Experiment 1

1 Objective
Familiarization with basic electronic components using real components charts for capacitors, ICs, surface mount
devices, cables, LEDs, Inductors, transistors and MOSFETs, diodes, Zeners, resistors values using colour codes and
verify resistor value and tolerance using Digital Multimeter

2 Components Required
• Resistors
• Capacitor
• Diode

• Transistor
• Digital Multimeter

3 Theory
There are several basic electronic components used in electronic circuits. Some of the most common ones are:

3.1 Resistor
A resistor is a passive electronic component that resists the flow of electric current. It is used to control the amount
of current that flows through a circuit.

3.2 Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is commonly used
to filter and stabilize power supplies, store charge, and block direct current.

3.3 Diode
A diode is an active electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction. It is commonly used to
rectify AC current to DC current and to protect circuits from voltage spikes.

3.4 Transistor
A transistor is an active electronic component that can amplify or switch electronic signals. It is commonly used
as a switch or amplifier in electronic circuits.

3.5 Inductor
An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field. It is commonly used to filter
out high-frequency signals and as a power supply filter.

1
3.6 Integrated Circuit (IC)
An integrated circuit is a complex electronic component that contains multiple transistors, capacitors, and resistors
on a single chip. It is commonly used in digital circuits, analog circuits, and microprocessors.

3.7 Surface Mount Devices (SMDs)

Surface Mount Devices (SMDs) are electronic components that are mounted directly onto the surface of a printed
circuit board (PCB) without the use of leads or wires.

3.8 Digital Multimeter (DMM)

A digital multimeter (DMM) is a versatile electronic tool used to measure various electrical quantities such as
voltage, current, and resistance.

2
4 Result
The values of all the resistors, capacitors, and diodes were successfully verified using a digital multimeter.

5 Precautions
• Ensure that your hands are stable while measuring the value of any component.

• Handle all the components carefully to avoid damage.

3
 Experiment 2

1 Objective
To study the operation of Digital storage oscilloscope(DSO), Digital Multimeter (DMM), signal generator and power
supply, and measure the input impedance of Digital Multimeter (DMM), and Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO).

2 Components Required
• Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
• Digital Multimeter (DMM)
• Signal generator

• Power supply
• Resistors
• Breadboard
• Connecting wires

3 Theory
3.1 Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
A digital storage oscilloscope is an electronic device used to capture and analyze electronic signals. It measures and
displays various electrical signals such as voltage, current, and frequency. The DSO can store waveforms for later
analysis and display statistical information about the signals.

3.2 Digital Multimeter (DMM)

A digital multimeter is an electronic device used to measure electrical properties such as voltage, current, and
resistance. It has several functions including measuring AC/DC voltage, AC/DC current, and resistance.

3.3 Signal Generator

A signal generator is an electronic device that generates electrical signals of various types and frequencies. It is
used in testing and troubleshooting electronic circuits and can produce sine, square, triangle, and other waveforms.

3.4 Power Supply

A power supply is an electronic device used to provide electrical power to other devices. It can provide a constant
voltage or current and can be AC or DC.

3.5 Input Impedance

Input impedance is the resistance that an electrical circuit presents to an incoming signal. It is measured in ohms
and can affect the performance of a circuit. To measure the input impedance of a device, we connect a known
resistance in series with the device input and measure the voltage across it using a DMM or a DSO.

1
2
4 Result
We have successfully studied the working of DSO, DMM, Signal Generator, and Power Supply

5 Precautions
1. Check the probes before use and compensate for their duty cycle if required.

2. Turn off the devices when not in use.

3. Make sure that the connections are tight and sturdy.

3
 Experiment 3

1 Aim
To measure and plot the Diode and LED forward characteristics.

2 Materials Required
1. Power supply
2. Multimeter
3. Breadboard
4. IN4007 Diode

5. LED
6. Resistor
7. Connecting wires

3 Theory
The forward characteristics of a diode and an LED show how the voltage across the device changes with the current
passing through it. The P-N junction supports unidirectional current flow. If the positive terminal of the input
supply is connected to the p-side and the negative terminal is connected to the n-side, then the diode is said to
be forward biased. Both the holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side cross the junction simultaneously,
thereby decreasing the depleted region. This constitutes a forward current (majority carrier movement – diffusion
current).
In the forward-biased mode, a diode allows current to flow while an LED emits light. The forward characteristics
curve shows the relationship between the forward voltage across the diode or LED and the current passing through
it. The curve has an exponential shape, and the voltage increases quickly as the current increases.
Diode current equation:  V 
I = Io e VT − 1

Where:

• I = current flowing in the diode

• Io = reverse saturation current
• V = voltage applied to the diode
• VT = volt- equivalent of temperature

1
2
4 Result
We have successfully studied and plotted the forward characteristics of LED and IN4007 Diode.

5 Precautions
1. Ensure that the polarity of the diode and LED is correct, as reversing the polarity can damage the devices.

2. Do not exceed the maximum current rating of the diode or LED, as this can cause the devices to overheat
and fail.
3. Use a series resistor to limit the current passing through the devices.

3
 Experiment 4

1 Aim
To design, implement, and characterize a Zener power supply (load and line regulation) .

2 Materials Required
1. 150 ohm Resistor
2. 3.3V Zener Diode
3. Female Header
4. PerfBoard

5. Soldering Station
6. Multimeter

3 Theory
A Zener power supply is a type of voltage regulator that uses a Zener diode to maintain a constant output voltage.
The Zener diode is connected in reverse bias, and its breakdown voltage determines the output voltage of the supply.
The Zener diode operates in its breakdown region, where a small change in reverse voltage results in a large change
in current. The output voltage remains constant as long as the input voltage is higher than the Zener diode’s
breakdown voltage.
The Zener power supply is commonly used in electronic circuits that require a constant voltage source, such as
in analog circuits, voltage regulators, and power supplies. It is efficient, compact, and easy to implement, making
it a popular choice for many applications. However, its output voltage is limited by the Zener diode’s breakdown
voltage and may vary with changes in the input voltage or load current. Therefore, careful selection of the Zener
diode and additional circuitry may be necessary to improve the load and line regulation of the Zener power supply.
Load Regulation Refers to the ability of a power supply to maintain a constant output voltage as the load
current changes. It is typically expressed as a percentage of the change in output voltage for a given change in load
current.
Line Regulation Refers to the ability of a power supply to maintain a constant output voltage as the input
voltage changes. It is typically expressed as a percentage of the change in output voltage for a given change in
input voltage.

1
2
4 Result
We have successfully designed and fabricated a Zener power supply on a Perfboard.

5 Precautions
1. Make sure the connections are tight and sturdy.

2. Measure voltage across resistor for easier calculation of current.

3. Turn the power supply off when not in use.

3
 Experiment 5

1 Aim
To familiarize with Arduino and perform LED blinking.

2 Materials Required
1. Arduino board
2. LED
3. Resistor
4. Breadboard

5. Jumper wires

3 Theory
The Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It’s used to create
interactive projects and prototypes. In this experiment, we’ll be using Arduino to control an LED and make it
blink.

1
4 Code

5 Procedure
1. Connect the Arduino board to your computer using a USB cable.
2. Connect the LED and resistor to the Arduino board as shown in Figure 4.
3. Open the Arduino IDE on your computer.

4. Write the code for LED blinking.

5. Upload the code to the Arduino board.
6. Observe the LED blinking.

6 Result
We have successfully familiarized with Arduino and performed LED blinking.

7 Precautions
1. Handle the Arduino and components carefully to avoid damage.
2. Ensure correct connections according to the circuit diagram.
3. Use appropriate resistors to limit current and protect the LED.

2
 Experiment 6

1 Aim
To implement LED blinking controlled by a push button using Arduino.

2 Materials Required
1. Arduino board
2. LED
3. Push button
4. Resistor (220 Ω)

5. Breadboard
6. Jumper wires

3 Theory
In this experiment, we will use an Arduino board to control the blinking of an LED using a push button. When
the push button is pressed, the Arduino will turn the LED on, and when the button is released, the Arduino will
turn the LED off.

1
4 Procedure
1. Connect the Arduino board to your computer using a USB cable.

2. Connect the LED, push button, and resistor to the Arduino board as shown in Figure 5.
3. Open the Arduino IDE on your computer.
4. Write the code to control LED blinking with the push button.

5. Upload the code to the Arduino board.

6. Press and release the push button to observe the LED blinking.

5 Code

6 Result
We have successfully implemented LED blinking controlled by a push button using Arduino.

7 Precautions
1. Handle the Arduino and components carefully to avoid damage.
2. Ensure correct connections according to the circuit diagram.

3. Use appropriate resistors to limit current and protect the LED.

2
 Experiment 7

1 Aim
To perform humidity and temperature sensing using a DHT11 sensor with an Arduino Due board.

2 Materials Required
1. Arduino Due board
2. DHT11 sensor
3. Breadboard
4. Jumper wires

3 Theory
The DHT11 sensor is a digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a
thermistor to measure the surrounding air’s humidity and temperature. The sensor outputs digital data, making it
easy to interface with microcontrollers like Arduino.

4 Procedure
1. Connect the DHT11 sensor to the Arduino Due board as shown in Figure 5.
2. Write a program in the Arduino IDE to read data from the DHT11 sensor.
3. Upload the program to the Arduino Due board.
4. Open the serial monitor in the Arduino IDE to view the humidity and temperature readings.

1
5 Code

6 Result
We have successfully performed humidity and temperature sensing using a DHT11 sensor with an Arduino Due
board.

7 Precautions
1. Handle the components carefully to avoid damage.

2. Ensure correct connections according to the circuit diagram.

3. Use appropriate resistor and capacitor values for stable sensor readings.

2
 Experiment 8

1 Aim
To perform light sensing using an LDR with an analog to digital converter using ESP32 WROOM module.

2 Materials Required
1. ESP32 WROOM module
2. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
3. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) module
4. Breadboard

5. Jumper wires

3 Theory
An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a type of resistor whose resistance changes with the amount of light falling
on it. The resistance decreases with an increase in light intensity and vice versa. An ADC (Analog to Digital
Converter) module is used to convert the analog signal from the LDR into a digital signal that can be processed by
the ESP32 WROOM module.

1
4 Procedure
1. Connect the LDR and ADC module to the ESP32 WROOM module as shown in Figure 5.

2. Write a program in the Arduino IDE or ESP-IDF to read data from the ADC module and perform light
sensing.
3. Upload the program to the ESP32 WROOM module.
4. Observe the light sensing readings using a serial monitor or a display connected to the ESP32 WROOM
module.

5 Code

6 Result
We have successfully performed light sensing using an LDR with an analog to digital converter using ESP32
WROOM module.

7 Precautions
1. Handle the components carefully to avoid damage.
2. Ensure correct connections according to the circuit diagram.

3. Use appropriate resistor values for stable sensor readings.