Network Theory
Current: Electric current is the time rate of change of charge flow.
• Charge transferred between time to and t
Sign Convention: A negative current of –5A flowing in one direction is same as a
current of +5A in opposite direction.
Voltage: Voltage or potential difference is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts.
Power: It is time rate of expending or absorbing energy.
• Law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit.
• Algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero.
i.e. ΣP = 0
Circuit Elements:
Passive element: If it is not capable of delivering energy, then it is passive
element. Example: Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor
Active element: If an element is capable of delivering energy independently, then
it is called active element. Example: Voltage source, and Current source.
Linear and Non linear elements: If voltage and current across an element are
related to each other through a constant coefficient then the element is called as
linear element otherwise it is called as non-linear.
Unidirectional and Bidirectional: When elements characteristics are independent
of direction of current then element is called bi-directional element otherwise it is
called as unidirectional.
• R, L & C are bidirectional
• Diode is a unidirectional element.
• Voltage and current sources are also unidirectional elements.
• Every linear element should obey the bi-directional property but vice versa
as is not necessary.
Resistor: Linear and bilateral (conduct from both direction)
• In time domain V(t) = I(t)R
• In s domain: V(s) = RI(s)
• l = length of conductor, ρ= resistivity, A = area of cross section
• Extension of wire to n times results in increase in resistance:
• Compression of wire results in decrease in resistance:
Capacitor: All capacitors are linear and bilateral, except electrolytic capacitor
which is unilateral.
• Time Domain:
• In s-domain:
• Capacitor doesn’t allow sudden change of voltage, until impulse of
current is applied.
• It stores energy in the form of electric field and power dissipation in ideal
capacitor is zero.
Impedance:
Inductor: Linear and bilinear element
• Inductor doesn’t allowed sudden change of current, until impulse of
voltage is applied. It stores energy in the form of magnetic field.
• Power dissipation in ideal inductor is zero.
Mesh Analysis:
• Path - A set of element that may be traversed in order, without passing thru
the same node twice
• Loop - a closed path
• Mesh - A loop that does not contain any other loop within it
• Planar Circuit - A circuit that may be drawn on a plane surface in such a way
that there are no branch crossovers
• Non-Planar Circuit - A circuit that is not planar, i.e, some branch(es) pass
over some other branch(es) (Can not use Mesh Analysis)
Transformer: 4 terminal or 2-port devices.
• N1 > N2 : Step down transformer
• N2 > N1 : Step up transformer
• Transformer doesn’t work as amplifier because current decreases in same
amount power remain constant.
Gyrator:
• R0 = Coefficient of Gyrator
• V1=R0I2
• V2= - R0 I1
• If load is capacitive then input impedance will be inductive and vice versa.
• If load is inductive then input impedance will be capacitive.
• It is used for simulation of equivalent value of inductance.
Voltage Source:
• In practical voltage source, there is small internal resistance, so voltage
across the element varies with respect to current.
• Ideal voltmeter, RV is infinite (Internal resistance)
Current Source:
• In practical current source, there is small internal resistance, so current
varies with respect to the voltage across element
• Ideal Ammeter, Ra is 0 (Internal resistance)
• Internal resistance of voltage source is in series with the source.
• Internal resistance of ideal voltage source is zero.
• Internal resistance of current source is in parallel with the source.
• Internal resistance of ideal current source is infinite.
Independent Source: Voltage or current source whose values doesn’t depend on
any other parameters.
• Example: Generator
Dependent Source: Voltage or current source whose values depend upon other
parameters like current, voltage.
Lumped Network: A network in which all network elements are physically
separable is known as lumped network.
Distributed network: A network in which the circuit elements like resistance,
inductance etc, are not physically separate for analysis purpose, is called
distributed network. Example: Transmission line.
Thevenin's Theorem: Any linear network can be replaced by an independent
voltage sources in series with an impedance such that the current voltage relation at
the terminals is unchanged.
Norton's Theorem: Identical to thevenin's statement except that the equivalent
circuit is an independent current source in parallel with an impedance. (ZS = RTh)
