def xor(a, b):
# Perform XOR operation between two binary strings
result = []
for i in range(1, len(b)):
if a[i] == b[i]:
result.append('0')
else:
result.append('1')
return ''.join(result)
def mod2div(dividend, divisor):
# Perform Modulo-2 division (XOR-based division)
pick = len(divisor)
tmp = dividend[0:pick]
while pick < len(dividend):
if tmp[0] == '1':
tmp = xor(divisor, tmp) + dividend[pick]
else:
tmp = xor('0' * pick, tmp) + dividend[pick]
pick += 1
if tmp[0] == '1':
tmp = xor(divisor, tmp)
else:
tmp = xor('0' * pick, tmp)
return tmp
def crc_sender(data, generator):
# Append zero bits to the data equal to the length of the generator minus 1
padded_data = data + '0' * (len(generator) - 1)
remainder = mod2div(padded_data, generator)
codeword = data + remainder
return codeword
def crc_receiver(codeword, generator):
# Perform Modulo-2 division on the received codeword
remainder = mod2div(codeword, generator)
return remainder == '0' * (len(generator) - 1)
# CRC-16 Polynomial (X^16 + X^15 + X^2 + 1)
CRC_16 = "11000000000000101"
# Get user input for data
data = input("Enter the binary data to be transmitted: ")
# Sender Side: Calculate CRC-16 codeword
crc16_codeword = crc_sender(data, CRC_16)
print(f"\nSender Side:")
print(f"Original Data: {data}")
print(f"CRC-16 Polynomial: {CRC_16}")
print(f"CRC-16 Codeword (Sent): {crc16_codeword}")
# Simulate transmission (for simplicity, assume the received codeword is the same)
received_codeword = input("\nEnter the received codeword: ")
# Receiver Side: Check if the received codeword is error-free
is_error_free = crc_receiver(received_codeword, CRC_16)
print(f"\nReceiver Side:")
print(f"Received Codeword: {received_codeword}")
if is_error_free:
print("No error detected. The received data is correct.")
else:
print("Error detected in the received codeword.")
