Applied Physics (3 Credit Hours Course)
Lecture 10- Electromagnetic Theory/Maxwell
Equations/Quantum Mechanics (Base of everything around
us)
Assistant Professor
Dr. Mujtaba Ikram
Office Address: Room#72, 2nd Floor, Institute of Chemical
Engineering and Technology (ICET), University of Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
E-mail Contact:
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Title: Applied Physics
Code Number: PHY115
Semester: 1st
Credit hours: 3
Pre-requisites course requirements/ skills: Basic
Knowledge of applied sciences.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to
Understand basic principles, problems of physics and applied physics
in Industrial revolution 4.
Acquire knowledge of materials characterization techniques.
Understanding of nano physics applications in the chemical
engineering.
Solve engineering problems related to modern electronics and
Industrial revolution 4.
Course Contents
Unit I: Introduction to engineering mechanics
1.1 Physical significance of engineering Mechanics
1.2 Mechanics of Coplanar and Non-Coplanar forces
1.3 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies in 2 and 3-dimensions
Unit II: Introduction to electromagnetic theory
2.1 Electrostatics, Magnetostatics
2.2 Electromagnetic Theory
2.3 Maxwell Equations
2.3.1 Gauss’ Law for electricity
2.3.2 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
2.3.3 Faraday’s Law
2.3.4 Ampere-Maxwell Law
Unit III: Modern, quantum and nuclear physics
3.1 Einstein’s Photoelectric Effect Law
3.2 Planck’s Black-body Radiation Law
3.3 Quantum Theory of matter
3.4 Quantum Theory of Radiation
3.5 Physical significance of Quantum Mechanics
3.6 Modern Nuclear Physics in Engineering Domain
Course Contents
Unit VI: Engineering electronics & Industrial Revolution 4
4.1 Introduction to micro electronics: Active & Passive Components
4.1.1 Integrated Circuits (ICs): Classification & Fabrication of ICs
4.1.2 Advantages of ICs
4.2 Introduction to Digital Electronics: Number Systems & Logic Gates
4.2.1 Truth Table & K-Map
4.2.2 Designing of 3-bit adder, 2-bit adder
4.2.3 Digital Circuits & Electronic Suitcase
4.3 Introduction to Industrial Revolution 4: Challenges and Expectations
4.3.1 3-D Printing
4.3.2 IOT
4.3.3 Fusion of Technologies
4.4 IOT: Challenges of digital process control systems.
4.4.1 Internet of Things: Tools and Solutions
4.4.2 Digital networking in Process control
4.4.3 Horizontal and Vertical Integration in Digital Process control
4.5 Introduction to Digital communications
Course Contents
4.5.1 Process Control Parameters & Advanced Digital
communications
4.5.2 IPCs and Digital Controller
4.5.3 Digital Designing: Process Parameters Flow sheet
4.5.4 Digital Logic Controller & Distributed Control Systems
4.6 Case Studies: Industrial Revolution 4 in Chemical Engineering
Unit V: Nano science and nanotechnology in chemical
engineering
5.1 Why does size Matter? nanotechnology is future
5.2 Nanotechnology in nature
5.3 Nano materials and physical properties
5.4 Various synthesis techniques of nanomaterials
5.5 Top down approach, bottom up approach
5.6 Chemical and physical synthesis approaches
5.7 Applications of nanotechnology in chemical engineering
Course Contents
Unit VI: Applied physics techniques in engineering
6.1 Significance of applied techniques in engineering
6.2 X-ray Diffraction Technique (XRD)
6.3 Scanning Electron Microscope/Tunnelling Electron Microscope
6.4 Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
6.5 Raman Spectroscopy
Unit VII: Applied physics applications in chemical engineering
7.1 Superior Energy Storage in Lithium Ion Batteries
7.2 Energy capacity in super capacitors
7.3 Water purification using nanoscience
7.4 Analysis of chemical compounds by characterization techniques
7.5 Bio chemical drug delivery
7.6 Porous Membranes
7.7 Microelectronics and nanoelectronics in chemical engineering
7.8 Novel chemical materials using nanotechnology
7.9 Chemical sensors
Electromagnetic Theory: Maxwell
Equation
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s equations are the basic equations
of electromagnetism. It involve calculus;
here is a summary:
1. Gauss’s Law for electric field: Gauss’s law relates
electric field to charge
2. Gauss’s Law for magnetic field: A law stating
there are no magnetic “charges”, No magnetic
monopoles
3. Faraday’s Law: A changing magnetic field
produces a electric field
4. Ampere’s Maxwell Law: A magnetic field is
produced by an electric current, and also by a
changing electric field
The Equations of Electromagnetism
q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics E dA 0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism B dA 0
d
Faraday’s Law of Induction E dl
dt
B
Ampere’s Law B dl 0 I
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics E dA 0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
B dA 0
d
Faraday’s Law of Induction
E dl B
dt
d E
Ampere’s Law
B dl 0 I 00 dt
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)
Consider these equations in a vacuum.....
......no mass, no charges. no currents.....
q
E dA 0 E dA 0
B dA 0 B dA 0
d B d B
E dl dt E dl dt
d E d E
B dl 0 I 0 0
dt B dl 0 0 dt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSE
J4YLXtt8
Quantum Physics/Quantum Mechanics:
Base of Secret of Nature/Modern
Nuclear Physics/Computers/IOT/
(Everything around us)
Basics of Quantum Mechanics
The Correspondence Principle
When Quantum physics is applied to macroscopic
systems, it must reduce to the classical physics.
Therefore, the non-classical phenomena, such as
uncertainty and duality, must become undetectable.
Niel’s Bohr codified this requirement into his
Correspondence principle:
Basics of Quantum Mechanics
- Why Quantum Physics? -
• Classical mechanics (Newton's mechanics) and
Maxwell's equations (electromagnetics theory) can
explain MACROSCOPIC phenomena such as
motion of billiard balls or rockets.
• Quantum mechanics is used to explain
microscopic phenomena such as photon-atom
scattering and flow of the electrons in a
semiconductor.
• QUANTUM MECHANICS is a collection of
postulates based on a huge number of
experimental observations.
Basics of Quantum Mechanics
- Classical Point of View -
• In Newtonian mechanics, the laws are written in terms of
PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES.
• A PARTICLE is an indivisible mass point object that has a
variety of properties that can be measured, which we call
observables. The observables specify the state of the particle
(position and momentum).
• A SYSTEM is a collection of particles, which interact among
themselves via internal forces, and can also interact with the
outside world via external forces. The STATE OF A SYSTEM is
a collection of the states of the particles that comprise the
system.
• Conclusions:
• TRAJECTORY state descriptor of Newtonian physics,
• EVOLUTION OF THE STATE Use Newton's second law
• PRINCIPLE OF CAUSALITY Two identical systems with the
same initial conditions, subject to the same measurement will yield
the same result.
Basics of Quantum Mechanics
- Quantum Point of View -
• Quantum particles can act as both particles and
waves WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
• Quantum state is a conglomeration of several
possible outcomes of measurement of physical
properties Quantum mechanics uses the
language of PROBABILITY theory (random
chance)
• An observer cannot observe a microscopic system
without altering some of its properties. Neither one
can predict how the state of the system will
change.
• QUANTIZATION of energy is yet another property
of "microscopic" particles.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Usu
9xZfabPM
Can Quantum Physics explain human’s
Consciousness, Psychology and
Behavior?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wy
S2exChGqo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqk
1oL42r5s
