To determine the coefil xge of the ahnip edged 0 (@) To measure the trajectory of a jet emerpits from the orifice and determine tion for the orifice. coefficient of velocity and coefiicient if contr: (©) To measure time to lower the water level in the tank drained by the orifice end compare the value with that obtained from theory. SCOPE: ‘An orifice is used to discharge liquid into the etmosphere from reservoirs, tanks and. conduits. Orifices provided in dams to supply water to canals. Orifice are fitted into srorage tanks also. In such example, itis essential to know the actual discharge flowing tivough the orifice and the time require to empty the tanks when flow takes place through. They ere determined by Knowing the jet characteristic and the hhydtaulic constants of the orifice. Coefficient of discharge ca, coefficient of velocity cy and coefficient of contraction ce are the three orifice constants. Coefficient of Ab the orifice. Coefficient of discharge enables us to calculate actual flow rate throu; velocity enables us to catoulate the actual velocity of flow. Coefficient of contraction ¢ enable indirect calculation of the coefficient of ‘and the valves obtained thus can be compare APPARATU! (a) Hydraulic bench (b) Orifice tank (©) Stop watch. THEORY. (@) Theoretical discharge through the orifice Qn =An2eH ‘Where, A; = Area of the orifice H Height above the orifice B= Acceleration due to 2 rates the technique of determining these coefficients.) ©) @ Actual discharge (Qe) Coefficient of discharge (Cu) Coefficient of velocity (C-) Where, X= Distance Y=Drop from the orifice at the point where X is measured. Coefficient of contraction (Ce) = Cal Cy | from Hy to Ha in the tank. Time required lower the water Show the figure of apparatus retec24n (J -W) 2A, 28. ‘Where, Ar = Area of the tank. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : @ @) © Connect the hydraulic bench supply to the orifice tank. Close the main delivery valve and start the pump. Open the valve and allow water level in the cylinder to settle at around 500mm conditions to settle. (@) } @® ) Determine the discharge by timing the mass of water collected in the measuring tank. Note H and continue to do so during the discharge measurement process and determine an average H. Repeat the procedure five more times by reducing flow and at each stage measure the flow rate and head. At three of the values of H, measure the trajectory of the jet by taking reading of horizontal distance from the orifice (X) against the vertical drop Y. At orifice X=0, Y=0 Restore the head to a convenient value in the cylinder and close the suppi ; oe valve. Note the time taken for ae level to drop from say 450mm to 200mm above the orifice. Repeat two further times and calculate average time to time to low: ‘the water level,(Number of | ad A | observations T 2 3 4 3 6 | Observation table TMuberof > X mm yo | 5 | 10] 15] 20 | 25 | 30) 35 40 observations | le H Y mm eo eet 2 Y mm ll b = + 4 pret to Pa Observation table [Number of | Time in Sec. | Average time in Sec. | observations | a) Actual discharge Qs. b) Theoretical discharger Qu ©) Cy foreach test conducted and compute average value of Cy. d) Determine Cy and Ce. e) Compare the time taken to lower the level to that calculated by theory. ) Coefficient of discharge Ca 8) Coefficient of velocity Cy. h) Coefficient of contraction Cz. i) Plot actual discharge Q versus H and actual discharge Q versus H!? b) Present the result in a tabular form,ssyinsou snooe atf) wo JuORRUOD Os] “SINS 208 9 9 surd | sud Adwo oroum | 3mm fads | 29 woHsentos | Aryoopoa Jo afte ypsip wH HeAIOSqO parejnoyeg | or uayer wemroy | Jo waloyjao3 qonatoayy, | HI) | fenay soem | Jo soquinycorapute total beads at different point in a yenturimeter and verif} i's eheorem is one the fundamental principles of fluid flow. Its verification leads 16 Better understanding of fluid flow circumstances through various devices. APPARATUS: (@) Hydraulic bench (b) Orifice tank (ce) Stop watch. THEORY: (@) Fora horizontal pipe the total head HEP) /re Vie 2g= Pal tt V2 2g Where, pi/t, ppt = Pressure head Vi, V2 = Velocity of flow -semat discharge (Qa) = V/F—-——-— —— (@) Connect the venturimeter with the hydraulies bench (6) Close the main delivery valve and stat the pump. (©) Allow sufficient flow to pass through the venturimeter by gradually operating the valve so that a head different of about 200mm is obtained. Allow the condition to settle. (@ Note the piezometer reading Ha, Hb, He and Hd. Determine the actual flow rate by timing the mass of water collected in the measuring tank. (© Repeat for five more observations. (@ Show figure of apparatusPipe dias Throat diameter = Chservaticn table Number of Z a Masscfwater | ‘Time observations [Ha | He | Hd | collected kg | s. TTT Y | \ | CALCULATION : a) Actual discharge Qu. b) Velocity at points a, b,¢, d. ww | | lk 2 4 5 6 ioe ese c) Velocity head V?/ 2g at each points. PRESENTATION : : ee a) Present one sample calculation b) Present your result in the tabular form.Observation table wharge | Area | Velc 3 | aber of | Points | Pressure Dis | servations | headm | Qauuv/s | A im wu op aocplae cslac cslac celae oplao oe (©) __ Plot the pressure head and velocity head along the duct graphically. (4) Join the point indicating the velocity and pressure heads. Comments : Comment on the results. What inference do you get from the Line joining pressure head points.floating body and to investig: nite of gravity. Meiacentric height of a floating object determine its stability. The study of variation ‘of metacentric height with position of centre of gravity enables us to analyse the stability of floating bodies.- APPARATUS : (a) Pontoon (») Trough THEORY: @ BM Where, BM = Distance between centre of buoyancy and metacentre 1 = Moment of Inertia V = Displaced Volume &) OB= ae Where, OB = Distance between base of the pontoon and the centre of buoyancy V = Displaced volume L= Length of pontoon B= Breadth of pontoon Where, GM = Metacentric height W = Total weight of the pontoon dx = Lateral displacement : a6 = Angle of tlt for the displacement dx (2) 0G=OB+BM-GM (refer figure i).fa) Plase the w 5 Place the water through on a table and fi (8) Place the pontoon on the trough. (©) Place the lateral weight on the centre of the hor bar and ad plumb to give zero reading on the scale. (@ Place the mast weight at its lowest position and note its height obove the base of the pontoon. (©) Move the lateral weight a distance of x along the cross horizontal bar to give a tilt to the right. (© At this position of the lateral weight, note x and 8. (g) Repeat step (¢) to get a tilt to the left and note x and 8. (4) Repeat steps (e), (f) and (g) for five more positions of the mast above the base of the pontoon. () Show figure of apparatus OBSERVATION : Length of the pontoon L = Weight of the pontoon W = Lateral weight Wo = Observation table [Number of | Position of Mast | Lateral Weight Shifted to observations | Above Base mm Left T Right uwALCULATION : Ceatee of bu above the base of th {9} BM (©) Average angle of tilt 6” TI metacentric height GM (©) The position of centre of gravi cach position of the mast weight. PRESENTATION : a) Showa sample calculation b) Present the result in a tabular form. Observation table = Height of centre | Average tilt | dx |Metacentric | Height of | observations | of gravity above ° 49 | height Gm | metacentric abase OG above base OM 6 (© _ Plot Metacentric height GM versus height of centre of gravity above base OG. : dx Height above centre of gravity OG versus 4g Comments : Comment on the effect of position of centre of gravity on stability. How do the experimental and theoretical calculation of metacentre corroborate.40 measure the m ment, about a kni nife edge of the ina i : mersed plane vertical surface and to compare this momeat wwith thai derived from theory. OPE : All surfaces that are in contact with water experience force. All water retain structures must be designed to withstand water pressure. is experime helps to determine the hydrostatic force on a plane surface. APPARATUS : © (a) Centre of pressure apparatus with weights. THEORY : (a) The moment about the pivot of the water pressure on the cully immersed plane vertical face is —f a @) a) =paybdj a+S+-—| Y=|¥-5 My = payb ua ql ( 3} Where, M-=Momrnent due to the force b=Breadtroftheplane-faceofaquard d= Depth of the plane face a= Distance of edge of plane face from the knife edge y = Bottom edge of the plane below water surface (b) The moment is also measured experimentally by putting a mass must a distance 1 from the knife edge. Mz = mel Equating = d @)s ( a 1=pgybd|a+S+5—| ¥={y-S eens (+$+55) 7 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : (a) Place the apparatus ona level table. (b) Measure 1, b, a and d in meter.@® ®) preset stop. Add water to the perspex quadrant until the level of wate edge of th4e plane under test ove the top At this stage add masses in the mass area until the balence is restored Note y; and w;. It might be essential to add littie water to get exact balance. Put addition mass on the mi (to give m:) and carefully and water to restore the balance. Note y2. Repeat the procedure for six more readings. Show figure of apparatus OBSERVATION : ‘Moment arm 1 = Breadth of the plane face b= Depth of plane face d= Distance of top edge of the face from knife edge na = _______ Observation table Number of Depth of water | Mass added observations ymm | kg A | : 3() Exp © H-@-yo-4 ental moment Mg a) Show a sample calculation b) Present the result in a tabular form. (©) Plot between experimental moment M and H. Calculation table Numberof | Weight | Experimental | Depth of Depth observations | added | MomentMe | watery Hm No fo Ne n Theoretical Remarks | moment My Am | | 6 Comments : Comment in the significance of the result and accuracy of the experiment.weir on ioi S8=AxV Where, 9 = Dischar; A= Area of the of! V= Velocity and diameter of orifice = 60mm V determines by the head different when water flows through the orifice the inlet and manometer. In the manometer outlet of the manometer tubes are connected on th shows the head different which is import to note down. or H= hy ~ hy (mm) y= 170B H/ On = theoretical discharge B = Breadth of the flume (300mm) H = measures by the needle gauge and Observation table Series no, Hy -Hp = V; (manometer varies reading) B= 300mm constant flume width H of above broad creased weir Depth (d) = broad crested weir Orifice (ai) = 60mm9 S.No H-V=(Hi-Ia= )Note the depth causing ‘on) about 500mm upstzeam from the weir. Determine the volume flow (g) Repeat for apron depth, 8, 10, 12 OBSERVATION: [Number of Head Volume | \ * | observations H am | See. | | | | | | | kee | 3 CALCULATION : (2) Actual discharge Q. (&) Theoretical discharge Qu. (©) Coefficient of discharge Cy. (@ Show the figure of the apparatus and simple description.«b) Present th: abular form. r \ Number of \ Actual | Head we H m Qin Co Theoretical | Coefficient | discharge | of discharge | le a ee a E | | Comment on the variation of Cy accuracy of depth measurement and effect of velocit of approach on the discharge. Discuss its applications to discharge measurement.To measure the force d by ajet ona this force with the force obtained by theory. SCOP! {vane and compare the magnitude of The momentum equation has wide applications in many engineering systems like carbines, pumps and other rotodynamic machines. Study of impact of jet on fixed vanes enables one to calculate the forces essential for the analysis of flow through machines. APPARATUS : (a) Hydraulic bench (b) Jet impact apparatus (©) _ Stop wateh. THEORY: (a) Theoretical force due to jet of water on a vane Fa= _______Where, K= C g the shape of the vane Fy = Theoretical force on the vane oa p= Density of water = 1000 A= Area of jet = 8mmd V = Velocity of jet. m/s The value of K for different shaped vanes are as follows K=0.5 for 45° vane K=1.0 for flat vaneCbservation table {2 ier coll | Hemi-spherical {| 1 | 2 3 a i | | ee | es | } 6 | CALCULATIONS: (2) Actual discharge (Q,) = vit k= coefficient of vane (b) Velocity of flow (V) = QvA a= area of vane {c) Theoretical force (F") = kpav? = velocity(a) @ OBSERVATION : Nozzle diameter ‘Vane type (K) Lever arm ratio K=1.5 tor 120° vane nerical vane the jet impact apparatus to the hy. ench Suz Connect Using the level and balance weight, adjust the apparatus so that the gauge reads zero at level position. Close the main delivery valve and start the pump. Raise the flow carefully in stages balancing the level at each stage by turning the screw in the gauge (balancing weight should not be touched once adjusted), Note the maximum force. Reduce the flow to zero adjusting the balancing force at each stage until the balance level in zeroed conditions is restored. Increase the flow so that one fifth of the maximum force indicated in (d) is exerted on the vane after leveling. Allow condition to settled. Note the force indicated in the gauge, Determine the actual flow rate by timing the mass of water collected in the Repeat five more times until the maximum force is reached, Show the figure of apparatus : a