Statistics

It is the science that deals with the collection,

presentation of the numerical.

1. Data
The word ‘data’ means information or a set of given facts.

(I) Primary Data

The data collected by the investigator himself is known

as the primary data.

The best source if collecting primary data is

through Questionnaires

(II) Secondary Data

The data collected by a person other than the investigator,

is Known as the secondary data.
The data collected from magazines, Newspapers, internet etc.
 Measurements of central tendency –

(a) Mean

(b) Median

(c) Mode
 Mean-
1. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.):

(I) For any two numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏,

1
A. M. = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)

(II) For 𝑛 observation 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 … … … . , 𝑥𝑛 we have

1
A.M.= 𝑛 (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + … . +𝑥𝑛 ).

(III) When some observation have frequency more than 1, then

∑ (𝑓×𝑥) ∑ (𝑓×𝑥)
A.M. = ∑ 𝑓
= .
𝑛

Combined Arithmetic Mean –

If 𝑥̅1 , 𝑥̅2 , 𝑥̅3 , … . . 𝑥̅𝑘 are the mean of k series of having 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 , 𝑛3 … . . 𝑛𝑘

values respectively. Then the mean 𝑥̅ of the composite series is

𝑛1 . 𝑥̅1 + 𝑛2 . 𝑥̅2 + 𝑛3 . 𝑥̅3 , … . . 𝑛𝑘 . 𝑥̅𝑘

𝑥̅ =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3 + ⋯ . . +𝑛𝑘
Weighted Arithmetic Mean –

If 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 , … . 𝑤𝑛 are the weight assigned to the values

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥, … . 𝑥𝑛 respectively. Then

𝑤1 . 𝑥1 + 𝑤2 . 𝑥2 + ⋯ . 𝑤𝑛 . 𝑥𝑛
𝑥̅ =
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + ⋯ . . +𝑤𝑛

∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Or 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖

Remark –

The sum of the deviation of item from A.M. is always zero.

i.e. ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ ) = 0

2. Geometric Mean (G.M):

(I) For any two number 𝑎 & 𝑏

G.M. = √𝑎𝑏

(II) For 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 … . . 𝑥𝑛
1
G.M.= (𝑥1 . 𝑥2. … . . . 𝑥𝑛 ) 𝑛
 3. HARMONIC MEAN (H.M):

(I) For any two numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏

2𝑎𝑏
H.M. = 𝑎+𝑏

(II) For 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … . . 𝑥𝑛
𝑛
H.M. = 1 1 1
( + +⋯+ )
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
 Median
I. In a ungrouped data, the data is arranged in ascending or
descending order of magnitude.
1
(i) In 𝑛 is odd, then median = 2 (𝑛 + 1)th term.

(ii) If 𝑛 is even, then

1 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Median = 2 [( 2 ) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + ( 2 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚]

II. Median of a continuous series –

First find the cumulative frequency table of given observation,
𝑛 𝑡ℎ
then find the group (median group) of ( 2 ) observation. Then

𝒏
(𝟐−𝒄)
Median = 𝒍 + .𝒉
𝒇

Where 𝑙 = lower limit of median group

𝑓 = frequency of median group
ℎ = size of median group
𝑐 = cumulative frequency of a group before to median group.
 Mode
Highest Occurrence value of the data.

(I) Mode of an individual series – The mode of an individual

series is that value of variable, which is repeated more than
the other variable of the series.

(II) Mode of a discrete series - The mode of a discrete series is

that value of variable for which the frequency is maximum.

(III) Mode of continuous series – First find the model group,

which has maximum frequency, then

𝒇𝟏 −𝒇𝟎
Mode = 𝒍 + .𝒉
𝟐𝒇𝟏 −𝒇𝟎 −𝒇𝟐

Where 𝑙 = lower limit of model group

𝑓1 = frequency of model group
𝑓0 = frequency of a group before to model group
𝑓2 = frequency of a group next to model group
ℎ = size of model group
Remark –

• Mathematical Average are A.M., G.M., H.M.

• Positional Average are Median and Mode.

• Mode = 3(median) – 2(mean)

Range - Highest value − Lowest value

 Mean Deviation

(i) Let M be the A.M. of discrete series and 𝛿 = |𝑥 − 𝑀|. then

∑|𝛿 |
Mean Deviation = .
𝑛

∑ 𝑓 ×|𝛿 |
(ii) Mean Deviation = ∑𝑓
.

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Coefficient of mean deviation =
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
 Variance –
The variance of a variable is the arithmetic mean of the squares
of all deviations of 𝑥 from the arithmetic mean of the
observations. i.e.
1
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑥 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 2 = 𝑛 [∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 ]

𝑛 𝑛 2
1 1
𝜎2 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖2 − ( ∑ 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Standard Deviation (𝝈)

The positive square root of the variance of a variable 𝑥 is known
as the standard deviation.

S.D. = 𝜎 = √𝑣𝑎𝑟(𝑥)

∑|𝛿 |2
𝜎=√
𝑛

Variance = (𝑆. 𝐷. )2
Remark –
𝜎
• Coefficient of dispersion = 𝑥̅
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜎
• Coefficient of variation = × 100 = × 100
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥̅
1
• Variance of 𝑛 natural numbers is 12 (𝑛2 − 1)
1. Which one of the following is a source of data for primary
investigations ?

bues ls dkSu lk izkFkfed vkWdMs dk JkSr gS \

a. if=dk;s (Magazines )

b. v[kckj (Newspapers)

c. ljdkjh izdk’ku (Government Publications)

d. iz’ukSRrjh (Questionnaires)
2. The total expenditure incurred by an industry under different
heads is best presented as a
fdlh daiuh ds fofHkUUk izdkj ds [kpsZ fdl :i esa O;Dr fd;s tkrs gSaA

a. naM ;k LrEHk vkys[k(Bar diagram )

b. IkkbZ(o`Rr) vkys[k (Pie diagram )

c. vk;r fp+= (histogram )

d. ckjEckjrk cgqHkqt (Frequency Polygon)

3. If the sum of 11 consecutive natural numbers is 2761, then the
middle number is

;fn 11 dzekaxr izkd`r la[;k dk ;ksx 2761 gS] rks ek/; la[;k D;k gSa\

a. 249 b. 250 c. 251 d. 252

4. The average of the values
a. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,………2n is

0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,………2n dk vkSlr D;k gS \

a. 𝑛 b. (𝑛 + 1) c. 2𝑛 d. 2(𝑛 + 1)
5. If the average of the numbers 148, 146, 144, 142,…. In A.P. be
125 then the total number in the series will be

;fn 148, 146, 144, 142,…. dk lekarj ek/; 125 gS rks lekarj JS.kkh fd
la[;k D;k gS \

a. 18 b. 24 c. 30 d. 48
6. The frequency distribution of some is given number is
Value 1 2 3 4
Frequency 5 4 6 𝑓
If the mean is known to be 3, then the value of 𝑓 is :

dqN la[;kvkas dk vko`fRr forj.k fuEuuqlkj gSA

la[;k 1 2 3 4
vko`fRr 5 4 6 𝑓
;fn ek/; 3 gSa] rks 𝑓 dk eku D;k gksxkA

a. 3 b. 7 c. 10 d. 14
7. The average of the squares of the numbers
0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…….𝑛 is :

0, 1, 2, 3, 4,……. 𝑛 ds oxksZ dk vkSlr D;k gSa\

1
(a) 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
2
1
(b) n (2 n + 1)
6
1
(c) (𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
6
1
(d) 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
6
8. The arithmetic mean of the set of observations 1, 2, 3 … … . 𝑛 is:

1, 2, 3 … … . 𝑛 dk lekarj ek/; D;k gSaA

1 1 1 𝑛
a. 𝑛 b. (𝑛 − 1) c. (𝑛 + 1) d. +1
2 2 2 2
 1 1 1 1 1
9. If the value 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , … … . 𝑛 occur at frequencies 1, 2, 3, 4,
5,…… 𝑛 respectively in a frequency distribution, then the mean
is :
1 2
a. 1 b. 𝑛 c. d.
𝑛 𝑛+1
10. The mean of the values of 1,2,3,…….n with respectively
frequency 𝑥, 2𝑥, 3𝑥, … … . . 𝑛𝑥 is :

;fn 1, 2, 3,…….𝑛 fd dze’k: vko`fRr 𝑥, 2𝑥, 3𝑥, … … . . 𝑛𝑥 gS rks ek/; D;k gS \

𝑛
(a) 2
1
(b) (2𝑛 + 1)
3
1
(c) (2 𝑛 + 1)
6
(d) none of these
11. If the arithmetic mean of 7,5,13, 𝑥 and 9 be 10, then the value
of 𝑥 is :

;fn 7, 5, 13, 𝑥, 9 dk lekarj ek/; 10 gS rks 𝑥 dk eku D;k gS \

a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16
12. Average score of 50 students in a class is 44. Later on it was
found that a score 23 was incorrectly recorded as 73. The
correct average score is:

fdlh d{kk ds 50 Nk=ksa dk vkSlr 44 gSaA ckn esa irk pyk dh xyrh ls 23 dh
txg 73 vafdr gks x;k] rks lgh ek/; D;k gSa

a. 42 b. 43 c. 45 d. 46
13. Mean of 100 observations is 45, it was later founded that two
observations 19 and 31 were incorrectly recorded as 91 and 13.
The correct mean is :

100 izs{k.kksa dk vkslr 45 gS ckn esa irk pyk dh 19 vkSj 31 dh txg 91 vkSj 13
fy[k fn;k x;k rks lgh ek/; D;k gSaA

a. 44 b. 45 c. 44. 46 d. 45.54
14. The average weight of 10 women is decreased by 2 kg when
one them whose weight is 70 kg is replaced by a new person.
the weight of the new person (in kg) is:

;fn 10 efgykvkas dk vkSlr 2 𝑘𝑔 de gks tkrk gS tc 70𝑘𝑔 dh efgyk fd txg

u;h efgyk dks j[kk tk,s rks u;h efgyk dk otu D;k gSA

a. 68 kg b. 58 kg c. 50 kg d. 45 kg
15. The mean of 𝑛 observation is 𝑥̅ . If one observation 𝑥𝑛+1 is
added, then the mean continues to be same. the value of 𝑥𝑛+1 is

𝑛 izs{k.kksa dk vkSlr 𝑥̅ gSAa ;fn 𝑥𝑛+1 tksM+ fn;k tk;s rks ek/; leku gksrk gSa] rks
𝑥𝑛+1 dk eku D;k gSaA

a. 0 b. 1 c. 𝑛 d. 𝑥̅
16. The mean weight of a class of 32 students is 40.5 kg. if the
weight of the teacher be included, the mean rises by 500 g. the
weight of the teacher is

;fn fdlh d{kk esa 32 Nk=ksa dk vkSlr otu 40-5 𝑘𝑔 vkSj mlesa f’k{kd dk otu
feyk fn;k tk;s]rks 500 xzke vkSlr otu c<+ tkrk gSa] rks f’k{kd dk otu D;k gSaA

a. 41 kg b. 56.5 kg c. 57 kg. d. None of these

17. In a class of 100 students the average amount of pocket money
is Rs. 35 per student, if the average is 25 for girls and Rs. 50 for
boys, then the number of girls in the class is

fdlh d{kk esa 100 Nk=ksa dk tsc [kpZ 35:-izfr Nk= gS] ;fn yM+fd;ksa dk vkSlr
25:- izfr yM+fd ,oa yM+dks dk vkSlr 50:- izfr yM+dk rks d{kk esa yM+fd;ksa dh
la[;k D;k gksxh \

a. 20 b. 40 c. 60 d. 80
18. In a class of 50 students, 10 have failed and their average
marks are 28. The total marks obtained by the entire class are
2800. The average of those who have passed are

,d d{kk esa 50 Nk= gS mues ls 28 ds vkSlr ds lkFk 10 Nk= Qsy gks x;s !
lEiq.kZ d{kk ds izkIrkad 2800 gS rks ikl gksus okys Nk=ks dk vkSlr d;k gS \

a. 43 b. 53 c. 63 d. 70
19. When 10 is subtracted from each of the given observation, the
mean is reduced to 60%. if, 5 is added to all the given
observation, the mean will be:

tc fn;s x;s izR;sd izs{k.k es ls 10 dks ?kVk;k tkrk gS rks ek/; 60% de gks
tkrk gS vkSj izR;sd izs{k.k es ls 5 dks tksM fn;k tkrk gS rks ek/; D;k gksXkk \

a. 25 b. 30 c. 60 d. 65
20. A student obtains 75%, 80% and 85% marks in there subjects.
If the marks of any other subject are added then their average
cannot be less then

fdlh Nk= dks 3 fo"k;ksa esa 75%, 80% vkSj 85% vad izkIr gq;s ;fn blesa pkSFks
fo"k; ds vad vkSj tksM+ fn;s tk;s rks ml Nk= dk vkSlr blls de ugha gks ldrk
gSAa

a. 60% b. 65% c. 70% d. 80%

21. There are 120 pupils in a class in which 20 are girls and the
rest boys, if the average, marks in mathematics of the boys be 65
% and that of the girls 80% the average marks of the whole class
are

120 Nk=kas dh d{kk esa 20 yM+fd;kWa gSa ;fn yM+dksa ds xf.kr ds izkIrkad dk vkSlr 65
izfr’kr gSa ,oa yM+fd;ksa dk vkSlr 80 izfr’kr gSa rks xf.kr dk vkSlr iqjh d{kk ds
fy;s D;k gSAa

a. 72.5% b. 67.5% c. 70% d. 68.25%

22. The mean weekly Salary paid to 75 workers in a factory is
2840. The mean salary of 25 of them is Rs. 2700 and that of 30
other is Rs. 2850. The mean salary of the remaining workers is

fdlh daEiuh esa 75 deZpkjh;kas dk vkSlr osru 2840:- gSa muesa ls 25 deZpkfj;ksa
dk vkSlr osru 2700:-gSa 30 vkSj deZpkfj;kas dk vkSlr osru 2850:- gS rks ’ks"k cps
deZpkfj;ksa dk vkSlr osru fdruk gSA

a. Rs. 3250 b. 3050 c . 3000 d. 3500

23. The following marks were obtained by the students of a
class in a test, then what is range
;fn fdlh d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds izkIrkad gS rks ifjlj (range) D;k gSa

81, 72, 90, 86, 92, 70, 71, 83, 89, 95, 85, 79, 62

a. 9 b. 17 c. 27 d. 33
24. In a frequency distribution, the mid-value of a class is 15 and
class-size is 4. The lower limit of the class is

fdlh vko`fRr forj.k esa fdlh d{kk dk e/; fcUnq 15 gSaA vkSj d{kk dh pkSM+kbZ 4 gSa
]rks d{kk fd fuEu lhek D;k gSa

a. 10 b. 12 c. 13 d. 14
25. The mid-value of a class is 42. If the class size is 10, then the
upper and lower limits of the class are:

fdlh vko`fRr forj.k esa d{kk dk e/; fcUnq 42 gSAa vkSj d{kk dh pkSM+kbZ 10 gS]rksa
ml d{kk dh mPp vkSj fuEu lhek gSaA

(a) 47 & 37
(b) 46 & 38
(c) 47.5 & 37.5
(d) 48.5 & 38.5
26. The number of times a particular item occurs in a data is
called its

vkdMks es iq.kZ la[;k gksrh gS

(a) fopyu (Variation)

(b) ckjEckjrk (Frequency )
(c) lap;h ckjEckjrk (cumulative frequency )
(d) ek/; (Mean)
27. A.M. of 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑 … … . 𝑎 + 2 𝑚𝑑 is

𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑 … … . 𝑎 + 2 𝑚𝑑 dk laekrj ek/; D;k gSaA

(a) 𝒂 + 𝒎𝒅
(b) 𝑎 + (𝑚 − 1)𝑑
1
(c) 𝑎 + 2 𝑚𝑑
1
(d) 𝑎 + 2 (𝑚 + 1)𝑑
28. The variance(izlj.k) of data 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 is

a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. √8
29. The standard deviation of 25 number is 40. If each of the
numbers is increased by 5, then the new standard deviation is
25 la[;kvksa dk ekud fopyu 40 gS ;fn izR;sd la[;k esa 5 tksasM fn;s tk;s rks u;k
ekud fopyu D;k gksxk !

(a) 40
(b) 45
21
(c) 40 + 25
21
(d) 40 − 25
30. If each observation of a raw data whose variance is 𝜎 2 is
multiplied by 𝜆, then the variance of the new set is ;fn vkWdMks dk
izlj.k 𝜎 2 gS mlesa 𝜆 dk xq.kk fd;k tk;s rks u;k izlj.k D;k gksxk

(a) 𝜎2
(b) 𝜆2 𝜎 2
(c) 𝜆 +𝜎 2
(d) 𝜆2 + 𝜎 2
31. If the standard deviation of 0,1, 2, 3, …….9 is K, then the
standard deviation of 10,11,12,13,……..19 is

;fn 0,1,2,3,…….9 dk ekud fopyu 𝐾 gS rks 10,11,12,13,……..19 dk

ekud fopyu D;k gksxk

a. K b. 𝐾 + 10 c. 𝐾 + √10 d. 10 𝐾
32. The median of the following distribution is
Class Frequency
interval
0 − 10 22
10 − 20 38
20 − 30 46
30 − 40 35
40 − 50 20

(a) 20 (b) 22.46 (c) 24.46 (d) 25

33. The median of the following distribution is
Class Frequency
interval
0 − 20 17
20 − 40 28
40 − 60 32
60 − 80 24
80 − 100 19

(a) 40 (b) 42.67 (c) 46.67 (d) 7

34. Consider the two series of observation A and B as follows.
A 1019 1008 1015 1006 1002
B 1.9 0.8 1.5 0.6 0.2

If the standard deviation of the series A is √38, then what is the

standard deviation of the series B ?
(a) 3.8 (b) √0.38 (c) 0.38 (d) √38