LESSON 5
General Biology II
Reproduction
of Human
and Animals
DISCUSSION COVERAGES:
Introduction of Reproduction
Two Types of Reproduction:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Biology
Reproduction
Introduction of Reproduction
Organismsdo not live forever,
and scientifically exist based on
their lifespan expectancy.
Therefore, the continuity of a
species relies on individuals
reproducing
There are two types of
reproduction: asexual and
sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which a
new - offspring is produced by a single parent. The new
individuals produced are genetically and physically identical to
each other, i.e., - they are the clones of their parents.
In multicellular organism the new individual will arise from a
cellular division of an ordinary body cell called Somatic Cell.
Many organisms that reproduce asexually also have the ability
to produce sexually but the occurrence is absolutely rare.
Organisms that reproduce asexually are found in stable
environments to which they are very well suited.
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Fission and Budding
Fragmentation
Spore Formation
Vegetative Reproduction
Parthenogenesis
Fission and Budding
Fission - is common among unicellular
organisms such as bacteria. Fission occurs
after the mitotic division of the nucleus,
when the parent cell splits into two equally
sized daughter cells forming a new organism.
Budding - is similar to fission except that the
division of the cytoplasm is unequal. The
new individual arises from an outgrowth, or
bud, from the parent. Budding can also be
seen in small multicellular animals.
Fission and Budding
Fragmentation
Fragmentation - occurs mostly in
multicellular organisms when the body
of the organism breaks into two or more
parts, each of which will form a new
organism.
This form of reproduction is common in
flatworms, marine worms, and
echinoderms (starfish).
With worms, a new individual may form
when the worm gets so long that it
simply falls apart forming new
organisms. Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is the development of an
unfertilized egg into a new individual that is a clone
of the parent.
In order to obtain the needed diploid set of
chromosomes the egg will often duplicate by
mitosis and then fuse to give the egg two sets of
chromosomes.
Animals that are parthenogenetic include bees,
wasps, ants, and some species of birds and lizards.
The fertilized egg will developed into a female
organism of bees, wasps, ants and etc.
Parthenogenesis
Vegetative
Reproduction
Many plants are capable of vegetative reproduction
which is the separation of one plant to form a new,
independent plant.
Vegetative reproduction may arise from many parts of a
plant including the leaves and underground stems called
"Rhizomes"
Note that these plants can also reproduce sexually.
Asexual reproduction is however faster and may allow
the plant to out-compete neighboring species of plant
wanting the same resources and space.
Vegetative
Reproduction
Spores Formation
Spores are formed by fungi and
are often contained within a
structure known as a
sporangium which will
disintegrate releasing the
spores into the environment.
When a spore lands in a suitable
environment it will germinate
forming a new fungus. Spores
are formed by budding.
Spores Formation
Asexual Reproduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Advantages Disadvantages
No need to spend time
- There will be a lack of
and energy finding a
genetic variation in the
partner.
population means that the
species will less likely to
No need to use energy
survive after environmental
resources for producing
change due to its
egg and sperm that
adjustment capability.
potentially would never
be use.
Gametes Formation
A reproductive cell of an animal or
The Sexual
human. Gametes Formation of the
eggs (ova) or sperm.
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction Fertilization
The production of new It is the process by which the sperm of
organisms by the male and ovum of the female meet
and fuse.
combination of two
different genetic
Growth and Development
information of two
Growth and Development of a
different sexes.
organism specifically a human and
animals plays a big role throughout
their lives in this type of reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction involves the male
and female gametes (sperm and eggs)
uniting to form a zygote. This zygote is a
unique individual introducing variation
into a population.
In humans, for example the gametes are
Sexual Reproduction
eggs produce by a female and sperm
produce by the male. Many flowers for
example also produce male and female
gametes in the same flower and can still
fertilized themselves sexually.
The young organisms produced by
sexual reproduction are not identical
with each other, nor with their parents
unlike reproducing asexually.
Advantage of Sexual Reproduction Disadvantage of Sexual Reproduction
The genetic diversity introduced by The cost of sexual reproduction
sexual reproduction can allow species however clearly outweigh the cost
to survive changing environmental of as reflected by the fact that
conditions. This is a major benefit to nearly all eukaryotic organisms
the survival of the species. reproduce sexually.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
he reproductive system is composed of primary
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and secondary sex organs
I n animals, the primary sex organs which produce the
gametes are the ovaries in female and the testes in
males
Secondary sex organs include the various glands that
produce nutrition, lubrication and chambers storage
to protect a developing embryo
Sexual Reproduction in
Animals
uring a sexual intercourse, the blood pressure is increased in
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the penis to become stiff and erect.
uring intercourse, contraction squeeze sperm past the
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seminal vesicle and prostate gland, where fluid is added to
them. The muscular contractions force the semen out of the
urethra. This is called ejaculation.
he semen is deposited at the top of the vagina, just below the
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cervix. The sperm is now set out on a hazardous journey
towards the egg. If the egg cell is released already, the
fertilization may happen.
Fertilization
I f the fertilization happen, fertilized egg is called a zygote. As both
the egg and sperm were haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each,
the zygote is a diploid cell, with 46 chromosomes.
The zygote begins to divide very soon after fertilization. It divides
by mitosis until the ball of cells is formed. The whole cell ball is no
longer bigger than the original egg cell. It is called an embryo.
hile it is dividing, the ball of cells moves slowly down the
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oviduct until it reaches the uterus. After seven days of
fertilization, tiny embryo sinks into the soft lining of uterus. This is
called Implantation
Implantation and
Development
he genetic information within each cell plays a vital role in the
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development of an individual from the blastocyst.
nder the instructions from the DNA the nuclei begin to
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produce new proteins. The embryo forms a hollow structure
with its layers.
The ectoderm will form the skin cells and cells of the nervous
system. The endoderm will form gut tissue and the mesoderm
will produce bone and muscle tissues as well as excretory and
reproductive systems.
Development of
Embryo and Fetus
he embryonic stage ends after eight weeks fertilization. The organism
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known as a fetus and is distinctly human.
or the rest of gestation the organs continue to develop and tissue
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becomes more specialized. Muscle cells will begin to contract, red
blood cells carry oxygen through circulatory system and connective
tissue forms around the bone.
he developing fetus is surrounded by a fluid. This fluid is known as
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amniotic fluid and serves to protect the fetus and allows the fetus to
move around.
The fetus is nourished by exchange of materials across the placenta.
Development of
Embryo and Fetus
