Question 1.
a) Working procedure of Four stroke cycle petrol engine with diagram.
b) A six-cylinder, four-stroke CI engine with 10 cm bore and 12 cm stroke runs at
2000 rpm. The compression ratio is 18. The engine is connected to a
dynamometer which gives a brake output torque reading of 300 N.m. Air enters
the cylinder at 0.9 bar and 39°C and the mechanical efficiency of the engine is
85%. The engine is running with an air-fuel ratio 20. Heating value of the fuel is
42,000 kJ/kg. Combustion efficiency is 98%. Standard density of air is 1.181
kg/m3.
Calculate: (i) brake power, (ii) indicated power, (iii) brake mean effective pressure,
(iv) indicated mean effective pressure, (v) friction mean effective pressure
Solution 1(a):
1. Suction stroke – In this stroke, the inlet valve opens and charge is sucked into the cylinder
as the piston moves downward from TDC. It continues till the piston reaches its BDC as
shown in Fig.
2. Compression stroke – In this stroke, both the inlet and exhaust valves are closed and the
charge is compressed as the piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC. As a result of
compression, the pressure and temperature of the charge increases considerably. This
completes one revolution of the crank shaft.
3. Expansion stroke – Shortly before the piston reaches TDC, the charge is ignited with the
help of a spark plug. It suddenly increases the pressure and temperature of the products of
combustion but the volume, practically remains constant. Due to the rise in pressure, the
piston is pushed down with a great force.The hot burnt gases expand due to high speed of the
piston. During this expansion, some of the heat energy produced is transformed into
mechanical work. During this working stroke, as shown in Fig., both the valves are closed and
piston moves from TDC to BDC.
4. Exhaust stroke – In this stroke, the exhaust valve is open as piston moves from BDC to
TDC. This movement of the piston pushes out the product of combustion, from the engine
cylinder and exhausted through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere, as shown in Fig. This
completes the cycle, and the engine cylinder is ready to suck the charge again.
Solution 1(b):
Question 2.
a) Describe actual indicator diagram for Diesel Engine with figure.
b)
Solution 2(a):
1-2 (Suction Stroke): Suction stroke line is below the atmospheric line. Inlet valve
provides resistance to incoming air, preventing sudden entry into the cylinder.
Pressure inside the cylinder remains somewhat below atmospheric pressure, causing
fresh air to flow in due to pressure difference.
2-3 (Compression Stroke): Inlet valve closes slightly beyond Bottom Dead Center
(BDC). Pressure and temperature increase inside the cylinder. Fuel valve opens
shortly before Top Dead Center (TDC), injecting fuel into the cylinder. Fuel ignites
due to high compressed air temperature, increasing volume and temperature of
combustion products while pressure remains constant.
3-4 (Constant Pressure): Pressure remain constant from FVO till FVC.
4-5 (Expansion Stroke): Exit valve opens slightly before BDC.
5-1 (Exhaust Stroke): Burnt gases are exhausted into the atmosphere through the
exhaust valve. Exhaust line is above the atmospheric line. Exhaust valve provides
resistance to outgoing burnt gas, maintaining pressure inside the cylinder somewhat
above atmospheric pressure.
Solution 2(b):
Question 3.
a) Describe stages of combustion in SI Engine with figure.
b) Write 10 comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engine.
Solution 3(a):
First Stage(AB): This stage is called ignition lag or preparation phase. It corresponds
to the time for the growth and development of a self-propagating nucleus of the flame.
The starting point is the point A and the end point is B. The stage is mainly a
chemical process and depends on the nature of the fuel, temperature and pressure of
the fuel-air mixture, the concentration of the residual from the previous cycle present
in the cylinder and the chemical reaction rate.
Second Stage(BC): This stage is called the main stage. It corresponds to the
propagation of the flame practically at a constant speed. The starting point of the
second stage is taken as point B and end point is C. This stage is both a physical and a
chemical process. Depends on the chemical composition and on the prevailing
temperatures and pressures and the degree of turbulence in the cylinder.
Third Stage(CD): This stage is called afterburning. It corresponds to the completion
of flame travel where equilibrium is reached. Starting point is C and end point is D.
Solution 3(b):
Petrol Diesel
A petrol engine draws a mixture of petrol A diesel engine draws only air during
and air during suction stroke. suction stroke.
Pressure at the end of compression is Pressure at the end of compression is
about 10 bar. about 35 bar.
The charge (i.e. petrol and air mixture) is
The fuel is injected in the form of fine
ignited with the help of spark plug. spray. The temperature of the compressed
air is sufficiently high to ignite the fuel.
The combustion of the fuel takes place at The combustion of the fuel takes place at
constant volume. It works on Otto cycle. constant pressure. It works on Diesel
cycle.
A petrol engine has compression ratio A diesel engine has compression ratio
from 6 to 10. from 15 to 25.
The starting is easy due to low The starting is difficult due to high
compression ratio. compression ratio.
As the compression ratio is low, the As the compression ratio is high, the
petrol engines are lighter and cheaper. diesel engines are heavier and costlier.
The maintenance cost is less. The maintenance cost is more.
The thermal efficiency is about 26%. The thermal efficiency is about 40%.
These are high speed engines. These are relatively low speed engines.
Question 4.
a) Describe actual valve timing diagram.
b) Formulate the equation of thermal efficiency of diesel cycle with figure.
Solution 4(a):
10-20
10-15
Describe from diagram by your own.
Solution 4(b):
�1
Compression ratio, r =
�2
�3
Cut-off ratio,
�2
Put the values in eq. 2.51
Question 5.
a) Describe water cooling system with figure.
b) Describe lubrication system with figure.
Solution 5(a):
This system is used in a large number of automobiles like cars, buses and even heavy
trucks. This system circulates coolant through the engine parts needing cooling, aided
by a pump. The coolant is cooled in the radiator by air drawn by a fan and vehicle
motion. A thermostat controls the temperature. Components include radiator, fan,
pump, and thermostat.
Components Description-
1. Radiator: It cools down water by providing lots of surface area. It has a top tank
and a bottom tank. Water from the engine goes through rubber hoses into the top
tank and comes out through another hose from the bottom tank.
2. Fan: It's attached to the impeller spindle and is powered by belts. The fan blows
air through the radiator tubes, making the water cooler.
3. Pump: This keeps water moving in the system. The bottom of the radiator
connects to the pump. It gets its power from a pulley connected to the engine's
camshaft or crankshaft.
4. Thermostat: When you start the engine, you want the coolant to warm up
quickly. The thermostat helps with this by blocking water flow until it's warm
enough. Once it's warm, the thermostat lets water flow through the radiator.
Solution 5(b):
The pressure feed system, found in numerous vehicles including cars, buses, and
heavy trucks, plays a crucial role in lubrication system. In this system, oil is pulled
from the sump and pumped to the crankshaft's main bearings through special channels.
There's a valve that opens if the pressure gets too high. Oil moves from the main
bearings to the crank pin bearings and then to the piston pin bearings through drilled
holes. The cylinder walls, tappet rollers, piston, and rings get lubricated by oil sprayed
from around the piston pins and bearings.
Components Description-
Pump: This component draws oil from the sump, ensuring a steady flow throughout
the system.
Strainer: Acting as a protective barrier, the strainer filters out any dirt or debris
present in the oil, preventing it from circulating and potentially causing damage.
Pressure Regulator: The pressure regulator ensures that the oil delivery pressure
remains constant. It can be adjusted to maintain optimal pressure levels, preventing
both insufficient lubrication and over-pressurization.
Filter: Responsible for further refining the oil, the filter removes solid particles that
may have escaped the strainer. This process reduces contamination and helps maintain
the cleanliness of the lubrication system, promoting smoother engine operation.
Extras
Factors affecting Ignition lag:
Nature of the Fuel and Air/Fuel Ratio: Fuel type has a significant impact. It will
take longer to ignite if it requires a greater temperature. Lean or very rich mixtures
take longer.
Initial Temperature and Pressure: Faster ignition occurs at higher initial
temperatures and pressures. Temperature has a bigger effect than pressure.
Compression Ratio: Higher compression ratios mean higher temperatures and
pressures at ignition, speeding up the process. They reduce the concentration of
leftover gas, which reduces ignition lag even further.
Spark Timing: Adjusting when the spark fires affects how quickly the fuel ignites.
Delaying it makes ignition faster, but firing it earlier slows it down.
Turbulence and Engine Speed: How much the air moves around inside the engine
doesn't really change how fast it ignites. But when the engine runs faster, the timing
of the spark needs to be adjusted to keep up.
Spark Plug Electrode Gap: The space between the parts of the spark plug is super
important. If it's too small, the fire can't start properly. If it's too big, the spark isn't
strong enough. Either way, limiting the range of mixtures that can catch fire.
Prony Break:
Extra study-
Working procedure of Four stroke cycle Diesel engine with diagram.
Formulate the equation of thermal efficiency of Otto cycle with figure.
FACTORS AFFECTING COMBUSTION IN SI ENGINES
Other 3 systems
Math- 2.4, 2.7
COMPARISON OF OTTO, DIESEL AND DUAL COMBUSTION
CYCLES(Optional)
