitors just aftere the closing the switch and behave like
open circuit after a long time in their steady state
-an idela current soure is one whcich aahas infinite internal resitance which can
always supplu consya current to any external cirfuit
GALAVNANOMETR
- unidirectional has coloured temerinal with red and black colours ith red
indicated the high potjnial connected nad black indictedd the low pitenial
cnnecteion and it has a unifiretonal scale
-both the termianls of biderecctional are idnetical balck in coloru hich can be
conncetd in eiether ways
-unidirection - only magnitude
-bidirctiojnl- direction + magnitude
-internal redistance is called coil reisatcne whcih is denoted by Rg othere is
full deflection cuurent of galvaomter also called as range of galavanometr denoted
by ig
AMMETER:-
-galvn is a funcdamrntla instrment to measure currn in short raneg of mA whereas
ammetere is used for lare range of current measurment from microamper to several
ampere.
-A galvanometer can ·be converted into an ammeter of desired range of current
measurement by connecting a very small resistance across the terminals of
galvanometer. As a galvanometer is a very small range device for current
measurement so to measure a large current we need to bypass the excess current
beyond the range of full deflection current of galvanometer. This excess current is
bypassed through a very low_resistimce in parallel to galvanometer which is called
'Shunt Resistance'
-an ideal ammtre should have zero ristanc
VOLTMETER:-
A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter of desired range of voltage
measurement by connecting a very high resistance in series with the galvanometer.
As a galvanometer is a very small range device for current measurement so when a
potential difference is connected across it a current flows through it because of
its coil resistance R . The current through g . Rg due to potential difference is
generalymuch higher than full deflection current of galvanometer which may damage
the device. To reduce the current we connect a high resiatnce in series with
galavanometer
-more the voltmeter resatcne , less the error
-ideal one should have infinite resist
METERE BRDGE:-
- based on wheatstone bridge
POTENETIAOMEEER:=-
TRUE DEVICE"
-DOES NOT DRAW CURRENT
-UPPER APRT IS PRIMARY CIRCUIT
USING VOLTMETERE WE CANNOT MEASURE emf of a source as it required some current to
flow throgh it for its measurement
current on priary cirucit should rmeian constant to keep potentil gradient constant
on potentiometer wire
low displacemnt of jockey, and hgih delfection , high senstivity
PO BOX:-
-works on rinciple of wheaattine bride
-bidrectional galavaometer as its middle branch
general:-
current density is vector quantity
mobility is both nengative and positive current carriers
