Were,

H-Head above the orifice in m of water.

g-Acceleration due to gravity.

a-Cross sectional area of the jet.

Note: For mouth pieces, the diameter to calculate the area should be taken at the
outlet.

C.ACTUAL DISCHARGE,
Qact= m/s

Were

A = area of the collecting tank, (m)

R= difference in height of the water in the collecting tank, (m)

t= time taken to rise h meters in the collecting tank, (sec)

D.ACTUAL VELOCITY,

Vact = m/s.

Were,

g-acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/s

Y=coordinate parallel to the jet area in m.

X=half of the coordinate perpendicular to the jet area in m.

E. THEORETICAL VELOCITY,
V= m/s.

Were,

gacceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/s

H=Head above the orifice in m of water
F.COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE,
Cd=

G.COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY,
Cy=

H.COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION,
Cc =

PROCEDURE

1. Check the experimental setup for leaks.

2. Place the orifice of study in the overhead tank.
3. Measure the dimensions of the collectingtank and note down the orifice meter
specifications.
4. Open the delivery valve and switch on the pump.
5. Adjust the delivery and outlet valve slowly to get the required constant head in
the overhead tank.
6. Measure the X and Y coordinates by using the traveling scale.
7. Note the time t tocollect Rcm rise of water in the collecting tank by closing
the butterfly valve.
8. Open the butterfly valve after treading.
9. Repeat the above procedure for different heads in the overhead tank.
10. Open the delivery valve and switch off the pump.
11. Tabulate observations

RESULT:
Coefficient of discharge Cd=

Coefficient of contraction Cv=

TABULAR COLUMN
 6. DETERMINATION OF METACENTRIC HEIGHT

AND RADIUS OF GYRATION OF FLOATING BODIES

AIM:
To study about the meta-centric height and its experimental set up.
To find the meta-centric height of the given float and radius of gyration of floating
bodies.

SPECIFICATION:

weight of floating body =

THEORY:

Metacentric height is an important geometrical parameter of a floating body. The

upward force exerted by the fluid on a floating body is called Buoyancy force. Center
of Buoyancy is the point through which the buoyancy force is supposed to act. It is
the center of gravity of the fluid displaced by the body.
Meta center is the point of intersection of line of actions of buoyancy force and the
axis of the body, when the body is given a small angular displacement.

Metacentric height: is the distance GM, between the metacenter of a floating body and
the center of gravity.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Experiment set up of a Metacentric height apparatus consists of atank with water,

floating body, protractor and known weights.

PRINCIPLE:

A. METACENTRIC HEIGHT (GM),

GM =

Were,

X = The distance through which weight wis moved, m.

W= Known weight Kg.

W = Wf+ W Kg.

W Weight of floating body Kg

0 =
B. RADIUS OF GYRATION,

K=

Were,
T= Timeperiod of one complete oscillation of the floating
body from one side to other and back again, (sec)

PROCEDURE

1. Place the float in the float tank having water about 3/4th height.
2. Bring the float into horizontal position by screwing the tilt adjusting nuts inwards
or outwards. so that plumb line passes through the zero mark of the tilt measuring
device.

3.Place asmall weight 'w' on the right side of adistance 'x'. Note the 8, shown by the
plumb line.

4. Move the weight 'w' to the left side also at adistance, 'x' cm. Note the 0, reading. 5.
Place one particular load at any convenient distance and give a small tilt.
6. Note the time for 5 oscillations.

7. From that note the average time for one oscillation, and substitute that value in the
formula of radius of gyration. 8. Repeat the above procedure for different 'x'.
9.Tabulate the observations.

RESULT:

Radius of gyration, K=

Metacentric height, GM =

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

OBSERVATION

SL Delivery Time taken for R Head over notch in cm Head of water

pressure cm rise of water Supply to ram,

(s) H, H H=h,h, Cm
Calculations

TABULAR COLUMN
Ram efficiency Ram efficiency
SL NO Delivery head Discharge Waste water
by Rankine's
flow rate by
D'Aubussion's Formula
m/s
formula

2
3

RAM
7. EXPERIMENT ON HYDRAULIC

AIM:

To study about the hydraulic ram and its experimental set up.
ram by using
The experiment is conducted to find efficiency of hydraulic
D'Aubussion's formula and Rankine's formula.

SPECIFICATION:
Angle ofV notch =30°.

Area of collecting tank =......m².

THEORY:
The Hydraulic Ram is a contrivance utilizing the water hammer principle
hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste"
valve
Sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a"delivery" check valve, making it
cheap
to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable. Asimplified hydraulic ram is shown
the figure. Initially, the waste yalve is open, and the delivery valve is closed. Th
water in the drive pipe starts to flow under the force of gravity and picks up speed and
kinetic energy until it forces the waste valve closed. The momentum of the water floy
in the supply pipe against the now closed waste valve causes a water hammer that
raises the pressure in the pumnp, opens the delivery valve, and forces Some water to
flow into the delivery pipe. Because this water is being forced uphill through the
delivery pipe farther than it is falling downhill from the source, the flow slows; when
the flow reverses, the delivery check valve closes. If all water flow has stopped, the
loaded waste valve reopens against the now static head, which allows the process to
begin again. A pressure vessel containing air cushions the hydraulic pressure shock
when the waste valve closes, and it also improves the pumping efficiency by allowing
a more constant flow through the delivery pipe.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
The experimental setup of a Hydraulic ram having a cylindrical air vessel
connected to a small rectangular chamber through a non-returning valve. A waste
valve is also provided in the rectangular chamber to discharge the excessive water to
the tank. The chamber is connected to an elevated supply tank. A delivery pipe is
connected to the foot of the air chamber to deliver the water to the collecting tank to
measure the discharge delivered by the Ram.
PRINCIPLE:

A. DELIVERY HEAD (H),

H= m of water

Were,
P=Delivery pressure, N/m²
Py=Vacuum pressure, N/m².
B.ACTUAL DISCHARGE
 Qact = m/s

Where:

A- area of the collecting tank, (m')

R-difference in height of the water in the collecting tank,(m)

t-time taken to rise h meters in the collecting tank

C.WASTE WATER FLOW RATE

Qth= tan( )H 52 m³/s

Were,
H-Height of water surface above the apex of notch.
-Half the notch angle
D.RAM EFFICIENCY BY D' AUBUSSION'S FORMULA

Were
Q= Discharge, m3/s.
Qth= Wastewater flow rate, m3/s.
h= Head of water supply to ram
H= Delivery head of ram, m of water

E. RAM EFFICIENCY BY RANKINE'S FORMULA

Were
Q= Discharge, m'/s.
Oth= Wastewater flow rate, m3/s.
h= head of water supply to ram =...m of water.
H=Delivery head of ram, m of water

PROCEDURE
free from dust.
1. Clean the apparatus and make all tanks
2. Close all the drain valves provided.
 3. Fill the sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particlee
are there.

4. Close all control valves provided.

S. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF
position.

6. Now switch on the main power supply (220V AC, 50 Hz)

7. Switch ON the pump.
8. Fill the overhead tank with water.
9. Adjust the Ram stroke at minimum.
10.When the overhead tank overflows, open the control valve of Ram.
11. Now Ram is in operation.
12. Adjust stroke of ram to vary the head developed by the Ram.
13. Open slightly the control valve provided at the useful water discharge
line of the air vessel. 14. Record Pressure gauge reading in air vessel
14. useful water by the Ram using a stopwatch and measuring tank.
15.Measure flow rate of waste water discharged through the V notch.
16. Repeat experiment at different flow ratesof useful water discharged by
the Ram by regulating the control valve provided at the useful
water
discharge line of the air vessel.

RESULT:
The performance test on the given centrifugal pump
has been conducted. Following
characteristics curves are plotted.
A. Head Vs Discharge.
B. Head Vs Input power.
C. Head Vs output power.
D. Head Vs Efficiency
 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
OBSERVATIONS
Static head loss, h (cm) Time taken forR cm in water T (s)
SI
1 3 45678 10
no

CALCULATIONS
TABULAR COLUMN
Hcad for Q1 discharge
SL NO V2 V22g Pg Total head

1
2

3
4

5
6

10

8.EXPERIMENTATION OF BERNOLLI'S THEOREM

AIM:
To study about the Bernouli's
theorem apparatus and its experimental set
The experiment is conducted to, up, and
1. Study the pressure gradient at
different zones
2. Verification of Bernoulli's
equation.
3. Comparative analysis under
different flow rates
SPECIFICATION:
Area of collecting tank=0.045 m²
Area at different cross-section of venturi
meter

Cross section from the inlet

Area, mm2
 1
491
2
357

3
245

4
153

5
123

6
153

7
202

279

9
369

10 471

THEORY:
Bernoulli's theorem is a form of the well-known principle of "conservation of
energy'". The theorem is stated as follows. "In a steady continuous flow of frictionless
incompressible fluid, the sum of the pressure head, kinetic head and potential head is
same at all points". It is mathematically represented as

Generally,

The following are the assumptions made in the Bernoulli's equation

1. The fluid is ideal. ie., viscosity is zero,
2. The flow is steady.
3. The flow is incompressible
4. The flow is irrotational
5. The flow is one dimensional
 Here the attempt has been made to study the relationship between pressure head
velocity head and the datum using venturimeter.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Experimental setup of an orifice meter consists of a centrifugal pump, orifice meter, U
tube manometer, collecting tank and a sump. Gate valve is connected between the
pump and orifíce meter. The discharge from the orifice meter is collected in a
collecting tank which is also connected to the sump. Two tapings from the inlet and
throat are connected to a U tube manometer, used to measure Pressure difference with
the help of mercury column. A piezometer is connected to acollecting tank, used to
measure the actual discharge.
PRINCIPLE:
A. PRESSURE-HEAD (H),
m of water

Were,
=density of water =1000 Kg/m'.
ggravitational constant.

B. VELOCITY-HEAD

Velocity head = m'/s

Were,
V=

a=Area of the particular section of the venturi meter in mn2

Q= m²/s

C.VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLI'S EQUATION

Bernoulli's equation is given as

After finding Pressure head, H.

Velocity head, V
at different cross sections of the venturi meter. Put the
same in the above equation T0
different points and verify whether all the values obtained
are the same
PROCEDURE
 1. Check the experimental setup for
leaks.
2. Measure the dimensions of collecting tank and note down the
specifications
3. Connect the power cable to 1 phase. 220v. 50 amps
with earth connection.
4. Open the delivery valve and switch on the
pump.
5 Adjust the flow through the control
valve of the pump
6. Allow the system to attain a steady state. ie., let the water pass from firstove
head tank to second
7. Note down the pressure head at different Doints of the venturi meter on he
multi tube piezometer.
8. Note down the time t to collect R cm rise of water in the collecting tank.

9. Repeat the above procedure for diferent flow rates by controlling the delivery
valve.

10.Open the delivery valve after taking the necessary observations.

11.Switch off the pump.
12. Tabulate the observations.
RESULT
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
SL Delivery Vacuum Time taken for Time taken for Speed of pump
pressure pressure R cm rise of K rev in energy N(rpm)
P(kg/cm) Pv(mmHg) water meter

t(s) T(s)
1

3
4

CALCULATIONS
TABULAR COLUMN

SLN Pressure head, H Discharge Input power Out put power Efficiency
m of water
Q(m/s) IP inkW OP in kW n%

9.EXPERIMENT ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM:

To study about the reciprocating pump and its experimental set up.
The experiment is conducted to,
Study the performance characteristics of the pump.
Draw characteristics curve of the pump at different heads.
#. H Vs QA.
#. H Vs IP.

#. H Vs Efficiency.
Comparative analysis of the curves.
SPECIFICATION:
Energy meter constant =3200 rev/KW -hr.

Area of collecting tank = 0.09 m²

THEORY:
Reciprocating pump has a plunger (piston) which moves to and from in a
Closed cylinder. The cylinder is connected to suction and delivery pipes and fitted
With non-return valves to admit the liquid in one direction only. The suction non
return valve allows the liquid only to enter the cylinder and the delivery non-return
 delivery line.
The
cylinder to the
valve allows the liquid only to escape from the
connecting rod. As the crank
is rotated at
crank bymeans of a
S connected to a
and from thus creating
Om speed by a prime mover. the plunger moves to
continuous flow of liquid.
pump.
the efficiency of a reciprocating
In this experiment we can find out

n% = (0P/IP )x 100
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Experimental set up of a reciprocating pump
consists of a reciprocating pump.
pressure gauge, energy meter, COllecting
tank and a
vavuun pressure gauge, delivery
pump and the collecting tank. The
Sump. Gate valve is connected between the
which is also connected to
discharge from the pump is collected in acollecting tank
delivery point are connected to
the sump. Two tapings from the suction point and
piezometer is connected to a collecting
Pressure- gauge used tO measure pressures. A
tank, used to measure the actual discharge.
PRINCIPLE:

A. PRESSURE HEAD (H),

H= m of water

Where,
P Delivery pressure, N/m².
Py Vacuum pressure, N/m².
B. ACTUAL DISCHARGE,

Qact = m'/s

Where:

A =area of the collecting tank, (m)

R= difference in height of the water in the collecting tank, (m)

t-time taken to rise h meters in the collecting

tank(s)
C.INPUTPOWER, IP

IP kW
 Were,
= Transmission efficiency =0.80

K = No. of revolutions of energy meter.

EMC = Energy meter constant.
=Time taken for 'K' revolutions of energy meter.

D. OUTPUT POWER,OP
OP kW

Were,
W= 9810 N/m?.

Q= Discharge, m²/s.
H= Total head.

PUMP, %.
E. EFFICIENCY OF THE

n% =(0P/IP )x 100
PROCEDURE

experimental setup for leaks.

1. Check the tank and note down
the
dimensions of the collecting
2. Measure the
specifications. connection.
amps with earth
cable to l phase, 220 v and 10
power
3. Connect the
switch on the pump.
Open the delivery valve and gauge.
4. in the delivery pressure
get a pressure
valve to
5. Adjust the delivery delivery pressure
gauge reading, tÉme
reading,
vacuum gauge rise of water in
6. Note down the meter, time t to collect R cm
revolutions of
energy
taken for 5
pump.
and speed of the delivery
the collecting tank pressures by controlling the
above procedurefor different
7. Repeat the
valve. necessary
observations.
the
delivery valve after taking
8. Open the
9. Switch off the pump.
observations.
10. Tabulate the

RESULT:
 reciprocating pump has been conducted
Ihe performance test on the given
Following
characteristics curves are plotted.
e. Head to Discharge.
f. Head to Input power.
Head to Efficiency.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

SL Delivery Vacuum Time taken for Time taken for Speed of pump
pressure pressure R cm rise of K rev in energy N (rpm)
P (kg/cm) Pv(mmHg) water meter

t(s) T(s)
1

CALCULATIONS
 TABULAR COLUMN

SLN Pressure head, H Discharge Input power Out put power Efficiency
m of water
Q(m'/s) IP in kW OP in kW n%
1

10.EXPERIMENT ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM

Tostudy the performancecharacteristics of acentrifugal pump and to determine the

characteristic with maximum efficiency.

DESCRIPTION
PRIMING The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion

delivery pipe for the removal of air before starting is called priming.
After priming the
vane gives a centrifugal head to the
impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating
speed, the delivery valve is gradually
pump. When the pump attains a constant
leaves the vanes at
radially outward direction. Then, it
opened. The water flows in a
kinetic energy is
outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure. Now
the
high-pressure water is through the
converted into pressure energy. The
gradually
delivery pipe to the required height
APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Centrifugal pump setup

2. Meter Scale
3. Stop watch
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

Time taken for Time taken for Speed of pump

SL Delivery Vacuum
R cm rise of K rev in energy N (rpm)
pressure
pressure
water meter
P (kg/cm) Pv(mmHg)
t(s) T(S)
1

3
4

CALCULATIONS
 TABULAR COLUMN

SLN Pressure head, H Discharge Input pOwer Out put power Efficiency
m of water
Q(m'/s) IP inkWN OP in kW n%
1

11.EXPERIMENT ON GEAR PUMP

AIM:
experiment is
To study about the gear pump and its experimental set up. The
conducted to
pump.
1. Study the performance characteristics of the
of the pump at different heads.
2. Draw characteristics curve
> H Vs Qa
> H Vs IP

> HVs I)
> H Vs OP

analysis of the curves

3. Comparative
SPECIFICATION:
= 1600 impulse/XW-hr.

Energy meter constant

= 0,09 m
tank
Area of collecting
THEORY: generally used to pump
displacement
pump and
is apositive efficiency of a given
gear pump out the
The experiment we can find
fluids. In this
viscous
he
centrifugal pump.
F % - { O P A P x 1 0 0
 vacuum
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
of a gear pump, pressure
consists

Experiment set up of a Gear

pump
indicator,
energy
meter, collecting tank
speed
gauge, delivery pressure gauge, pump
pump and
the The
collecting
tank.
between the
which is also connected to
connected
and a sump. Gate valve is collecting tank
collected in a
discharge from the pump is delivery point
are connected to
suction point
and
from the to a collecting
the sump. Two tapings is connected

Pressures A piezZometer
measure
pressure gauges, used to
discharge
tank, used to measure the actual
PRINCIPLE:

A. PRESSURE HEAD (H),

H= m of water

Where,
P Delivery pressure,N/m².
Py Vacuum pressure, N/m?.
B. ACTUAL DISCHARGE,

Qact = m²/s

Where:

A= area of the collecting tank, (m)

R= difference in height of the water in

the collecting tank, (m)
t-time taken to rise h meters in the
collecting tank(s)
C.INPUT POWER, IP
IP kW

Were,
= Transmission efficiency
K = No. of =0.80
EMC = Energy revolutions of energy
meter constant.meter.
T
-Time taken for 'K
revolutions of energy
metel.
 nOUTPUT POWER, OP
OP kW
Were,
W= 9810 N/m².
Q= Discharge, m²/s.
H= Total head.
E EFFICIENCY OF THE PUMP. %.

n% =(0P/IP )x 100
PROCEDURE,
1. Check the experimental setup for leaks. tank and
note down the specifications
2 Measure the dimensions of collecting.
3. Connect the power cable to 3 phase connection.
4. Open the delivery valve and switch on the pump.
5. Adjust the delivery valve to get a pressure in the delivery pressure gauge.
6. Note down the vacuum gauge reading, delivery pressure gauge reading, time taken
for impulses of energy meter, time t to collect' R cm rise of water in the collecting

tank and speed of the pump

delivery valve.
7. Repeat the above procedure for different pressures by controlling the
observations.
8. Open the delivery valve after taking the necessary
9. Switch off the pump.
10. Tabulate the observations.

RESULT: characteristics
gear pump has been conducted. Following
Ihe performance test on the given

curves are plotted.

a) Head Vs Discharge.
Head Vs input power.
b)
c) Head Vs output power.
Head Vs Efficiency.
d
 OBSERVATIONS
Sl no. Turbine Delivery Manometer head in cm of Hg Load applied in kg
speed in pm pressure,
P(kg/cm:) h h, |h=h,-h F
F=F-E.

CALCULATIONS

TABULAR COLUMN
SI Load
Delivery Discharge Q
no.
applied in head in m of Input power
kg water
m°l s
IP in kW
Output Efficiency
power OP in
kw