College Physics: A Strategic Approach

Fourth Edition

Lecture
Presentation
Chapter 5
Applying Newton’s Laws

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Suggested Videos for Chapter 5 (1 of 2)
• Prelecture Videos • What the Physics?
– Static and Dynamic Equilibrium – Tablecloth Trick
– Weight and Apparent Weight • Video Tutor Demo
– Friction – Tension in String between H
• Class Videos anging Weights
– Forces in Jumping • PhE Ts
– Solving Problems Using N – Lunar Lander
ewton’s Laws
– Friction
– The Ramp

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Suggested Videos for Chapter 5 (2 of 2)
• Figure Video • End-of-Chapter Video Tutor
Solutions
– Figure 5.14 – Static
Friction Force – Problem 5.19
– Problem 5.28
• Video Tutor Solution
– Problem 5.31
– Chapter 5 – Ready for Take
off – Problem 5.61
– Problem 5.75
– Problem 5.83

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Chapter 5 Applying Newton’s Laws
Chapter Goal: To use Newton’s laws to solve equilibrium
and dynamics problems.

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Chapter 5 Preview Looking Ahead:
Working with Forces
• In this chapter, you’ll learn expressions for the different forces we’ve
seen, and you’ll learn how to use them to solve problems.

• You’ll learn how a balance between weight and drag forces leads to
a maximum speed for a skydiver.
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Chapter 5 Preview Looking Ahead:
Equilibrium Problems
• The boy is pushing as hard as he can, but the sofa isn’t going
anywhere. It’s in equilibrium—the sum of the forces on it is zero.

• You’ll learn to solve equilibrium problems by using the fact that there
is no net force.
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Chapter 5 Preview Looking Ahead:
Dynamics Problems
• Newton’s laws allow us to relate the forces acting on an object to its
motion, and so to solve a wide range of dynamics problems.

• This skier is picking up speed. You’ll see how her acceleration is

determined by the forces acting on her.
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Chapter 5 Preview Looking Back: Free-
Body Diagrams
• In Section 4.6 you learned to draw a free-body diagram showing the
magnitudes and directions of the forces acting on an object.

• In this chapter, you’ll use free-body diagrams as an essential

problem-solving tool for single objects and interacting objects.
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Chapter 5 Preview Stop to Think (1 of 2)
An elevator is suspended from a cable. It is moving upward
at a steady speed. Which is the correct free-body diagram
for this situation?

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Chapter 5 Preview Stop to Think (2 of 2)
An elevator is suspended from a cable. It is moving upward
at a steady speed. Which is the correct free-body diagram
for this situation?

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Reading Questions

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Reading Question 5.1 (1 of 2)
Which of these objects is in equilibrium?

A. A car driving down the road at a constant speed

B. A block sitting at rest on a table
C. A skydiver falling at a constant speed
D. All of the above

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Reading Question 5.1 (2 of 2)
Which of these objects is in equilibrium?

D. All of the above

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Reading Question 5.2 (1 of 2)
You are riding in an elevator that is accelerating upward.
Suppose you stand on a scale. The reading on the scale is

A. Greater than your true weight.

B. Equal to your true weight.
C. Less than your true weight.

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Reading Question 5.2 (2 of 2)
You are riding in an elevator that is accelerating upward.
Suppose you stand on a scale. The reading on the scale is

A. Greater than your true weight.

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Reading Question 5.3 (1 of 2)
In general, the coefficient of static friction is

A. Smaller than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

B. Equal to the coefficient of kinetic friction.
C. Greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

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Reading Question 5.3 (2 of 2)
In general, the coefficient of static friction is

C. Greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

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Reading Question 5.4 (1 of 2)
The drag force pushes opposite your motion as you ride a
bicycle. If you double your speed, what happens to the
magnitude of the drag force?

A. The drag force increases.

B. The drag force stays the same.
C. The drag force decreases.

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Reading Question 5.4 (2 of 2)
The drag force pushes opposite your motion as you ride a
bicycle. If you double your speed, what happens to the
magnitude of the drag force?

A. The drag force increases.

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Reading Question 5.5 (1 of 2)
Two boxes are suspended from a rope over a pulley. Each
box has weight 50 N. What is the tension in the rope?

A. 25 N
B. 50 N
C. 100 N
D. 200 N

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Reading Question 5.5 (2 of 2)
Two boxes are suspended from a rope over a pulley. Each
box has weight 50 N. What is the tension in the rope?

B. 50 N

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Section 5.1 Equilibrium

Prelecture Video: Static and Dynamic Equilibrium

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Equilibrium
• We say that an object at rest is in static equilibrium.
 
• An object moving in a straight line at a constant speed (a 0)
is in dynamic equilibrium.
• In both types of equilibrium there is no net force acting on the
object.
• If there is no net force acting on an object in xy plane, there is
no net force in either the x- or y-components of the net force:

F x max 0 and F y may 0

In equilibrium, the sums of the x and y components of the force

are zero
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Problem-Solving Approach 5.1
Equilibrium Problems (1 of 2)
Strategize If an object is in equilibrium, the net force acting on it
must be zero. We will use this fact to find the forces that keep it
in equilibrium.
Prepare First check that the object is in equilibrium: Does
 
a 0?
• An object at rest is in static equilibrium.
• An object moving at a constant velocity is in dynamic equilibrium.

Then identify all forces acting on the object and show them on a
free-body diagram. Determine which forces you know and which
you need to solve for.
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Problem-Solving Approach 5.1
Equilibrium Problems (2 of 2)
Solve An object in equilibrium must satisfy Newton’s second law
 
for the case where a 0. In component form, the requirement is

F x max 0 and F yy mayy 0

You can find the force components that go into these sums
directly from your free-body diagram. From these two equations,
solve for the unknown forces in the problem.
Assess Check that your result has the correct units, is
reasonable, and answers the question.

Text: p 135age

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Example 5.1 Finding the Forces on an
Orangutan (1 of 4)
An orangutan weighing 500 N
hangs from a vertical rope.
What is the tension in the rope?

Strategize The orangutan is

at rest, so it is in static
equilibrium. The net force on
it must then be zero. We will
use this fact to find the
tension.

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Example 5.1 Finding the Forces on an
Orangutan (2 of 4)
Prepare The figure identifies the Free-body diagram
forces acting on the orangutan: the
upward force of the tension in the
rope and the downward, long-range
force of gravity (the orangutan’s

weight w .)

These forces are then shown on a

free-body diagram, where it’s noted
that equilibrium requires:
 
F net 0.

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Example 5.1 Finding the Forces on an
Orangutan (3 of 4)
Known
Solve Neither force has an x-component, so we need
to examine only the y-components of the forces. In this w 500 N
case, the y-component of Newton’s second law is: Find
T
Fy Ty  w y may 

You might have been tempted to write Ty  w y because the weight

force points down. But remember that Ty and Wy are components of

vectors and can thus be positive (for a vector such as T that points up)
 
or negative (for a vector such as w that points down). The fact that w
points down is taken into account when we evaluate the components—
that is, when we write them in terms of the magnitudes T and w of the
 
vectors T and W .
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Example 5.1 Finding the Forces on an
Orangutan (4 of 4)

Solve Because the tension vector T points straight up, in the positive

y-direction, its y-component is Tyy T  Because the weight vector w
points straight down, in the negative y-direction, its y-component is
w y  w  This is where the signs enter. With these components,
Newton’s second law becomes:
T  w 0
This equation is easily solved for the tension in the rope:
T w 500 N
Assess It’s not surprising that the tension in the rope equals the
weight of the orangutan. That gives us confidence in our solution.

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Conceptual Example 5.3 Forces in Static
Equilibrium (1 of 4)
A rod is free to slide on a frictionless sheet of ice. One end of
the rod is lifted by a string. If the rod is at rest, which diagram in
figure below shows the correct angle of the string?

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Conceptual Example 5.3 Forces in Static
Equilibrium (2 of 4)
Reason Let’s start by identifying the forces that act on the rod. In
addition to the weight force, the string exerts a tension force and the ice
exerts an upward normal force. What can we say about these forces? If
the rod is to hang motionless, it must be in static equilibrium with
F x max 0 and  Fyy mayy 0. The figure shows free-body diagrams

for the three string orientations:

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Conceptual Example 5.3 Forces in Static
Equilibrium (3 of 4)
Reason Remember that tension always acts along the direction
of the string and that the weight force always points straight
down. The ice pushes up with a normal force perpendicular to
the surface, but frictionless ice cannot exert any horizontal force.
If the string is angled, we see that its horizontal component
exerts a net force on the rod. Only in case b, where the tension
and the string are vertical, can the net force be zero.

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Conceptual Example 5.3 Forces in Static
Equilibrium (4 of 4)

Assess If friction were present, the rod could in fact hang

as in cases a and c. But without friction, the rods in these
cases would slide until they came to rest as in case b.

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Example 5.4 Finding the Tension in a
Rope While Towing a Car (1 of 5)
A car with a mass of 1500 kg is being towed at a steady speed by a
rope held at a 20° angle from the horizontal. A friction force of 320 N
opposes the car’s motion. What is the tension in the rope?
Strategize The car is moving in a straight line at a constant speed
    
(a 0) so it is in dynamic equilibrium and must have F netnet ma 0.

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Example 5.4 Finding the Tension in a
Rope While Towing a Car (2 of 5)
Prepare The figure shows three contact forces acting on the car—the
  
tension force, T , friction, f , and the normal force, n —and the

long-range force of gravity, w  These four forces are shown on the
free-body diagram:

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Example 5.4 Finding the Tension in a
Rope While Towing a Car (3 of 5)
Solve This is still an equilibrium problem, even though the car is
moving, so our problem-solving procedure is unchanged. With
four forces, the requirement of equilibrium is
F x nx  Tx  fx  w x max 0
F y ny  Ty  fy  w y may 0

We can again Force Name of x-

component
Value of x-
component
Name of y-
component
Value of y-
component
determine the 
horizontal and vertical n
vector n nxn sub x

0 n
y
n sub y

y n

components of the 
T Tx T cos  T T sin 
y y
vector T T sub x T cosine theta T sub y T sine theta

forces by “reading” the 

f f f f
free-body diagram. The vector f

xx
f sub x negative f

yy
f sub y

results are shown in the  w w

wvector w

wxW sub x

0 wy
W sub y

y
negative W

table:
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Example 5.4 Finding the Tension in a
Rope While Towing a Car (4 of 5)
Solve With these components, Newton’s second law becomes
T cos   f 0
n  T sin   w 0
The first equation can be used to solve for the tension in the
rope:

T  f  320N 340N
cos cos20

to two significant figures. It turned out that we did not need the
y-component equation in this problem. We would need it if we

wanted to find the normal force n

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Example 5.4 Finding the Tension in a
Rope While Towing a Car (5 of 5)

Assess Had we pulled the car with a horizontal rope, the

tension would need to exactly balance the friction force of
320 N. Because we are pulling at an angle, however, part
of the tension in the rope pulls up on the car instead of in
the forward direction. Thus we need a little more tension in
the rope when it’s at an angle, so our result seems
reasonable.

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QuickCheck 5.1 (1 of 2)
A ring, seen from above, is pulled on by three forces. The
ring is not moving. How big is the force F?
A. 20 N
B. 10 cos N
C. 10 sin N
D. 20cos N
E. 20sin N

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QuickCheck 5.1 (2 of 2)
A ring, seen from above, is pulled on by three forces. The
ring is not moving. How big is the force F?

E. 20sin  N

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Example Problem (1 of 7)
A 100-kg block with a weight of 980 N hangs on a rope.
Find the tension in the rope if the block is stationary, then if
it’s moving upward at a steady speed of 5 m/s.

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Section 5.2 Dynamics and
Newton’s Second Law

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Dynamics and Newton’s Second Law
• The essence of Newtonian mechanics can be expressed in two
steps:
– The forces acting on an object determine its acceleration
 
a F net  m.

– The object’s motion can be found by using a in the equations
of kinematics.
 
• Thus Newton’s second law, F net ma, is

F x max  and  Fy may 

Newton’s second law in component form

• Class Video: Forces in Jumping
• PhET: Lunar Lander
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Problem-Solving Approach 5.2 Dynamics
Problems (1 of 4)

Dynamics problems use Newton’s second law as the

connection between forces and kinematics.
Strategize There are two basic kinds of dynamics
problems. If the forces on the object are known, you can
use Newton’s second law to find the acceleration and
then, from kinematics, the object’s position and velocity.
In other cases, you can calculate the object’s
acceleration from kinematics; using the acceleration, you
can apply Newton’s second law to find the forces acting
on the object. In both kinds of problems the approach to
the solution is the same.

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Problem-Solving Approach 5.2 Dynamics
Problems (2 of 4)

Prepare Sketch a visual overview consisting of:

• A list of values that identifies known quantities and what
the problem is trying to find.
• A force identification diagram to help you identify all the
forces acting on the object.
• A free-body diagram that shows all the forces acting on
the object.

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Problem-Solving Approach 5.2 Dynamics
Problems (3 of 4)

Prepare If you’ll need to use kinematics to find velocities or

positions, you’ll also need to sketch:
• A motion diagram to determine the direction of the
acceleration.
• A pictorial representation that establishes a coordinate
system, shows important points in the motion, and
defines symbols.

It’s OK to go back and forth between these steps as you

visualize the situation.

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Problem-Solving Approach 5.2 Dynamics
Problems (4 of 4)
Solve Write Newton’s second law in component form as
F x max 0 and  Fyy mayy

You can find the components of the forces directly from your
free-body diagram. Depending on the problem, either:
• Solve for the acceleration, then use kinematics to find
velocities and positions.
• Use kinematics to determine the acceleration, then solve for
unknown forces.

Assess Check that your result has the correct units, is

reasonable, and answers the question.
Text: P 139
age

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Example 5.5 Putting a Golf Ball (1 of 6)
A golfer putts a 46 g ball with a speed of 3.0 m/s. Friction exerts
a 0.020 N retarding force on the ball, slowing it down. Will her
putt reach the hole, 10 m away?
Strategize We are given the friction force on the ball, which is
an indication that we should first find the ball’s acceleration
using Newton’s second law, then use kinematics to solve for the
distance the ball rolls.

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Example 5.5 Putting a Golf Ball (2 of 6)
Prepare The figure below is a visual overview of the problem.
We’ve collected the known information, drawn a sketch, and
identified what we want to find. The motion diagram shows that
the ball is slowing down as it rolls to the right, so the
acceleration vector points to the left.

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Example 5.5 Putting a Golf Ball (3 of 6)
Prepare Next, we identify the forces acting on the ball
and show them on a free-body diagram. Note that the net
force points to the left, as it must because the
acceleration points to the left.

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Example 5.5 Putting a Golf Ball (4 of 6)
Solve Newton’s second law in component form is:

 F n  f  w 0  f  0 ma
x x x x x

 F n  f  w n  0  w ma 0
y y y y y

We’ve written the equations as sums, as we did with equilibrium

problems, then “read” the values of the force components from the free-
body diagram. The components are simple enough in this problem that
we don’t really need to show them in a table. It is particularly important
to notice that we set ay 0 in the second equation. This is because the
ball does not move in the y-direction, so it can’t have any acceleration in
the y-direction. This will be an important step in many problems.

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Example 5.5 Putting a Golf Ball (5 of 6)
Solve The first equation is  f max from which we find

f   0.020 N 
 

ax  m   0.435 m / s2
0.046 kg

To avoid rounding errors we keep an extra digit in this

intermediate step in the calculation. The negative sign
shows that the acceleration is directed to the left, as
expected.

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Example 5.5 Putting a Golf Ball (6 of 6)
Solve Now that we know the acceleration, we can use kinematics to
find how far the ball will roll before stopping. We don’t have any
information about the time it takes for the ball to stop, so we’ll use the
kinematic equation:
2 2
v x f v x i  2a  xf  xi 
This gives:
2 2
xf xi  v x 2f  v x i2
0 m  0 m/s   3.0 m/s 
10.3m
2ax 2 0.435 m/s 
2

If her aim is true, the ball will just make it into the hole.
Assess It seems reasonable that a ball putted on grass with an initial
speed of 3 m/s—about jogging speed—would travel roughly 10 m.

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Example 5.6 Towing a Car with
Acceleration (1 of 6)
A car with a mass of 1500 kg is being towed by a rope held at a
20° angle to the horizontal. A friction force of 320 N

opposes the car’s motion. What is the tension in the rope if

the car goes from rest to 12 m/s in 10 s?

Strategize As you may have recognized, this problem is

almost identical to Example 5.4. The difference is that the
car is now accelerating, so it is no longer in equilibrium. We
will first use kinematics to find the car’s acceleration. Then
we will use this acceleration in Newton’s second law to find
the tension in the rope.

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Example 5.6 Towing a Car with
Acceleration (2 of 6)

Prepare The figure below is a visual overview of the

problem showing that the car’s acceleration is directed to
the right.

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Example 5.6 Towing a Car with
Acceleration (3 of 6)

Prepare The force identification diagram is the same as in

Example 5.4, but the free-body diagram now indicates that
there is a net force directed to the right, in the same
direction as the acceleration.

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Example 5.6 Towing a Car with
Acceleration (4 of 6)
Solve Newton’s second law in component form is:

 F n T  f  w ma
x x x x x x

 F n T  f  w ma 0
y y y y y y

We’ve again used the fact that ay 0 for motion that is purely
along the x-axis. The components of the forces were worked out
in Example 5.4. With that information, Newton’s second law in
component form is:

T cos   f  max
n  T sin   w 0

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Example 5.6 Towing a Car with
Acceleration (5 of 6)

Solve Because the car speeds up from rest to 12 m/s in

10 s, we can use kinematics to find the acceleration:

 vx v x f  v x i 12 m/s  0 m/s 

ax    1.2m/s2
t tf  ti 10 s  0 s

We can now use the first Newton’s-law equation above to

solve for the tension. We have:

ma  f 1500 kg1.2 m/s2   320 N

T x  2300 N
cos cos20

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Example 5.6 Towing a Car with
Acceleration (6 of 6)

Assess The tension is substantially greater than the 340 N

found in Example 5.4. It takes much more force to
accelerate the car than to keep it rolling at a constant
speed.

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Example Problem (2 of 7)
A 100-kg block with a weight of 980 N hangs on a rope.
Find the tension in the rope if the block is accelerating
upwards at 5 m/s2

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Example Problem (3 of 7)
A ball weighing 50 N is pulled back by a rope by an angle of
20°. What is the tension in the pulling rope?

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Example Problem (4 of 7)
A sled with a mass of 20 kg slides along frictionless ice at
4.5 m/s. It then crosses a rough patch of snow that exerts
a friction force of 12 N. How far does it slide on the snow
before coming to rest?

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Section 5.3 Mass and Weight

Prelecture Video: Weight and Apparent Weight

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Mass and Weight (1 of 2)
• Mass and weight are not the
same thing.
• Mass is a quantity that describes
an object’s inertia, its tendency to
resist being accelerated.

• Weight is the gravitational force exerted on an object by a

planet which varies from planet to planet:
w mg

• Weight is different on Jupiter than on earth but mass is

the same.
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Mass and Weight (2 of 2)
Table 5.1 Mass, weight, force
Conversion between force units:
1 pound 4.45 N
1 N 0.225 pound
Correspondence between mass and weight, assuming
g 9.80 m/s2 :
1 kg  2.20 lb
1lb  0.454 kg 454 g

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Example 5.7 Typical Masses and
Weights (1 of 3)

What are the weight, in N, and the mass, in k g, of a 90

pound gymnast, a 150 pound professor, and a 240 pound
football player?
Strategize Weight and mass are related by the equation:
w mg

Prepare We can use The conversions and

correspondences in Table 5.1.

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Example 5.7 Typical Masses and
Weights (2 of 3)

Solve We will use the correspondence between mass and

weight just as we use the conversion factor between
different forces:

wgymnast 90 lb 4.45 N 400 N mgymnast 90 lb 0.454 N 41 kg

1 lb 1 lb

wprof 150 lb 4.45 N 670 N mprof 150 lb 0.454 N 68 kg

1 lb 1 lb

wplayer 240 lb 4.45 N 1070 N mplayer 240 lb 0.454 N 110 kg

1 lb 1 lb

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Example 5.7 Typical Masses and
Weights (3 of 3)

Assess We can use the information in this problem to

assess the results of future problems. If you get an answer
of 1000 N, you now know that this is approximately the
weight of a football player, which can help with your
assessment.

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Apparent Weight (1 of 2)
• The weight of an object is the force of gravity on that
object.
• Your sensation of weight is due to contact forces
supporting you.
• Let’s define your apparent weight wapp in terms of the
force you feel:

wapp magnitude of supporting contact forces

Definition of apparent weight

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Apparent Weight (2 of 2)
• The only forces acting on the
man are the upward normal
force of the floor and the
downward weight force:

F yny  w yy  n  w ma
n w  mg
w app w  may
• Thus w app  w and the man
feels heavier than normal when
accelerating upward.

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Example 5.8 Finding a Rider’s Apparent
Weight in an Elevator (1 of 5)
Anjay’s mass is 70 kg. He is standing on a scale in an
elevator that is moving at 5.0 m/s. As the elevator stops,
the scale reads 750 N. Before it stopped, was the elevator
moving up or down? How long did the elevator take to
come to rest?
Strategize The scale reads Anjay’s apparent weight, which
differs from his actual weight by may  If his apparent
weight is greater than his actual weight, then his
acceleration is upward; if less, his acceleration is
downward.

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Example 5.8 Finding a Rider’s Apparent
Weight in an Elevator (2 of 5)
Prepare The scale reading as the elevator comes to rest, 750 N,
is Anjay’s apparent weight. Anjay’s actual weight is:

w mg 70kg  9.80m / s 2 686 N
This is an intermediate step in the calculation, so we are keeping
an extra significant figure.
Solve Because Anjay’s apparent weight w app is greater than
his actual weight w, his acceleration ay (w app  w ) / m is
positive. You learned in Chapter 2 that if an object is slowing, as
is the case here, its velocity and acceleration vectors point in
opposite directions, so the elevator’s velocity must be negative—
it is moving down.

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Example 5.8 Finding a Rider’s Apparent
Weight in an Elevator (3 of 5)

Solve We can use kinematics to find the stopping time. For

this step we need the acceleration, which is:

w app  w 750 N  686N

ay   0.91
0.91mm / s2
m 70kg

Then we use the kinematic equation:

v y f v y i  ay t

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Example 5.8 Finding a Rider’s Apparent
Weight in an Elevator (4 of 5)
Solve The elevator is initially moving downward, so
(v y )i  5.0 m / s, and it then comes to a halt, so (v y )f 0
We know the acceleration, so the time interval is:

t 
v y   v y  0   5.0 m / s 
f i
 5.5
5.5ss
ay 0.91m / s2

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Example 5.8 Finding a Rider’s Apparent
Weight in an Elevator (5 of 5)

Assess Think back to your experiences riding elevators. If

the elevator is moving downward and then comes to rest,
you “feel heavy.” This gives us confidence that our analysis
of the motion is correct. And 5.0 m/s is a pretty fast
elevator: At this speed, the elevator will be passing more
than one floor per second. If you’ve been in a fast elevator
in a tall building, you know that 5.5 s is reasonable for the
time it takes for the elevator to slow to a stop.

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Weightlessness
• A person in free fall has zero apparent weight.
• “Weightless” does not mean “no weight.”
• An object that is weightless has no apparent weight.

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QuickCheck 5.2 (1 of 2)

What are the components of w in the coordinate system shown?
w x w cos 
A
w y w sin 
w x  w cos 
B
w y w sin 
w x w cos 
C w y  w sin 
w x  w sin 
D
w y  w cos 
w x w sin 
E w y  w cos 

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QuickCheck 5.2 (2 of 2)

What are the components of w in the coordinate system shown?

w x  w sin 
D
w y  w cos 

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QuickCheck 5.3 (1 of 2)
A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg elevator at
rest and stands on a metric bathroom scale. As the elevator
accelerates upward, the scale reads

A. > 490 N
B. 490 N
C. < 490 N but not 0 N
D. 0 N

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QuickCheck 5.3 (2 of 2)
A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg elevator at
rest and stands on a metric bathroom scale. As the elevator
accelerates upward, the scale reads

A. > 490 N

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QuickCheck 5.4 (1 of 2)
A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg elevator at
rest and stands on a metric bathroom scale. Sadly, the
elevator cable breaks. What is the reading on the scale
during the few seconds it takes the student to plunge to his
doom?

A. > 490 N
B. 490 N
C. < 490 N but not 0 N
D. 0 N

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QuickCheck 5.4 (2 of 2)
A 50-kg student (mg = 490 N) gets in a 1000-kg elevator at
rest and stands on a metric bathroom scale. Sadly, the
elevator cable breaks. What is the reading on the scale
during the few seconds it takes the student to plunge to his
doom?

D. 0 N The bathroom scale would read 0 N. Weight is

reading of a scale on which the object is
stationary relative to the scale.

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Example Problem (5 of 7)
A 50-kg student gets in a 1000-kg elevator at rest. As the
elevator begins to move, she has an apparent weight of
600 N for the first 3 s. How far has the elevator moved, and
in which direction, at the end of 3 s?

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Section 5.4 Normal Forces

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Normal Forces
• An object at rest on a table is subject to an upward
force due to the table.
• This force is called the normal force because it is
always directed normal, or perpendicular, to the surface
of contact.
• The harder the object bears down on the surface, the
more the atomic “springs” push back.
• The normal force adjusts itself so that the object stays
on the surface without penetrating it.

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Example 5.9 Normal Force on a Pressed
Book (1 of 3)
A 1.2 kg book lies on a table. The book is
pressed down from above with a force of
15 N. What is the normal force acting on
the book from the table below?
Strategize The book is in static
equilibrium, so the net force acting on it is
zero. We will use this fact to find the
forces acting on the book.
Prepare We need to identify the forces
on the book and prepare a free-body
diagram as shown in the figure.
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Example 5.9 Normal Force on a Pressed
Book (2 of 3)
Solve Because the book is in static equilibrium, the net
force on it must be zero. The only forces acting are in the
y-direction, so Newton’s second law is:
 Fy ny  w y  Fy n  w  F may 0
We learned in the last section that the weight force is
w = mg. The weight of the book is thus:

w  mg 1.2 kg  9.8 m / s2  12 N 
With this information, we see that the normal force exerted
by the table is:
n F  w  15 N  12 N 27 N
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Example 5.9 Normal Force on a Pressed
Book (3 of 3)

Assess The magnitude of the normal force is larger than

the weight of the book. From the table’s perspective, the
extra force from the hand pushes the book further into the
atomic springs of the table. These springs then push back
harder, giving a normal force that is greater than the
weight of the book.

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Normal Forces on an Incline (1 of 2)

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Normal Forces on an Incline (2 of 2)

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QuickCheck 5.5 (1 of 2)
The box is sitting on the floor of an elevator. The elevator is
accelerating upward. The magnitude of the normal force on
the box is

A. n > mg
B. n = mg
C. n < mg
D. n = 0
E. Not enough
information to tell

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QuickCheck 5.5 (2 of 2)
The box is sitting on the floor of an elevator. The elevator is
accelerating upward. The magnitude of the normal force on
the box is

A. n > mg

Upward acceleration
requires a net upward
force.

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QuickCheck 5.6 (1 of 2)
A box is being pulled to the right at steady speed by a rope
that angles upward. In this situation:

A. n > mg
B. n = mg
C. n < mg
D. n = 0
E. Not enough information
to judge the size of the
normal force

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QuickCheck 5.6 (2 of 2)
A box is being pulled to the right at steady speed by a rope
that angles upward. In this situation:

C. n < mg

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Example 5.10 Acceleration of a Downhill
Skier (1 of 5)
A skier slides down a steep 27 slope. On a slope this steep,
friction is much smaller than the other forces at work and can be
ignored. What is the skier’s acceleration?

Strategize We will use Newton’s second law in component

form to find the acceleration. We should choose a coordinate
system with the x-axis pointing down the slope. This greatly
simplifies the analysis because then the skier does not move
in the y-direction at all, making ay 0

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Example 5.10 Acceleration of a Downhill
Skier (2 of 5)

Prepare The figure below is a visual overview. The free-

body diagram is based on the information in Figure 5.11 on
determining the x- and y-components of the forces on an
incline.

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Example 5.10 Acceleration of a Downhill
Skier (3 of 5)
Solve We can now use Newton’s second law in component form to find
the skier’s acceleration:
F x w xx  nxx maxx
F y w y  nyy mayy

Because n points directly in the positive y-direction, ny 0 and nx 0

Figure 5.11a showed the important fact that the angle between w

and the negative y-axis is the same as the slope w angle  

With this information, the components of w are w x  w sin mg sin 
and w y  w cos  mg cos   where we used the fact that w = mg.
With these components in hand, Newton’s second law becomes:
F x w x  nx mx sin max
F y w y  ny  mg cos  n may 0
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Example 5.10 Acceleration of a Downhill
Skier (4 of 5)
Solve In the second equation we used the fact that ay 0
The m cancels in the first of these equations, leaving us
with
ax g sin
This is the expression for acceleration on a frictionless
surface that we presented, without proof, in Chapter 3.
Now we’ve justified our earlier assertion. We can use this
to calculate the skier’s acceleration:

 
ax g sin  9.8 m / s2 sin 27 4.4 m / s2

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Example 5.10 Acceleration of a Downhill
Skier (5 of 5)
Assess Our result shows that when  0, so that the slope
is horizontal, the skier’s acceleration is zero, as it should
be. Further, when  90° (a vertical slope), his
acceleration is g, which makes sense because he’s in free
fall when  90°. Notice that the mass canceled out, so we
didn’t need to know the skier’s mass. We first saw the
formula for the acceleration in Section 3.3, but now we see
the physical reasons behind it.

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Section 5.5 Friction

Prelecture Video: Friction

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Static Friction (1 of 3)
• Static friction is the force that
a surface exerts on an object
to keep it from slipping across
the surface.

• To find the direction of fs

decide which way the object

would move if there were no
friction. The static friction
force then points in the
opposite direction, to prevent
motion relative to the surface.

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Static Friction (2 of 3)
• The box is in static
equilibrium.
• The static friction
force must exactly
balance the pushing
force.

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Static Friction (3 of 3)
• The harder the woman pushes, the
harder the friction force from the
floor pushes back.
• If the woman pushes hard enough,
the box will slip and start to move.
• The static friction force has a
maximum possible magnitude:
fs max sn
where s is called the coefficient of
static friction.
• Figure 5.14 Video: Static Friction Force

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Rules for Static Friction
• The direction of static friction is such as to oppose motion.
• The magnitude fs of static friction adjusts itself so that the
net force is zero and the object doesn’t move.
• The magnitude of static friction cannot exceed the
maximum value fs max given by the equation fmax sn
If the friction force needed to keep the object stationary is
greater than fs max the object slips and starts to move.

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QuickCheck 5.7 (1 of 2)
A box on a rough surface is pulled by a horizontal rope with
tension T. The box is not moving. In this situation:

A. fs  T

B. fs T

C. fs  T

D. fs smg

E. fs 0

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QuickCheck 5.7 (2 of 2)
A box on a rough surface is pulled by a horizontal rope with
tension T. The box is not moving. In this situation:

B. fs T

Newton’s first law

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Kinetic Friction
• Kinetic friction, unlike static friction, has a nearly constant
magnitude given by:
fk kn
where k is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.
• Notice the magnitude of the kinetic friction force does not
depend on how fast the object is sliding.

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Rolling Friction
• A wheel rolling on a surface experiences friction, but not
kinetic friction: The portion of the wheel that contacts the
surface is stationary with respect to the surface, not
sliding.
• The interaction between a rolling wheel and the road can
be quite complicated, but in many cases we can treat it
like another type of friction force that opposes the motion,
one defined by a coefficient of rolling friction r 
fr rn

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Friction Forces
Table 5.2 Coefficients of friction

Material Static μs
Mu sub s Kinetic μk Mu sub k Rolling μrrMu sub r

Rubber on 1.00 0.80 0.02

concrete
Steel on steel 0.80 0.60 0.002
(dry)
Steel on steel 0.10 0.05
Blank

(lubricated)
Wood on wood 0.50 0.20
Blank

Wood on snow 0.12 0.06

Blank

Ice on ice 0.10 0.03

Blank

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 Working with Friction Forces

Static: fs  magnitude fs max  μsn direction as necessary to prevent motion 
  


Kinetic: fk  μkn direction opposite the motion 

Rolling: fr  μrn direction opposite the motion 

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Tactics Box 5.1 Working with Friction
Forces (1 of 2)
1. If the object is not moving relative to the surface it’s in contact with,
then the friction force is static friction. Draw a free-body diagram of
the object. The direction of the friction force is such as to oppose
sliding of the object relative to the surface. Then use Problem-
Solving Approach 5.1 to solve for fsIf fs is greater than fs max  μsn
then static friction cannot hold the object in place. The assumption
that the object is at rest is not valid, and you need to redo the
problem using kinetic friction.

2. If the object is sliding relative to the surface, then kinetic friction is

acting. From Newton’s second law, find the normal force n. Equation
5.10 then gives the magnitude and direction of the friction force.

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Tactics Box 5.1 Working with Friction
Forces (2 of 2)
3. If the object is rolling along the surface, then rolling
friction is acting. From Newton’s second law, find the
normal force n. Equation 5.10 then gives the magnitude
and direction of the friction force.
• What the Physics? Tablecloth Trick

Text: p 149age

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QuickCheck 5.8 (1 of 2)
A box with a weight of 100 N is at rest. It is then pulled by a 30 N
horizontal force.

Does the box move?

A. Yes
B. No
C. Not enough information to say

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QuickCheck 5.8 (2 of 2)
A box with a weight of 100 N is at rest. It is then pulled by a 30 N
horizontal force.

Does the box move?

B. No 30 N  fs max 40 N

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Example 5.11 Finding the Force to Slide a
Sofa (1 of 5)
Carol wants to move her 32 kg sofa to a different room in
the house. She places “sofa sliders,” slippery disks with
k 0.080 on the carpet, under the feet of the sofa. She
then pushes the sofa at a steady 0.40 m/s across the floor.
How much force does she apply to the sofa?
Strategize The sofa is sliding, so the friction force is kinetic
friction. We will use the second step of Tactics Box 5.1 by
using Newton’s second law to find the normal force. The
kinetic friction formula will then give the magnitude and
direction of the friction force.

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Example 5.11 Finding the Force to Slide a
Sofa (2 of 5)
Prepare Let’s assume the sofa slides to the right. In this case, a kinetic

friction force fk opposes the motion by pointing to the left. In the figure
k

below, we identify the forces acting on the sofa and construct a free-
body diagram.

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Example 5.11 Finding the Force to Slide a
Sofa (3 of 5)
Solve The sofa is moving at a constant speed, so it is in dynamic
 
equilibrium with F net 0. This means that the x- and y-components of
the net force must be zero:
F x nx  w x  Fx  fk xx 0  0  F  fkk 0
F y ny  w y  Fy  fk yy  n  w  0  0 0

In the first equation, the x -component of fkk is equal to  fk because

fk is directed to the left. Similarly, w y  w because the weight force

points down.
From the first equation, we see that Carol’s pushing force is F fk
To evaluate this, we need fk Here we can use our model for kinetic
friction: fk kn
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Example 5.11 Finding the Force to Slide a
Sofa (4 of 5)
Solve Let’s look at the vertical motion first. The second equation
ultimately reduces to
n  w 0
The weight force w = mg, so we can write
n mg
This is a common result we’ll see again. The force that Carol
pushes with is equal to the friction force, and this depends on
the normal force and the coefficient of kinetic friction,
k 0.080
F fk  kn kmg
 0.080   32 kg   9.80 m/s2  = 25 N

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Example 5.11 Finding the Force to Slide a
Sofa (5 of 5)

Assess The speed with which Carol pushes the sofa does
not enter into the answer. This makes sense because the
kinetic friction force doesn’t depend on speed. The final
result of 25 N is a rather small force—only about 5 pounds
—but we expect this because Carol has used slippery disks
to move the sofa.

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Causes of Friction
• All surfaces are very rough on
a microscopic scale.
• When two objects are placed
in contact, the high points on
one surface become jammed
against the high points on the
other surface.
• The amount of contact
depends on how hard the
surfaces are pushed together.
• PhET: Friction
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QuickCheck 5.9 (1 of 2)
A box is being pulled to the right over a rough T  fkk
surface.
so the box is speeding up. Suddenly the rope breaks.
What happens? The box
A. Stops immediately.
B. Continues with the speed it had
when the rope broke.
C. Continues speeding up for a short
while, then slows
and stops.
D. Keeps its speed for a short while,
then slows and stops.
E. Slows steadily until it stops.

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QuickCheck 5.9 (2 of 2)
A box is being pulled to the right over a rough T  fkk
surface.
so the box is speeding up. Suddenly the rope breaks.
What happens? The box
E. Slows steadily until it stops.

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Example Problem (6 of 7)
A car traveling at 20 m/s stops in a distance of 50 m.
Assume that the deceleration is constant. The coefficients
of friction between a passenger and the seat are s 0.5
and k 0.03 Will a 70-kg passenger slide off the seat if
not wearing a seat belt?

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Section 5.6 Drag

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Drag

• The drag force D 

– Is opposite in direction to the velocity v 
– Increases in magnitude as the object’s speed increases.
• Drag force is more complex than friction.
• Drag force has its origin in two rather different physical
properties.
• As long as one of these properties dominates, drag can be
characterized using fairly simple models.
• The Reynolds number helps us understand which cause of
drag applies in a given situation.

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Reynolds Number (1 of 2)
• When a thrown baseball moves through the air, most of the drag
occurs due to the inertial forces that the ball must push through.
– Drag of this type is proportional to v 2L2 where 
(lowercase Greek letter rho) is the density of the fluid, v is the velocity,
and L is a measure of the objects size.
• When a small sphere moves falls through a thick fluid like honey,
drag is mostly the result of viscous forces due to the properties of
the honey itself.
– Drag of this type is proportional to  Lv , where 
(lowercase Greek letter eta) is the viscosity of the fluid.

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Reynolds Number (2 of 2)
• The Reynolds number is the ratio of the inertial force to the viscous
force:
Reynolds number Re  inertial forces  v L vL
2 2
viscous forces Lv

• A high Reynolds Table 5.3 Density and viscosity

number (over 1000) is Fluid  ( kg / m )
rho left parenthesis kilogram per meter cubed right parenthesis
3
 (Pa s)
eta left parenthesis Pascal times second right parenthesis

dominated by inertial Air (20°C) at sea level)

left parenthesis 20 degrees Celsius right parenthesis 1.20 1.8 10 5 1.8 times 10 to the power negative 5

forces. Ethyl alcohol (20°C) 20 degrees Celsius 790 1.3 10 3 1.3 times 10 to the power negative 3

• A low Reynolds Olive oil (20°C)

(20°C) 20 degrees Celsius 910 8.4 10 2 8.4 times 10 to the power negative 2

number (less than 1) Water (20°C) 20 degrees Celsius 1000 1.0 10 3 1.0 times 10 to the power negative 3

is dominated by Water (40°C) 40 degrees Celsius 1000 7.0 10 4 7 times 10 to the power negative 4

viscosity. Honey (20°C) 20 degrees Celsius 1400 10

Honey (40°C) 40 degrees Celsius 1400 1.7

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Drag at High Reynolds Number (1 of 3)
• The Reynolds number is high for most ordinary objects – balls,
cars, planes – moving through air at ordinary speeds.
• For high Reynolds numbers, the drag force for motion through
a fluid at speed v is:
 
1 
D  CD  Av , direction opposite the motion 
 2
2 
 

Drag force for high Reynolds number, Re > 1000

• A is the cross-section area of the object.
• The drag coefficient CDD depends on the objects shape.
• For a high Reynolds number, the size of the drag force is
proportional to the square of the object’s speed.
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Drag at High Reynolds Number (2 of 3)
• Typical Drag Coefficients

Object CD C sub D

Commercial airliner 0.024

Toyota Prius 0.24
Pitched baseball 0.35
Racing cyclist 0.88
Running person 1.2

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Drag at High Reynolds Number (3 of 3)
• Cross-section areas
and drag coefficients
for a sphere and a
cylinder.

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Example 5.14 The Drag Coefficient of a
Swimming Penguin BIO (1 of 3)
Biologists have estimated the drag coefficient of a
swimming penguin by observing the rate at which a
penguin’s speed decreases in its glide phase, when it’s not
actively swimming and is slowing down. In one study, a
gliding 4.8 kg Gentoo penguin has an acceleration of
 0.52 m / s22 when its speed is 1.60 m/s. If its frontal area is
0.020 m2 what is the penguin’s drag coefficient?
Strategize When the penguin is gliding horizontally, the only
force acting to slow it down is the drag force. Using
Newton’s second law, we will find the drag force from the
penguin’s acceleration and mass.
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Example 5.14 The Drag Coefficient of a
Swimming Penguin BIO (2 of 3)
Once the drag force is known, we will use the high Reynolds
number to find the drag coefficient.
Prepare In Equation 5.12, the density  is that of the fluid
through which the object moves, which is in this case water.
1000 kg / m3
Solve Assume that the penguin is moving to the right along the
x-axis. Then Newton’s second law is:
Fx  D ma
maxx

where the x-component of the drag is negative because it points

to the left.

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Example 5.14 The Drag Coefficient of a
Swimming Penguin BIO (3 of 3)
Solve We can solve for the magnitude of the drag force as:

D  max  4.8 kg  0.52 m/s2 2.5 N 
Finally, from Equation 5.12 we can solve for the drag
coefficient. We have:
2D 22.5 N
CD   0.098
 Av 2
 3
 2

1000 kg/m 0.020 m 1.60 m/s 
2

Assess This drag coefficient is quite a bit better than that

of the Toyota Prius in Table 5.4. This is reasonable given
that penguins have a highly adapted, streamlined shape.

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Terminal Speed (1 of 2)
• Just after an object is
released from rest, its
speed is low and the
drag force is small as
shown below.
• As it falls farther, its
speed and hence the
drag force increases and
eventually reaches a
speed at which the drag
force has exactly the

same magnitude as F .
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Terminal Speed (2 of 2)
• The steady, unchanging speed at which drag exactly
counterbalances an applied force is called the object’s
terminal speed.

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Example 5.15 Terminal Speeds of a Man
and a Mouse (1 of 5)
A 75 kg skydiver and his 0.020 kg pet mouse falling after
jumping from a plane are shown in the figure below. Find the
terminal speed of each.

Strategize The force of gravity is a constant force Pulling down

on a falling object, while drag due to the air is an upward force.

The terminal speed is

reached when the force of
gravity on each object is
equal to the drag force. We
will model both the man and
the mouse as cylinders
falling sideways.
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Example 5.15 Terminal Speeds of a Man
and a Mouse (2 of 5)
Prepare From the figure, we see that for a cylinder CDD 1.1
and that a cylinder’s cross-section area as seen from the Side is
A = 2rl. With the dimensions given, we can calculate Aman 0.72 m2
and Amouse 2.110 3 m2
We assume that the two
skydivers are at
sufficiently low altitude
that we can use the sea-
level value of the density
of air.

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Example 5.15 Terminal Speeds of a Man
and a Mouse (3 of 5)
Solve he terminal speed is reached when D = m g, or:
1C  AV 2 mg
term
2 D
from which we can find the terminal velocity as:
2mg
V 
term CD  A

Thus our two skydivers have terminal speeds:

275kg9.8m/s2 
Vman  39m/s
1.11.2kg/m 0.72m 
1.2kg/m3 0.72m2

20.020kg9.8m/s2 
Vmouse  12m/s
1.11.2kg/m 2.110 m 
3 3 2

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Example 5.15 Terminal Speeds of a Man
and a Mouse (4 of 5)
Assess 39 m/s is about 85 mph. Reported terminal
speeds for skydivers falling in the prone position are in the
100–120 mph range, so our simple model of the fall gives
a result that is close but a bit too low. We’ve probably
overestimated both , because skydivers are at a high
enough altitude that the air density is lower than at sea
level, and A, because their legs are actually spread apart
and allow air to flow between them.

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Example 5.15 Terminal Speeds of a Man
and a Mouse (5 of 5)
Assess A more realistic, but also more complex, model
would give a better prediction. The mouse, though, falls at
a much more modest 12 m/s 25 mph Small animals can
usually survive a fall from any height. Many tree-dwelling
animals, such as the sifaka in the photograph at the
beginning of the chapter, can extend flaps of skin to
increase their area and thus fall at an even slower speed.

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Drag at Low Reynolds Number
• Low Reynolds number objects are mostly small objects
with a Re < 1.
• For low Reynolds number, the magnitude of the drag
force is proportional to the object’s speed, which is
called linear drag.
• Many can be modeled as a spherical object of radius r,
for which the drag force, called Stokes’ law, is:

Dsphere  6rv  direction opposite the motion 


Stokes' law for low Reynolds number, Re > 1

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Life at Low Reynolds Number
• Examples of objects with low Reynolds numbers include
protozoa swimming in pond water and bacteria moving in
intercellular water.
• Motion at low Reynolds number is very different.
• After force is applied, terminal speed, v term, is reached
almost instantaneously.
• When force is removed, object
also halts almost
instantaneously.
• Requires specialized forms of
locomotion like propeller-like
flagellum of some bacteria.
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Example 5.16 Measuring the Mass of a
Pollen Grain BIO (1 of 4)
Pollen grains are very light. In one experiment to determine
their mass, researchers dropped grains inside a clear glass
cylinder and then watched their motion with a microscope. A
40  m diameter pollen grain was observed to fall at a rate
of 5.3 cm/s. What is the mass in nanograms of this grain?
Strategize We will model the grain as a sphere. At terminal
speed, the force of gravity on the grain is equal to the drag
force. Because this is a very small object moving quite
slowly, its Reynolds number is very low, so the drag force
is linear drag.

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Example 5.16 Measuring the Mass of a
Pollen Grain BIO (2 of 4)
Prepare We’ll assume the air in the cylinder was at a room
temperature of 20 C and use the value for air viscosity
in Table 5.3. In SI units, the terminal speed is v term 0.053 m/s

Solve We set the force of gravity equal to the linear drag

force to get:

mg 6 rv term

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Example 5.16 Measuring the Mass of a
Pollen Grain BIO (3 of 4)

Solve We can solve for the mass as:

6 rv term
m g
6 1.8 10 5Pas   20 10 6m   0.053m/s 

9.8m/s2
3.7 10 11kg

We can convert this result to nanograms (n g) as:

m 3.7 10 11kg 1000g  1ng 37 ng

kg 10 g
 9

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Example 5.16 Measuring the Mass of a
Pollen Grain BIO (4 of 4)

Assess This extremely tiny mass is hard to assess. If we

assume that the grain’s density is similar to that of water
(typical for living objects), then the mass of the 40-um
diameter sphere is about 30 ng, which is close to our
result. Our answer is reasonable.

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Catalog of Forces Revisited (1 of 5)

• The weight force is a long-range force. This formula

applies near the earth’s surface.

Text: p 157age

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Catalog of Forces Revisited (2 of 5)

There is no formula for the normal force; we use Newton’s

laws to determine the normal force.

Text: p 157age

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Catalog of Forces Revisited (3 of 5)

Text: p 157age

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Catalog of Forces Revisited (4 of 5)

Text: p 157age

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Catalog of Forces Revisited (5 of 5)

Simple expressions exist for the drag

force when the Reynolds number is
high (Re > 1000: cars, balls,
swimming fish) or low (Re < 1: falling
dust, microorganisms in water). Text: p 157age

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Section 5.7 Interacting Objects

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Interacting Objects
• Newton’s third law states:
– Every force occurs as one member of an
action/reaction pair of forces. The two members of
the pair always act on different objects.
– The two members of an action/reaction pair point in
opposite directions and are equal in magnitude.

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Objects in Contact
• To analyze block A’s motion, we need to
identify all the forces acting on it and
then draw its free-body diagram.
• We repeat the same steps to analyze
the motion of block B.

• However, the forces on A and B are not independent: Forces FB on
on A
A

F
acting on block A and A on B acting on block B are an action/reaction
pair and thus have the same magnitude.

• Because the two blocks are in contact, their accelerations must be the same:
aAx aBx ax 
• We can’t solve for the motion of one block without considering the motion
of the other block.
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Tactics Box 5.2 Working with Objects in
Contact (1 of 2)

When two objects are in contact and their motion is linked,

we need to duplicate certain steps in our analysis:
1. Draw each object separately and prepare a separate
force identification diagram for each object.
2. Draw a separate free-body diagram for each object.
3. Write Newton’s second law in component form for each
object.

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Tactics Box 5.2 Working with Objects in
Contact (2 of 2)
The two objects in contact exert forces on each other:
4. Identify the action/reaction pairs of forces. If object A

acts on object B with force FA on B, then identify the force

FB on A that B exerts on A.

5. Newton’s third law says that you can equate the

magnitudes of the two forces in each action/reaction pair.
The fact that the objects are in contact simplifies the
kinematics:
6. Objects in contact will have the same acceleration.

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QuickCheck 5.10 (1 of 2)
Boxes A and B are sliding to the right on a frictionless
surface. Hand H is slowing them. Box A has a larger mass
than Box B. Considering only the horizontal forces:
A. FB on H FH on B FA on B FB on A

B. FB on H FH on B  FA on B FB on A

C. FB on H FH on B  FA on B FB on A

D. FH on B FH on A  FA on B

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QuickCheck 5.10 (2 of 2)
Boxes A and B are sliding to the right on a frictionless
surface. Hand H is slowing them. Box A has a larger mass
than Box B. Considering only the horizontal forces:

B. FB on H FH on B  FA on B FB on A

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QuickCheck 5.11 (1 of 2)
Consider the situation in the figure. Which pair of forces is an
action/reaction pair?

A. The tension of the string and the friction force acting on A

B. The normal force on A due to B and the weight of A
C. The normal force on A due to B and the weight of B
D. The friction force acting on A and the friction force acting on B
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QuickCheck 5.11 (2 of 2)
Consider the situation in the figure. Which pair of forces is an
action/reaction pair?

D. The friction force acting on A and the friction force acting on B

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Example 5.18 Pushing Two Blocks (1 of 7)
The figure shows a 5.0 kg block A being pushed with a 3.0 N
force. In front of this block is a 10 kg block B; the two blocks
move together. What force does block A exert on block B?
Strategize The two blocks are in contact and are moving
together, so we will follow the steps in Tactics Box 5.2.

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Example 5.18 Pushing Two Blocks (2 of 7)
Prepare The visual overview of the figure lists the known information
and identifies FA on B as what we’re trying to find. Then, following the
steps of Tactics Box 5.2, we’ve drawn separate force identification
diagrams and separate free-body diagrams for the two blocks. Both
blocks have a weight force and a normal force, so we’ve used
subscripts A and B to distinguish between them.

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Example 5.18 Pushing Two Blocks (3 of 7)

Prepare The force FAA on B is the contact force that block A exerts on B;
on B

it forms an action/reaction pair with the force FBB on A that block B exerts
on A

on A. Notice that force FA on B is drawn acting on block B; it is the force
of A on B. Force vectors are always drawn on the free-body
diagram of the object that experiences the force, not the object
exerting the force. Because action/reaction pairs act in opposite

directions, force FB on A pushes backward on block A and appears on
A’s free-body diagram.

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Example 5.18 Pushing Two Blocks (4 of 7)
Solve We begin by writing Newton’s second Known
law in component form for each block. mA 5.0 kg
Because the motion is only in the x- mB 10kg
direction, we need only the x-component of
FH 3.0 N
the second law. For block A:
Find
 Fx FH   FB on A  mAaAxx
x x
FA on B
The force components can be “read” from

the free-body diagram, where we see F

pointing to the right and FB on A

pointing to the left. Thus:

FH  FB on A mAaAx
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Example 5.18 Pushing Two Blocks (5 of 7)
Solve For B, we have: Known

 Fx FA on B x FA on B mBaBx mA 5.0 kg

mB 10kg
We have two additional pieces of information:
First, Newton’s third law tells us that FH 3.0 N
FB on AA FAA on B Second, the boxes are in
on B
 Find
contact and must have the same FA on B
acceleration ax; that is, aAx aBx ax 
With this information, the two x-
component equations become:
FH  FA on B mAax
FA on B mBax
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Example 5.18 Pushing Two Blocks (6 of 7)
Solve Our goal is to find FA on B so we need to eliminate the
unknown acceleration ax . From the second equation,
ax FA on B / mB Substituting this into the first equation gives

FH  FA on B mA FA on B
mB

This can be solved for the force of block A on block B, giving:

FA on B  FH  3.0 N 3.0 N 2.0 N

1  mA / mB 1  5.0 kg / 10 kg  1.5

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Example 5.18 Pushing Two Blocks (7 of 7)
Assess Force FH accelerates both blocks, a total mass of
15 kg, but force FA on B accelerates only block B, with a
mass of 10 kg. Thus it makes sense that FA on B  FH

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Section 5.8 Ropes and Pulleys

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Ropes (1 of 2)
• The box is pulled by the rope,
so the box’s free-body diagram

shows a tension force T 
• We make the massless string
approximation that mrope  0

• Newton’s second law for the

rope is thus

 Fx Fbox on rope F  T mropeax 0

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Ropes (2 of 2)
• Generally, the tension in a massless string or rope
equals the magnitude of the force pulling on the end
of the string or rope. As a result:
– A massless string or rope “transmits” a force
undiminished from one end to the other: If you pull on
one end of a rope with force F, the other end of the
rope pulls on what it’s attached to with a force of the
same magnitude F.
– The tension in a massless string or rope is the same
from one end to the other.

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QuickCheck 5.12 (1 of 2)
Boxes A and B are being pulled to the right on a frictionless
surface; the boxes are speeding up. Box A has a larger mass
than Box B. How do the two tension forces compare?

A. T1  T22
B. T1 T22
C. T1  T22
D. Not enough information to tell
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QuickCheck 5.12 (2 of 2)
Boxes A and B are being pulled to the right on a frictionless
surface; the boxes are speeding up. Box A has a larger mass
than Box B. How do the two tension forces compare?

C. T1  T22

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Example Problem (7 of 7)
A wooden box, with a mass of 22 kg, is pulled at a constant
speed with a rope that makes an angle of 25 with the
wooden floor. What is the tension in the rope?

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Pulleys
• The tension in a massless string is unchanged by passing
over a massless, frictionless pulley.
• We’ll assume such an ideal pulley for problems in this
chapter.

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Tactics Box 5.3 Working with Ropes and
Pulleys
For massless ropes or strings and massless, frictionless
pulleys:
• If a force pulls on one end of a rope, the tension in the
rope equals the magnitude of the pulling force.
• If two objects are connected by a rope, the tension is the
same at both ends.
• If the rope passes over a pulley, the tension in the rope is
unaffected.
• Video Tutor Demo: Tension in String betw
een Hanging Weights
Text: p 160age

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QuickCheck 5.13 (1 of 2)
The two masses are at rest. The pulleys are frictionless.
The scale is in kg. The scale reads

A. 0 kg
B. 5 kg
C. 10 kg

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QuickCheck 5.13 (2 of 2)
The two masses are at rest. The pulleys are frictionless.
The scale is in kg. The scale reads

B. 5 kg

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QuickCheck 5.14 (1 of 2)
All three 50-kg blocks are at rest. The tension in rope 2 is

A. Greater than the tension in rope 1.

B. Equal to the tension in rope 1.
C. Less than the tension in rope 1.

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QuickCheck 5.14 (2 of 2)
All three 50-kg blocks are at rest. The tension in rope 2 is

B. Equal to the tension in rope 1.


Each block is in static equilibrium, with Fnet 0

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QuickCheck 5.15 (1 of 2)
The top block is accelerated across a frictionless table by
the falling mass m. The string is massless, and the pulley is
both massless and frictionless. The tension in the string is

A. T < mg
B. T = mg
C. T > mg

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QuickCheck 5.15 (2 of 2)
The top block is accelerated across a frictionless table by
the falling mass m. The string is massless, and the pulley is
both massless and frictionless. The tension in the string is

A. T < mg

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Example 5.21 Lifting a Stage Set (1 of 7)
A 200 kg set used in a play is stored in the loft above the stage.
The rope holding the set passes up and over a pulley, then is
tied backstage. The director tells a 100 kg stage-hand to lower
the set. When he unties the rope, the set falls and the
unfortunate man is hoisted into the loft. What is the stagehand’s
acceleration?
Strategize The acceleration of each object—stagehand and set
—is determined by the forces that act on it, so we will start by
drawing a separate free-body diagram for each. From Tactics
Box 5.3 we know that the tension force acting on each object
has the same magnitude. In addition, their accelerations are
related because they are connected by the rope.

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Example 5.21 Lifting a Stage Set (2 of 7)
Prepare The figure shows the
visual overview. The objects of
interest are the stagehand M and
the set S, for which we’ve drawn
separate free-body diagrams.
Assume a massless rope and a
massless, frictionless pulley.
 
Tension forces Ts are T M
M

are due to a massless rope

going over an ideal pulley, so
their magnitudes are the
same.

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Example 5.21 Lifting a Stage Set (3 of 7)
Solve From the two free-body
diagrams, we can write Newton’s
second law in component form. For
the man we have
 FMy TM  wM TM  mMg mMaMy

For the set we have

 FSy TS  w S TS  mSg mSaSy

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Example 5.21 Lifting a Stage Set (4 of 7)
Solve Only the y-equations are
needed. Because the stagehand
and the set are connected by a
rope, the upward distance
traveled by one is the same as
the downward distance traveled
by the other. Thus the
magnitudes of their
accelerations must be the
same, but, as Figure 5.33
shows, their directions are
opposite.

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Example 5.21 Lifting a Stage Set (5 of 7)
Solve We can express this
mathematically as aSy  aMy
We also know that the two
tension forces have equal
magnitudes, which we’ll call
T. Inserting this information
into the above equations
gives:

T  mM g mMaMy

T  mSg mSaMy
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Example 5.21 Lifting a Stage Set (6 of 7)
Solve These are simultaneous equations in
the two unknowns T and aMy We can solve
for T in the first equation to get:
T mMaMy  mMg

Inserting this value of T into the second

equation then gives:
mMaMy  mMg  mSg   mSaMy

which we can rewrite as:

mS  mM g mSS  mMM aMy

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Example 5.21 Lifting a Stage Set (7 of 7)
Solve Finally, we can solve for the hapless stagehand’s
acceleration:
aMy m S  mM
g  100 kg  9.08 m/s2 3.3 m/s2
mS  mM  300 kg 

This is also the acceleration with which the set falls. If the rope’s
tension was needed, we could now find it from T mMaMy  mMg 

Assess If the stagehand weren’t holding on, the set would fall
with free-fall acceleration g. It makes sense that the presence of
the heavy stagehand leads to an acceleration that is significantly
less than g.

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Summary

Video Tutor Solution Chapter 5: Ready for Takeoff

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Summary: General Strategy (1 of 3)
Equilibrium Problems
Object at rest or moving at constant velocity.
Prepare Make simplifying assumptions.
• Check that the object is either at rest or moving with constant velocity
 
(a  0).
• Identify forces and show them on a free-body diagram.
Solve Use Newton’s second law in component form:
Fx max 0
Fy may 0
“Read” the components from the free-body diagram.
Assess Is your result reasonable? Text: p 165
age

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Summary: General Strategy (2 of 3)
Dynamics Problems
Object accelerating.
Prepare Make simplifying assumptions.
Make a visual overview:
• Sketch a pictorial representation.
• Identify known quantities and what the problem is trying
to find.
• Identify all forces and show them on a free-body diagram.

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Summary: General Strategy (3 of 3)
Dynamics Problems
Solve Use Newton’s second law in component form:
 Fx max and  Fy may
“Read” the components of the vectors from the free-body
diagram. If needed, use kinematics to find positions and
velocities.
Assess Is your result reasonable?

Text: p 165 age

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Summary: Important Concepts (1 of 3)
Specific information about three important forces:

Weight w  mg, downward 

Friction fs  0 to s n, direction as necessary to prevent motion 

fk  k n, direction opposite the motion 

fr  r n, direction opposite the motion 
 1 
Drag D    Av 2 , direction opposite the motion  for motion in air
4 

Text: p 165 age

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Summary: Important Concepts (2 of 3)
Newton’s laws are vector expressions. You must write them
out by components:


 Fnet   Fx max
 x



Fnet   Fy may
y

For equilibrium problems, ax 0 and ay 0.

Text: p 165age

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Summary: Important Concepts (3 of 3)
Objects in Contact
When two objects interact, you need to
draw two separate free-body diagrams.

Text: p 165 age

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Summary: Applications (1 of 3)
Apparent weight is the magnitude of the contact force
supporting an object. It is what a scale reads, and it is your
sensation of weight.
Apparent weight equals your true weight w = mg only when
the vertical acceleration is zero.

Text: p 165 age

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Summary: Applications (2 of 3)
A falling object reaches terminal speed when the drag
 
force exactly balances the weight force: a 0

Text: p 165 age

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Summary: Applications (3 of 3)
Strings and Pulleys
• A string or rope pulls what it’s
connected to with a force
equal to its tension.
• The tension in a rope is equal
to the force pulling on the
rope.
• The tension in a massless
rope is the same at all points
in the rope.
• Tension does not change
when a rope passes over a
massless, frictionless pulley. Text: p 165
age

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