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Surveying Module1 Short Notes

The document provides an overview of surveying and geomatics, detailing its introduction, classification, principles, and various measurement techniques. It covers topics such as linear measurements, ranging, chain surveying, compass surveying, bearing systems, and the importance of well-conditioned triangles for accurate plotting. Additionally, it discusses concepts like declination and local attraction affecting magnetic bearings.

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6 views2 pages

Surveying Module1 Short Notes

The document provides an overview of surveying and geomatics, detailing its introduction, classification, principles, and various measurement techniques. It covers topics such as linear measurements, ranging, chain surveying, compass surveying, bearing systems, and the importance of well-conditioned triangles for accurate plotting. Additionally, it discusses concepts like declination and local attraction affecting magnetic bearings.

Uploaded by

krejiakhila0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SURVEYING & GEOMATICS MODULE 1 (Short Notes)

1. Introduction to Surveying:

- Art of determining positions on Earth using measurements.

- Applications: Topographical, cadastral, engineering, military, archaeological, geological, etc.

2. Classification of Surveying:

A. Primary:

- Plane: Small areas, flat Earth assumed.

- Geodetic: Large areas, Earth's curvature considered.

B. Secondary:

- Based on field: Land, Marine, Astronomical.

- Based on purpose: Engineering, Military, Geological, Archaeological.

C. By Instruments: Chain, Theodolite, Plane table, Aerial, etc.

3. Principles:

- Work from whole to part.

- Locate point using two known references.

4. Linear Measurements:

- Direct: Chain, Tape, Pacing, Odometer.

- Optical: Tacheometry, Triangulation.

- Electromagnetic: EDM instruments.

5. Ranging:

- Direct: End points visible.

- Indirect: Obstructed lines using reciprocal ranging.

6. Chain Surveying:

- Based on triangles.

- Stations: Main, Subsidiary.

- Lines: Base, Main, Tie, Check.

- Offsets: Perpendicular (preferred), Oblique.


7. Good Survey Line Conditions:

- Visibility, minimal lines, good triangles, few obstacles.

8. Compass Surveying:

- Instruments: Prismatic Compass, Theodolite.

- Bearings: True, Magnetic, Arbitrary.

9. Bearing Systems:

- Whole Circle Bearing: 0360 from North.

- Quadrantal Bearing: From N/S towards E/W.

10. Fore & Back Bearings:

- WCB: BB = FB 180.

- QB: Opposite directions (NS, EW).

11. Included Angles:

- Clockwise: Exterior angles.

- Angle = FB(next) BB(previous) (+360 if negative).

12. Declination:

- Magnetic vs True Meridian angle.

- Add (East), Subtract (West) for True Bearing.

13. Local Attraction:

- Magnetic disturbance from nearby materials.

- Detected by checking FBBB difference.

14. Orientation:

- Plane table via Backsighting or Compass.

15. Well-Conditioned Triangle:

- No angle <30 or >120 for accurate plotting.

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