College Physics: A Strategic Approach

Fourth Edition

Lecture
Presentation
Chapter 4
Forces and Newton’s Laws
of Motion

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Suggested Videos for Chapter 4 (1 of 2)
• Prelecture Videos • What the Physics?
– Newton’s Laws – Pushing Down to Move Up
– Forces ward

• Video Tutor Demo

• Class Videos – Weighing a Hovering Magn
– Identifying Forces et

– Newton’s Second Law • Ph ET

– Newton’s Second Law A – The Ramp
pplication

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Suggested Videos for Chapter 4 (2 of 2)
• Figure Video • End-of-Chapter Video Tutor
Solutions
– Figure 4.9 – An Atomic
Model of the Force Exe – Problem 4.11
rted by a Table
– Problem 4.15
• Video Tutor Solution – Problem 4.23

– Chapter 4 – The – Problem 4.39

Physics Behind a – Problem 4.53
Classic Trick
– Problem 4.65

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Chapter 4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of
Motion

Chapter Goal: To establish a connection between force

and motion.

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Chapter 4 Preview Looking Ahead:
Forces
• A force is a push or a pull. It is an interaction between two
objects, the agent (the woman) and the object (the car).

• In this chapter, you’ll learn how to identify different forces,

and you’ll learn their properties.
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Chapter 4 Preview Looking Ahead:
Forces and Motion
• Forces cause objects to accelerate. A forward acceleration of
the sled requires a forward force.

• A larger acceleration requires a larger force. You’ll learn this

connection between force and motion, part of Newton’s
second law.
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Chapter 4 Preview Looking Ahead:
Reaction Forces
• The hammer exerts a downward force on the nail. Surprisingly,
the nail exerts an equal force on the hammer, directed upward.

• You’ll learn how to identify and reason with action/reaction

pairs of forces according to Newton’s third law.
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Chapter 4 Preview Looking Back:
Acceleration
• You learned in Chapters 2
and 3 that acceleration is a
vector pointing in the
direction of the change in
velocity.
• If the velocity is changing,
there is an acceleration.
And so, as you’ll learn in
this chapter, there must be
a net force.

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Chapter 4 Preview Stop to Think (1 of 2)

A swan is landing on an icy lake, sliding across the ice and

gradually coming to a stop. As the swan slides, the
direction of the acceleration is

A. To the left.
B. To the right.
C. Upward.
D. Downward.

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Chapter 4 Preview Stop to Think (2 of 2)

A swan is landing on an icy lake, sliding across the ice and

gradually coming to a stop. As the swan slides, the
direction of the acceleration is

B. To the right.

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Reading Questions

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Reading Question 4.1 (1 of 2)
If you are not wearing a seat belt and the car you are
driving hits a fixed barrier, you will hit the steering wheel
with some force. This is because

A. The force of the collision has thrown you forward.

B. The steering wheel has been pushed back toward you.
C. You continue moving even after the car has stopped.

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Reading Question 4.1 (2 of 2)
If you are not wearing a seat belt and the car you are
driving hits a fixed barrier, you will hit the steering wheel
with some force. This is because

C. You continue moving even after the car has stopped.

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Reading Question 4.2 (1 of 2)
If you stand on a trampoline, it depresses under your
weight. When you stand on a hard stone floor,

A. The floor does not deform under your weight; it is too

stiff.
B. The floor deforms—very slightly—under your weight.
C. The floor deforms a slight amount if you are heavy
enough.

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Reading Question 4.2 (2 of 2)
If you stand on a trampoline, it depresses under your
weight. When you stand on a hard stone floor,

B. The floor deforms—very slightly—under your weight.

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Reading Question 4.3 (1 of 2)
Which of these is not a force discussed in this chapter?

A. The tension force

B. The normal force
C. The orthogonal force
D. The thrust force

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Reading Question 4.3 (2 of 2)
Which of these is not a force discussed in this chapter?

C. The orthogonal force

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Reading Question 4.4 (1 of 2)
If you are standing on the floor, motionless, what are the
forces that act on you?

A. Weight force
B. Weight force and normal force
C. Normal force and friction force
D. Weight force and tension force

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Reading Question 4.4 (2 of 2)
If you are standing on the floor, motionless, what are the
forces that act on you?

B. Weight force and normal force

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Reading Question 4.5 (1 of 2)
A skydiver has reached terminal velocity—she now falls at
a constant speed, so her acceleration is zero. Is there a net
force on her? If so, what is the direction?

A. There is a net force directed upward.

B. There is no net force.
C. There is a net force directed downward.

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Reading Question 4.5 (2 of 2)
A skydiver has reached terminal velocity—she now falls at
a constant speed, so her acceleration is zero. Is there a net
force on her? If so, what is the direction?

B. There is no net force.

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Reading Question 4.6 (1 of 2)
An action/reaction pair of forces

A. Points in the same direction.

B. Acts on the same object.
C. Are always long-range forces.
D. Acts on two different objects.

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Reading Question 4.6 (2 of 2)
An action/reaction pair of forces

D. Acts on two different objects.

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Section 4.1 Motion and Forces

Prelecture Video: Newton’s Laws

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What Causes Motion? (1 of 3)
• Do you need to keep pushing on something – to keep
applying a force – to keep it going?
– It seems like you would based on experience. If you slide
a book across a table, it slows to a stop.
• But with some simple experiments we can see that objects
slow down at different rates depending on the amount of
friction.

• Objects with no friction or other

significant forces slowing it down will
keep going forever like the Voyager
space probe which will continue its
motion for billions of years.
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What Causes Motion? (2 of 3)
• The sled is moving but will slow with friction – the more
friction, the faster it slows.

• In the absence of friction, if the sled is moving, it will

stay in motion.
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What Causes Motion? (3 of 3)
Newton’s first law Consider an object that has no forces acting
on it. If it is at rest, it will remain at rest. If it is moving, it will
continue to move in a straight line at a constant speed.

Text: p 106
age

• The car stops because a force acts on it.

• The crash dummy does not stop because no force is acting
on it until it hits the steering wheel.

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What is a Force? (1 of 2)
• A force is a push or a pull.

• A force acts on an object.

• Every force has an agent, something

that acts or pushes or pulls.

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What is a Force? (2 of 2)
• A force is a vector. The general
symbol for a force is the vector

symbol F . The size or strength of
such a force is its magnitude F.

• Contact forces are forces that

act on an object by touching it at
a point of contact.

• Long-range forces are forces

that act on an object without
physical contact.

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Tactics Box 4.1: Drawing Force Vectors
We use simple diagrams to visualize how forces are exerted on
objects.

1. Represent the object as a particle.

2. Place the tail of the force vector on
the particle.
3. Draw the force vector as an arrow
pointing in the direction that the
force acts, and with a length
proportional to the size of the force.
4. Give the vector an appropriate
label. Text: p 108
age

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Force Vectors
 
• Examples of force vectors: Tension

 
T , Spring Force F sp ,  
and Weight W . 
• All three of the tails of the vectors are placed on the particle
that represents the object regardless of where the force is
applied.

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Combining Forces
• Experiments show that when
  
several forces F 1 , F 2 , F 3 ,
are exerted on an object, the
combine to form a net force that is
the vector sum of all the forces:
   
F net F 1  F 2  F 3  
• The net force is sometimes
called the resultant force. It is
not a new force. Instead, we
should think of the original

forces being replaced by F net .
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QuickCheck 4.1 (1 of 2)
The net force on an object points to the
left. Two of three forces are shown.
Which is the missing third force?

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QuickCheck 4.1 (2 of 2)
The net force on an object points to the
left. Two of three forces are shown.
Which is the missing third force?

Vertical components cancel

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Section 4.2 A Short Catalog of
Forces

Prelecture Video: Forces

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Weight
• The gravitational pull of
the earth on an object on
or near the surface of the
earth is called weight.
• The agent for the weight
forces is the entire earth
pulling on an object.
• An object’s weight
vector always points
vertically downward, no
matter how the object is
moving.

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Spring Force

• Springs come in in many forms. When deflected, they

push or pull with a spring force.

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Tension Force

• When a string or rope or wire pulls on an object, it exerts

a contact force that we call the tension force.
• The direction of the tension force is always in the
direction of the string or rope.
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Normal Force (1 of 2)
• The force exerted on an object
that is pressing against a surface
is in a direction perpendicular to
the surface.
• The normal force is the force
exerted by a surface (the agent)
against an object that is pressing
against the surface.

• Figure 4.9 Video: An Atomic Model of the Force Exerted by a Ta

ble

• What the Physics? Pushing Down to Move Upward

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Normal Force (2 of 2)
• The normal force is responsible for the “solidness” of solids.

• The symbol for the normal force is n.

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Friction (1 of 2)
• Friction, like the normal force, is exerted by a surface.
• The frictional force is always parallel to the surface.

• Kinetic friction, denoted by fk , acts as an object slides
across a surface. Kinetic friction is a force that always
“opposes the motion.”

• Static friction, denoted by fs , is the force that keeps an
object “stuck” on a surface and prevents its motion
relative to the surface. Static friction points in the
direction necessary to prevent motion.

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Friction (2 of 2)

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Drag
• The resistive force of a fluid
(like air or water) on a moving
object is called drag.
• Like kinetic friction, drag
points opposite the direction
of motion.
• You can neglect air
resistance in all problems
unless a problem explicitly
asks you to include it.

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Thrust
• Thrust is a force that occurs when a jet or rocket engine
expels gas molecules at high speed.
• Thrust is a force opposite the direction in which the
exhaust gas is expelled.

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Electric and Magnetic Forces
• Electricity and magnetism, like gravity, exert long-range
forces.
• The forces of electricity and magnetism act on charged
particles.
• These forces—and the forces inside the nucleus—won’t
be important for the dynamics problems we consider in
the next several chapters.

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QuickCheck 4.2 (1 of 2)
A ball rolls down an incline and
off a horizontal ramp. Ignoring
air resistance, what force or
forces act on the ball as it
moves through the air just after
leaving the horizontal ramp?

A. The weight of the ball acting vertically down.

B. A horizontal force that maintains the motion.
C. A force whose direction changes as the direction of motion
changes.
D. The weight of the ball and a horizontal force.
E. The weight of the ball and a force in the direction of motion.
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QuickCheck 4.2 (2 of 2)
A ball rolls down an incline and
off a horizontal ramp. Ignoring
air resistance, what force or
forces act on the ball as it
moves through the air just after
leaving the horizontal ramp?

A. The weight of the ball acting vertically down.

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QuickCheck 4.3 (1 of 2)
A steel beam hangs from a cable as a crane lifts the beam.
What forces act on the beam?

A. Gravity
B. Gravity and tension in the cable
C. Gravity and a force of motion
D. Gravity and tension and a force of motion

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QuickCheck 4.3 (2 of 2)
A steel beam hangs from a cable as a crane lifts the beam.
What forces act on the beam?

B. Gravity and tension in the cable

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QuickCheck 4.4 (1 of 2)
A bobsledder pushes her sled across horizontal snow to get
it going, then jumps in. After she jumps in, the sled
gradually slows to a halt. What forces act on the sled just
after she’s jumped in?

A. Gravity and kinetic friction

B. Gravity and a normal force
C. Gravity and the force of the push
D. Gravity, a normal force, and kinetic friction
E. Gravity, a normal force, kinetic friction, and the force
of the push

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QuickCheck 4.4 (2 of 2)
A bobsledder pushes her sled across horizontal snow to get
it going, then jumps in. After she jumps in, the sled
gradually slows to a halt. What forces act on the sled just
after she’s jumped in?

D. Gravity, a normal force, and kinetic friction

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Section 4.3 Identifying Forces

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Identifying Forces (1 of 2)
• A typical physics problem describes an
object that is being pushed or pulled in
various directions.
• First, you must identify all the forces
that act on the object.
• Some forces are given while others are
implied.
• Be sure to avoid including forces that
do not exist.

• Class Video: Identifying Forces

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Tactics Box 4.2 Identifying Forces (1 of 2)

1. Identify the object of interest. This is the object whose

motion you wish to study.
2. Draw a picture of the situation. Show the object of interest
and all other objects—such as ropes, springs, and surfaces
—that touch it.
3. Draw a closed curve around the object. Only the object of
interest is inside the curve; everything else is outside.
4. Locate every point on the boundary of this curve where
other objects touch the object of interest. These are the
points where contact forces are exerted on the object.

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Tactics Box 4.2 Identifying Forces (2 of 2)

5. Name and label each contact force acting on the object.

There is at least one force at each point of contact; there
may be more than one. When necessary, use subscripts to
distinguish forces of the same type.
6. Name and label each long-range force acting on the
object. For now, the only long-range force we’ll consider is
weight.

Text: p 113
age

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Identifying Forces (2 of 2)
Table 4.1 Common forces and their notation
Force Notation

General force F Vector F.


Weight
 w
Vector w.

Spring force F sp
Vector F sub S P


Tension
T
Vector T.

Normal force n Vector n.


Static friction fs Vector f sub s.


Kinetic friction f
k
Vector f sub k.

Drag D

Vector D.

Thrust F thrust
Vector F sub thrust.

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Conceptual Example 4.1: Identifying
Forces on a Bungee Jumper

A bungee jumper has leapt off a bridge and is nearing the

bottom of her fall. What forces are being exerted on the
bungee jumper?

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Conceptual Example 4.2: Identifying
Forces on a Skier

A skier is being towed up a snow-covered hill by a tow

rope. What forces are being exerted on the skier?

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Section 4.4 What Do Forces Do?

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What Do Forces Do? (1 of 3)
• How does an object move
when a force is exerted on it?
• Experiments can answer the
question.
• Stretch a rubber bands to a
certain length – say, 10 cm –
that we can call a standard
length.
• That gives us a standard
force F.

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What Do Forces Do? (2 of 3)

• As the block starts to move, in order to keep the pulling force

constant you must move your hand in just the right way to
keep the length of the rubber band—and thus the force—
constant.
• Note that velocity is increasing: The block is accelerating.
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What Do Forces Do? (3 of 3)
The experimental findings of
the motion of objects acted on
by constant forces are:
• An object pulled with a
constant force moves with
a constant acceleration.
• Acceleration is directly
proportional to force.
• Acceleration is inversely
proportional to an object’s
mass.

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Icon graph for a Inversely Proportional Relationship Inversely Proportional Relationships (1 of 3)

Two quantities are said to be

inversely proportional to each
other if one quantity is proportional
to the inverse of the other.
Mathematically, this means that
A
y=
x
y is inversely proportional to x

Here, A is a proportionality constant. This relationship is

sometimes written as y  1/ x.

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Icon graph for a Inversely Proportional Relationship Inversely Proportional Relationships (2 of 3)

Scaling
• If you double x, you halve y.
• If you triple x, y is reduced by a factor of 3.
• If you halve x, y doubles.
• If you reduce x by a factor of 3, y becomes 3 times as
large.

Ratios For any two values of x—say, x1 and x2 —we have

A A
y1  and y 2 
x1 x2
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Icon graph for a Inversely Proportional Relationship Inversely Proportional Relationships (3 of 3)

Ratios Dividing the y1 equation by the y 2 equation, we find

y1 A / x1 A x 2 x 2
  
y 2 A / x 2 x1 A x1

That is, the ratio of y-values is the inverse of the ratio of the
corresponding values of x.

Limits
• As x gets very large, y approaches zero.
• As x approaches zero, y gets very large.
Text: p 116
age

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QuickCheck 4.5 (1 of 2)
A cart is pulled to the right with
a constant, steady force. How
will its acceleration graph look?

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QuickCheck 4.5 (2 of 2)
A cart is pulled to the right with
a constant, steady force. How
will its acceleration graph look?

A constant force produces a constant acceleration.

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Example 4.4 Finding the Mass of an
Unknown Block (1 of 2)

When a rubber band is stretched to pull on a 1.0 kg block with a

constant force, the acceleration of the block is measured to be
3.0m / s2 . When a block with an unknown mass is pulled with
the same rubber band, using the same force, its acceleration is
5.0m / s2 . What is the mass of the unknown block?

Strategize Because acceleration is inversely proportional to

mass, we will use ratio reasoning to solve this problem.
Prepare We denote the mass of the unknown block by m.

• Class Video: Newton’s Second Law

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Example 4.4 Finding the Mass of an
Unknown Block (2 of 2)

Solve We can use the result of the Inversely Proportional

Relationships box to write:
3.0m /s2 m
2

5.0m /s 1.0kg
or
3.0m /s2
m 2
1.0kg 0.60kg
3.0m /s

ASSESS With the same force applied, the unknown block

had a larger acceleration than the 1.0 kg block. It makes
sense, then, that its mass—its resistance to acceleration—
is less than 1.0 kg.
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Section 4.5 Newton’s Second Law

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Newton’s Second Law (1 of 2)
• A force causes an object to accelerate.
• The acceleration a is directly proportional to the
force F and inversely proportional to the mass m:
F
a
m
• The direction of the acceleration is the same as the
direction of the force:

 F
a
m
• Class Video: Newton’s Second Law Application
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Newton’s Second Law (2 of 2)
Newton’s second law An object of mass m subjected to
   
forces F 1, F 2 , F 3 , will undergo an acceleration a given by

 F net
a
   m 
where the net force F net F 1  F 2  F 3   is the vector
sum of all forces acting on the object. The acceleration

vector a points in the same direction as the net force

vector F net .
• We can rewrite Newton’s Second law in the form used in
 
many textbooks: F net ma
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QuickCheck 4.6 (1 of 2)
2
A constant force causes an object to accelerate at 4m  s .
What is the acceleration of an object with twice the mass
that experiences the same force?

A. 1m  s22

B. 2m  s2

C. 4m  s2
D. 8m  s2
E. 16m  s2

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QuickCheck 4.6 (2 of 2)
2
A constant force causes an object to accelerate at 4m  s .
What is the acceleration of an object with twice the mass
that experiences the same force?
2 F
B. 2m / s a=
m

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QuickCheck 4.7 (1 of 2)
An object, when pushed with a net force F, has an
2
acceleration of 2m / s . Now twice the force is applied to an
object that has four times the mass. Its acceleration will be
1
A. m / s2
2
B. 1m / s2

C. 2m / s2

D. 4m / s2

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QuickCheck 4.7 (2 of 2)
An object, when pushed with a net force F, has an
2
acceleration of 2m / s . Now twice the force is applied to an
object that has four times the mass. Its acceleration will be
22
B. 1m / s

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Conceptual Example 4.5 Acceleration of a
Wind-blown Basketball (1 of 2)

A basketball is released from rest in a stiff breeze directed

to the right. In what direction does the ball accelerate?

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Conceptual Example 4.5 Acceleration of a
Wind-blown Basketball (2 of 2)
Reason Wind is just air in motion. If the air is moving to the right with
respect to the ball, then the ball is moving to the left with respect to the
air. There will be a drag force opposite the velocity of the ball relative to
the air, to the right. So, as the figure shows, two forces are acting on
 
the ball: its weight w directed downward and the drag force D
directed to the right. Newton’s second law tells us that the direction of

the acceleration is the same as the direction of the net force F net .
  
In the figure we find F net by graphical vector addition of W and D.
 
We see that F net and therefore a point downward and to the right.

Assess This makes sense on the basis of your experience. Weight

pulls the ball down, and the wind pushes the ball to the right. The net
result is an acceleration down and to the right.
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QuickCheck 4.8 (1 of 2)
A 40-car train travels along a straight track at 40 m ph. A
skier speeds up as she skis downhill. On which is the net
force greater?

A. The train
B. The skier
C. The net force is the same on both.
D. There’s not enough information to tell.

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QuickCheck 4.8 (2 of 2)
A 40-car train travels along a straight track at 40 m ph. A
skier speeds up as she skis downhill. On which is the net
force greater?

B. The skier

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QuickCheck 4.9 (1 of 2)
An object on a rope is lowered at constant speed.
Which is true?

A. The rope tension is greater than the object’s weight.

B. The rope tension equals the object’s weight.
C. The rope tension is less than the object’s weight.
D. The rope tension can’t be compared to the object’s
weight.
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QuickCheck 4.9 (2 of 2)
An object on a rope is lowered at constant speed.
Which is true?

Constant velocity
Zero acceleration
r r
Fnet 0

B. The rope tension equals the object’s weight.

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QuickCheck 4.10 (1 of 2)
An object on a rope is lowered at a steadily
decreasing speed. Which is true?

A. The rope tension is greater than the object’s weight.

B. The rope tension equals the object’s weight.
C. The rope tension is less than the object’s weight.
D. The rope tension can’t be compared to the object’s
weight.
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QuickCheck 4.10 (2 of 2)
An object on a rope is lowered at a steadily
decreasing speed. Which is true?

Decreasing downward velocity

Acceleration vector points up
r
Fnet points up

A. The rope tension is greater than the object’s weight.

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Units of Force
kg m
1basic unit of force 1kg 1 m / s  1 2 2

The basic unit of force is called a newton. One newton is

2
the force that causes a 1 kg mass to accelerate at 1m / s .

1 pound 1 lb 4.45Ν
1lb

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Example 4.6 Racing Down the
Runway (1 of 5)
A Boeing 737—a small, short-range jet with a mass of 51,000
kg—sits at rest. The pilot turns the pair of jet engines to full
throttle, and the thrust accelerates the plane down the runway.
After traveling 940 m, the plane reaches its takeoff speed of 70
m/s and leaves the ground. What is the thrust of each engine?

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Example 4.6 Racing Down the
Runway (2 of 5)
Strategize If we assume that the plane undergoes a constant
acceleration (a reasonable assumption), we can use kinematics
to find the magnitude of that acceleration. Then we can use
Newton’s second law to find the force—the thrust—that
produced this acceleration.
Prepare The figure below is a visual overview of the airplane’s
motion.

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Example 4.6 Racing Down the
Runway (3 of 5)
SOLVE We don’t know how much time it took the plane to reach
its takeoff speed, but we do know that it traveled a distance of
940 m. We can solve for the acceleration by using the third
constant-acceleration equation in Synthesis 2.1:
v x f v x i  2ax x
2 2

The displacement is x xf  xi 940m, and the initial velocity

is 0. We can rearrange the equation to solve for the acceleration:

v x f 70m / s 
2 2

ax   2.61m / s2
2 x 2 940m 

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Example 4.6 Racing Down the
Runway (4 of 5)

Solve We’ve kept an extra significant figure because this

isn’t our final result—we are asked to solve for the thrust.
We complete the solution by using Newton’s second law:

F max 51,000 kg2.61m

2.61 m  s2  133,000N

The thrust of each engine is half of this total force:

Thrust of one engine 67,000 N 67 kN

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Example 4.6 Racing Down the
Runway (5 of 5)

Assess An acceleration of about 14 g seems reasonable

for an airplane: It’s zippy, but it’s not a thrill ride. And the
final value we find for the thrust of each engine is close to
the value given in Table 4.2, which gives the approximate
magnitude of a small jet engine as 50,000 N. This gives us
confidence that our final result makes good physical sense.

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Section 4.6 Free-Body Diagrams

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Free-Body Diagrams
• To solve a dynamics problem, it is useful to assemble all
of the information about the forces that act on an object
(or “body”) into a single diagram called a free-body
diagram.
• A free-body diagram represents the object as a particle
and shows all of the forces that act on the object.

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Tactics Box 4.3 Drawing a Free-Body
Diagram (1 of 2)

1. Identify all forces acting on the object. This step was

described in Tactics Box 4.2.
2. Draw a coordinate system. Use the axes defined in
your pictorial representation (see Tactics Box 2.2). If
those axes are tilted, for motion along an incline, then
the axes of the free-body diagram should be similarly
tilted.
3. Represent the object as a dot at the origin of the
coordinate axes. This is the particle model.

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Tactics Box 4.3 Drawing a Free-Body
Diagram (2 of 2)
4. Draw vectors representing each of the identified
forces. This was described in Tactics Box 4.1. Be sure
to label each force vector.

5. Draw and label the net force vector F net Draw this
vector beside the diagram, not on the particle. Then

check that F net points in the same direction as the

acceleration vector a on  your motion diagram. Or, if

appropriate, write F net 0.

Text: p 120age

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QuickCheck 4.11 (1 of 2)
An elevator, lifted by a cable, is moving upward and
slowing. Which is the correct free-body diagram?

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QuickCheck 4.11 (2 of 2)
An elevator, lifted by a cable, is moving upward and
slowing. Which is the correct free-body diagram?

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QuickCheck 4.12 (1 of 2)
A ball has been tossed straight up. Which is the correct
free-body diagram just after the ball has left the hand?
Ignore air resistance.

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QuickCheck 4.12 (2 of 2)
A ball has been tossed straight up. Which is the correct
free-body diagram just after the ball has left the hand?
Ignore air resistance.

No points of
contact.
Gravity is
the only
force.

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QuickCheck 4.13 (1 of 2)
A ball, hanging from the ceiling by a
string, is pulled back and released.
Which is the correct free-body
diagram just after its release?

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QuickCheck 4.13 (2 of 2)
A ball, hanging from the ceiling by a
string, is pulled back and released.
Which is the correct free-body
diagram just after its release?

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QuickCheck 4.14 (1 of 2)
A car is parked on a hill.
Which is the correct free-
body diagram?

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QuickCheck 4.14 (2 of 2)
A car is parked on a hill.
Which is the correct free-
body diagram?

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QuickCheck 4.15 (1 of 2)
A car is towed to the right at
constant speed. Which is the
correct free-body diagram?

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QuickCheck 4.15 (2 of 2)
A car is towed to the right at
constant speed. Which is the
correct free-body diagram?

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Example 4.7 Forces on an Elevator (1 of 3)
An elevator, suspended by a cable, speeds up as it moves upward
from the ground floor. Draw a free-body diagram of the elevator.
Strategize We’ll follow the steps of Tactics Box 4.3. We note that the
elevator is moving upward and its speed is increasing. That means
the acceleration is directed upward, so that Fnet must be directed
upward as well.

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Example 4.7 Forces on an Elevator (2 of 3)
Prepare In the figure below, we illustrate the steps listed in Tactics Box
4.3. Because the net force is directed upward, the magnitude of

the (upward) tension force T must be greater than that of the

(downward) weight force W .
We have shown this in the free-
body diagram by drawing the
tension vector longer than the
weight vector.

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Example 4.7 Forces on an Elevator (3 of 3)
Assess Let’s take a look at our
picture and see if it makes
sense. The coordinate axes,
with a vertical y-axis, are the
ones we would use in a pictorial
representation of the motion, so
we’ve chosen the correct axes.
And, as noted, the tension force
is drawn longer than the weight,
which indicates an upward net
force and hence an upward
acceleration.

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Example 4.9 Forces on a Towed Skier
(1 of 3)

A tow rope pulls a skier up a snow-covered hill at a constant

speed. Draw a full visual overview of the skier.
Strategize This is example 4.2 again, with the additional
information that the skier is moving at a constant speed.
Because his acceleration is zero, the net force acting on him
must be zero as well.

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Example 4.9 Forces on a Towed
Skier (2 of 3)
Prepare If we were doing a kinematics problem, the pictorial
representation would use a tilted coordinate system with the x-
axis parallel to the slope, so we use these same tilted coordinate
axes for the free-body diagram. The full visual overview is shown
in the figure below:

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Example 4.9 Forces on a Towed
Skier (3 of 3)

Assess We have shown T pulling parallel to the slope and fk ,
which opposes the direction of motion, pointing down the slope.

The normal force n is perpendicular to the surface and thus

along the y-axis. Finally, and this is important, the weight W
is vertically downward, not along the negative y-axis. The skier
 
moves in a straight line with constantspeed,
 so a 0. Newton’s

second law then tells us that F net ma 0. Thus we have drawn
the vectors such that the forces add to zero. We’ll learn more
about how to do this in Chapter 5.

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Example Problem
Consider pushing a block across the table at a steady
speed. Since you’re exerting a force on it, why isn’t it
accelerating? Identify all the forces and draw a free-body
diagram. Compare the size of the pushing force and the
size of the friction force.

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Section 4.7 Newton’s Third Law

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Newton’s Third Law
• Motion often involves two or more objects interacting
with each other.
• As the hammer hits the nail, the nail pushes back on the
hammer.

• A bat and a ball, your

foot and a soccer ball,
and the earth-moon
system are other
examples of interacting
objects.

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Interacting Objects
• An interaction is the mutual influence of two objects on
each other.
• The pair of forces shown in the figure is called an
action/reaction pair.

• An action/reaction pair of
forces exists as a pair, or
not at all.

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Reasoning with Newton’s Third Law
Newton’s third law Every force
occurs as one member of an
action/reaction pair of forces.
• The two members of an
action/reaction pair act on two
different objects.
• The two members of an
action/reaction pair point in
opposite directions and are
equal in magnitude.

• Video Tutor Demo: Weighing a Hovering Magnet

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Runners and Rockets (1 of 2)
• In order for you to walk, the
floor needs to have friction so
that your foot sticks to the
floor as you straighten your
leg, moving your body
forward.
• The friction that prevents
slipping is static friction.
• The static friction has to point
in the forward direction to
prevent your foot from
slipping.

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Runners and Rockets (2 of 2)
• The rocket pushes hot gases out the back, and this
results in a forward force (thrust) on the rocket.

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QuickCheck 4.16 (1 of 2)
10-year-old Sarah stands on a skateboard. Her older
brother Jack starts pushing her backward and she starts
speeding up. The force of Jack on Sarah is

A. Greater than the force of Sarah on Jack.

B. Equal to the force of Sarah on Jack.
C. Less than the force of Sarah on Jack.

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QuickCheck 4.16 (2 of 2)
10-year-old Sarah stands on a skateboard. Her older
brother Jack starts pushing her backward and she starts
speeding up. The force of Jack on Sarah is

B. Equal to the force of Sarah on Jack.

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QuickCheck 4.17 (1 of 2)
A mosquito runs head-on into a truck. Splat! Which is true during
the collision?
A. The mosquito exerts more force on the truck than the truck
exerts on the mosquito.
B. The truck exerts more force on the mosquito than the
mosquito exerts on the truck.
C. The mosquito exerts the same force on the truck as the
truck exerts on the mosquito.
D. The truck exerts a force on the mosquito but the mosquito
does not exert a force on the truck.
E. The mosquito exerts a force on the truck but the truck does
not exert a force on the mosquito.
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QuickCheck 4.17 (2 of 2)
A mosquito runs head-on into a truck. Splat! Which is true during
the collision?
C. The mosquito exerts the same force on the truck as the
truck exerts on the mosquito.

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Summary

Video Tutor Solution Chapter 4: The Physics Behind a

Classic Trick

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Summary: General Principles (1 of 4)
Newton’s First Law
Consider an object with no force acting on it. If it is at rest,
it will remain at rest. If it is in motion, then it will continue to
move in a straight line at a constant speed.

The first law tells us that an object that experiences no

force will experience no acceleration.
Text: p 126 age

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Summary: General Principles (2 of 4)
Newton’s Second Law
An object with mass m will undergo acceleration

 F net
a
m
   
where the net force F net F 1  F 2  F 3   is the vector
sum of all the individual forces acting on the object.

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Summary: General Principles (3 of 4)
Newton’s Second Law
The second law tells us that a net force causes an object to
accelerate. This is the relationship between force and

motion. The acceleration points in the direction of F net .

Text: p 126age

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Summary: General Principles (4 of 4)
Newton’s Third Law
Every force occurs as one
member of an action/reaction
pair of forces. The two
members of an action/reaction
pair:
• act on two different objects.
• point in opposite directions
and are equal in magnitude:
 
FA on B  FB on A Text: p 126age

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Summary: Important Concepts (1 of 3)
Force is a push or a pull on an object.
• Force is a vector, with a magnitude and a direction.
• A force requires an agent.
• A force is either a contact force or a long-range force.

The S I unit of force is the newton (N). A 1 N force will

``

2
cause a 1 kg mass to accelerate at 1m / s .

Text: p 126age

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Summary: Important Concepts (2 of 3)
Net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on an
object.

Text: p 126 age

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Summary: Important Concepts (3 of 3)
Mass is the property of an object that determines its
resistance to acceleration.
If the same force is applied to objects A and B, then the
ratio of their accelerations is related to the ratio of their
masses as
aA mB

aB mA
The mass of objects can be determined in terms of their
accelerations.

Text: p 126 age

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Summary: Applications (1 of 2)
Identifying Forces
Forces are identified by
locating the points where
other objects touch the
object of interest. These
are the points where
contact forces are
exerted. In addition,
objects feel a long-range
weight force.

Text: p 126 age

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Summary: Applications (2 of 2)
Free-Body Diagrams
A free-body diagram
represents the object as a
particle at the origin of a
coordinate system. Force
vectors are drawn with
their tails on the particle.
The net force vector is
drawn beside the diagram.

Text: p 126 age

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Copyright

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