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Thermal properties of matter Notes for class 11th students
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LL as
lo- Thesmal Pnopertim |
OF Matter
> Temp erat
> Trnrmadr expansion ;
Qiquide & que:
ws EApawion of water
J
é
thurmat Expansion oP Solid,
CCULEe eee bese eds
— Ano molto
> SpeuPic heaw Capacity Cp,cv
— Catoni met
> Change of State
=> Lakers Heeb capacity
> Heat & nanafor cindicti on, conveution & radiation.
> Trrmat Conducivi
> Qualitative idtos Of Black body padiahow
> Wein’ displaw@ ment fad
nn
Stef an/s lad
VULLLLLEELEEE Py tame Heat i% @ form of Exngy eieteentinee
--—...-Sematon_of wanmth in ual 2-2-2]
Bay “We mow thas Every body is made up of a lange.
number of zing partides finown 2s molectes.
Pap * De pendliw eo op Sobatance ( Solid, piquia ager)!
i. Bits e erature moleite my pores.
> au OH + SS kababimal
~ Franglatinnat Motion Vint anal ion
L , re Roeation
Motion otorg astiline Tots £10 mo brew
‘One Calonien. [> amount of heat paquined 4 fonaise
Lemprratunt op L ya of Naber thmongh fote
nom 14-5 t IS-sT.
ve
Whi Jip Te eute oNhactinee equivalink of heat
Tem purakure of abod
~~ dagne, of hoknes O70 Cold news
of body.
« for measure ment of bem perature ~
Peele ae meee
5K
nN . * Absolute Temporatwu Seale :
=~ *Temperaburt Stale Was darigned by Lorh Kelvin i's
tnow n a Kelvin Tem Pers Stoke.
— Acconding to Tdtak gos equation
mS PV=e NRT P
=> Me No: Of moles of Gas
D> Tus graph Shows tab fora giver”
Volumeep @ as 1 pramure
Exeud by a qosis din ectely
bx pout enak to Eempunstuw
of age:
-2ais'c ( Pobsolute 30) 07 OK
~2731se 0 bec mee ae
Te!
GULL
Qk Gbsdctun 210. P=0 ee Ze)
ce
>
> — ee
—> iTok) = blo FATS St
= “Chenmel Expansion: _
—> . A Soltds Expands an heatin 28
D> + Try [4 Known as Thurman?
> expansion *Thwunal Expansion of Solids au of 3 types
| hiWeow. &x pansion
2. Ano. Expansionn:
2+ Volume Expansion”
Ie Lime Expansion’, 4b in inc ruase In lengkh of a Solid
on heasing
aes —t =F
4. «aT —@
yet pe
AL ¢ LAT
AL =H LAT
= AL_ = Change in lente ______
os Oniginat. feng x Rise in bempenatune
CUe cee eee
LAT
1
'
1
1
fra, Expansion’ faa,
Arun Expansion is in cuase iw Sunfae aus” on he “
bs%S -O
ASX AT -@
Combin © &® @
bs XS AT
= 45 = Change in Axwas a
SbT Onigt nak Arua XRise in Tem
wn!
|
poccccn
i cols an snl
Gl
-Nolume expansions St i» 1” in Volume. of Solid on
heating.
avev @O
dvi dT -@
VULLELLULUDOOULELCULEE av XVAT
Av= YVOT
NS 2 AY = Chante gos anon
VOT onig yn af Volume cary a in Temperabunte
AV= VAT
b Retation Ship b/w < & PB
StAS = (LtaL)™
BS St BsoT = CLERLAT)”
PS pitpaty= Cit xa)
Ubebec he ccdced
:
[es
|rpaT= | + x7 + 2X aT
pot = 2X4T
B= 2k
1
Relation Ship bn 60 o
vtav = (L+aL)?
(Vt YV be (L + Xb or)
welt yvary= FCI te aT)?
IF VOT & 1+ 02072 4 LAT + 3K 4T~
ItyaT = /4seaT — : [Vesoc)
Pee * ta laying a fait wa mh)
m % male is always leper
byw two inom nail ar te r
Re Ds alwa of Sti Smallo, diameter than thao
aN eee f ad #
3.Some suitable 8 pace is left bfod gird red far
PO Sppoing brides
Poy sé 9 FJammed inthe Neck Ff &
I ia be pemoved by Rgning
ES uae bottle Cav
~J
Bane neck of bottle.
5s Clock pendulum aw Usually made of Tn Var
Con alloy of Trond Nicket) Which has vor loud
r~ Value of Coefficient of Bintan §xbonsion. Tass
Enables the Clouk to Keep the Connele time
a in adv fart Beasons.
-Exbernsion Of LiquidS: for leating a liguia
= g % M4
it has to be bub in Some Conkainer, When Liquid
S is heated Container WiLL also Expand, if Container
Weve mob ue shar We Shalt Study ly hak /s
Codbe d
oe Sa practice Containuy ex and and What
We fs Known @& Somevecmaeiennise
fe & = beat finvolume
~ a °F ye xpannien Original Volk pAein Bmp
=2 Coefticienk ob a apparsost expansion = apparent f involume.
Pas eed rae (Ya) Oniginae Vol X Riein bemp
BR? An Tam nim to be put On & Woodln ‘Cank taheel |
|
‘
:
bbbb of Co nbn
Yy* Coeff ici ent of Volume. Exparsion,
na tom OF wW «
of water Can be Measured by
i)
sus
~? |
oc 4 Tes
+ Anomalous ekpamion of water plays an important
ole in dunvival of Sea-animats Pn, Cold -winter-
+ Srewsinkers , tem perature Of Surnounding falls ~ Water |
on SunPau- of Dake lool towards ye. & belomen
danse fe—abtains maximum dentibp at 4c A sinks
down—
+ Nanmer (loodaner) wator prac near the
bottom of hake ides ub » However once the elder
abu m top of Lake 10 hres temp erabure dekrd
Yc Jk be Comer foodime & mimains ab runfau of
Lake Whe it freezes.
+ Now waten a bttom of Lake *umains abc. Jar
Whiter waten Qnimals Can. yemain Safe..beloc the.
iy a ND
LU LULU ULE eee eee.
y \b a
MD Buppose OG in small Amount of heat Euriy4 paquired
> to nals e temp erate Op @ Cembain manyim) OF
+ Specific hear
Amourk heat pequired. to Mase bembenature :
wy Onit dugnee-
Of Unit mow of cupatana@ thne
+ Molaw Specific heat : gt is amounk op heat squire
fo paige bemperakure of one, greme mole f
Spbstana throug a Unit dagnee :
Copic 0. Or - SpedPic
Waker [ik amount”
> of heak Eun required to sraise tem perature
> op Unit mae of water Ahnowly Unit degree.
pe hubs neo a mange ap temperatuna(AT).
~ Lakme —O
~> 4a«aF —@
> Combine D & @
~y > AQ XMbT
> AQ= NPAT
mS Whew Sit & Consbant Sf preportio nasitg Adsti>
a) enon ae Specific heak Capacity.
~~ Se AB
ad me op a Spbskanu jy depined 2©
. 5
S i
>
>
>
—)
>
—>
ar is’c ' Specific heek ef 2
Mater > | Cob gt incl a
UU Heak Capacity on Tharmak capacity |
Seid Keak BAquiFAd ~ Eo" naize femp oubue PLahal
body — khno fo ov IK:
48 = MS AT
S= Specific heat Bp body
DQ = MSLIZ = Tamas capadty {ot-'§
+ Thuwmar capacity f> product of mass & Specifichiak
of body.
* Unies JK! of Cab ‘cr!
ss Waker Cqui valenk Cw
SiN
.
%»
CECeeceee
ad Wate Equi valentr™ ps mans sporty munioeneee
wd Weowld absorb on_evolve th same. 5 flees
heat as done by body In Hising ost. falling thn!
> goon t a
Somme Rang tans. temperature —-« a
* To naise temperatuum, ™ am of a. bocy throug
OT amounb of heab HY trod
. Je Same Amourk of heab required to Marae bem fperabun
i a of water, tho Aame range AT)
LQ=)-w +47)
ia equal to ae
. + Wateu equivalent of ag
5 produue of manop body Spea fic heak op body.
YUULDUEE
> [akenkt heaki A momt of heat waqarak to
> Change Stoke of Unit mamoP sobstanw
D Prom Solih to Qiquid On from Liquid to Vapour
> Without any change. fr temperature. 2 dt in & method Pore duberm ination
of Sp: heat / Latent heat of a Sub Starts
Uning @ Calonimeber-
“Cabonimeter’ 4b isa Cylindrical Vewet of Copher
With @ Stimur & a lid.
mS Method Used? Method of mix buned
~» Qroteduxest!
BD 1. Calorimeter & Stinrer au Cl
—> dnied & Weighed.
> 2. Fie hap Ge Of Nabevin’
CeeGg
eaned, Washed
uD Maw of Water.
> 3. Now Plave Colonimeter in
“D> outer Jacket «= |
Sy Note down Initiate temb fj
> of water & Calonimeter \
S. Heat Substanw Whore Speufia heabis |
bp be derermined to w parrudtor bemperabite
Calo nimetee & Stin the mi X tune,
G. Aa Svbatane is ab hi demperatinre it Loh
Go
D>” gore Reab whith with Gained by water
= & Calorimeter. d
BVLUYU
fe
iz
® Sf we asume no Lom of heat
Hent orb = Heat
k= Common bempuranune of privk tures ©
Sy WE Wakue eyed Valente of Cake nimetir fe Se
DO mye Mone ap watery
: of Water, & (oho ruck
-~b
Sy -
>
2)
~
“4
Sp apeeielt substance
~ asyapene eae
ad hye tempor aren of Substance
+ Rise in temperature of wateu & Lab oni meter = (e-t))
w= lea-er
Fania temperate of Sobstan
—~)
>. Heat gain 44 hater & Calonmeter
- = &1w) (t-t1)
> Hear lost by Sobsbanw = 5 ma. (b+)
wy Pub att Values in eq @
(Sima th t= Cmtw) Let)
> L eHene Specific heat”
> ofp w& Sub stan we
> Can be Cab catated-
5 Sp heat of 0.gar: Specificheak of-& Fas is amount
> of heab Erie 4 senquirece BONA
5 tempurvabune of one. prom ofa. dno
gg anit dugnee. i ve “e
Limite on Sp heat ofa gan: THE OO ISB Krall amount
° Of heak ud do nal. ‘
> of Oma mi of a gas throug aN es ch Let jor be Compal Baad oly
= AO = No hea’ ly Supplie®
_patso ,C2AQ_ = AB 20 Skee]
at auth al nate khab {x ikein bompenanus
CEC ELve cee eee
eee 2 =— a :
Se Sf Rate of Expansion of gas 55 wes los? |
na
hea
BD => Pa intemperature of gos dus te expansion '!
MD be Smal < Rige in temperature of Grr duzte
, Suppifeck
bE
pares ar wetol
> Lotk of temperature o as duets &
fett of tomb p el
> be lange bLhan wise jn temperature clue
D> cupped” og aT ave
rs ecific feat ofa specific Nene oft A490
wD Gar ak Constant volume Cv Ob Constant Pumure ; — _ nig
eS “Cy (Specific. heat ab to"Stank Vane). Amount of
™~ Leh heat suquirad. bo Hause
Comp vraturan of ons pon of dano feotlk,
~ Whew Yolume of. qu bb kept bal ge e
Be Unit: tak EY at qk".
Be * Gp Cshecific heab ab Constant price
heat Exngy rt uisud tp nats©
~ tembenatune. of ove gram of a gas kheougle Fe
Ol K when prone of gos is kept Constant»
~ Le in greater than Cy :
s * hee Ronee ia “given eo a Gee oa Const an |
me Volume dt only Used in Gnoneasing ingen nak |
mp Evry of O gor in rising temperature of ag?
MD & no heak i> Spent in eet oF gr
MD When heab is given 10 ages Gk Constant |
wD () Je with Sntntase internal yt op ago
— ii Remaining amounk of heak fs Used fr doing
> Wok .
2 Tranfou of Heak:
* Modes Of Transfer of Heat
1. Conductior.
D> 2, Convectim
> >. Radiatfon _ ra - se eee aca es
mductions Mode. of Transfer of heat fne
he part of bedy to dnothur from fart
fanticle inthe dineuion of fal of temperate
Guual movement of heated parti cies
MH metal nod |b
ob ene
dy
Luith out an
od When we heat one end ©
Okhee end becomes hots heak gots Prom h
OP meta yo tpwands Cotd end.
wp * Convection? Mode of Enam feu of heak
bars Of Medium to anokhn pane by :
S
“> Actual mover of heated el Med fur
= Soneg:
“32 Ra dtabion: Radiation ix a mode op & é
~) heat Prom Sour to nace iver without AF
actual move ment of fount or Meccivet & also
CCCeeceeee
2 Withonk Neaking the Intev/enin medium.
> foneq: heoe prioory Seare Comore eo us thmorger ‘
~ jnadiakion~ ©
—
= Ste-fan's law
emitted Pee gecond
= Pmoune of heak Ener og (€)
by Onit area Of & Perfect black dooly 73 direct ly
. proportion at ko fourth po Ce of Ab3o ute. temperature
(1) of body. be eer
w aot!
emer TT
known as Stepan’s fourth Powert
vUDHD
s This LQ tt abso
Jad.
)
wy Y mad
: A od black bed, at Lemperakure T te
Survrouncra by a Shockoe: ak t pe atu. TO
. Amount of ¢ ni a em sak! L.
bub. Truernat —tnangy emitted JAnsa./ ime.
urPectly black becly ey « ort
CCCEEL
* Amount of Thuumar Eneriang Gained [Area 7 6 me by
black body Eas om!
ge
> + if T? Te
G7 E,
Se Nek lows of Lhenrml Energy | Arua zion
E=6,-EQ
E= oT!-oTe
E= o( TT!)
* Fon body Wwhitk ane Nek pen fectly black boy
with be 2 Es GOT
e by black bed
4
OOCebEle’s
Ste Pan! S law
=> ez Emir titty 07e pulative.
>
Er bes
Splasment lat Ey, awiegnct
wwtlee este yr
*Wavelegth Comuspond to wWidy 1644
Energy “emitted is maximum Ahif eo
Jouniends Shorter Wavelength
> dm diowases withnke im temperature
AmnXb og ron b
AnTab= Grtanb [ Wein'alorstat)
to Wein’s displaw ment law
% Atcon
(Cm) of maximum Trtensi ty
black. body hradiahon,
crhinabto absoluke temperature op
Wavelen
Op emimion of
i, Invewely prop
VULLELUUUE CCCEEEEL
=<
a
€
VUUDLUUULULOOLCECEEECEE
Am Sot LAm=
b
b
b=Wein!s, Constant
bod)
50K
* Ths law ottounted Por Change in Colowe of & mG
Prom sud to Yellow & thoh white asits temo
Gktwe ts Increased
Gondu con!) Conduuion iba Mode of heat knansfer 2/ |
two adjacent park of a body becur
OF their temperature dippeunce, without Whe
Actual movement of the particle from there
equi Librium posisren .
T 2
Hat
a Geel
OMA : : i
iQ ubime)
tis @X CAT)
hy oe
ok
After Gmbining :
OX ACR-T)E
L
= KA B-We
whe Ke Coefficient oP Thurmat Conduth vigfop the
makeviar of the bIocK »
BECeGgEegceee
VULULUUUUUESEGUGEESE
us: An Tam bor (bso m, Aya ovoam™,ky2 Tobi ke O
Coppor hoe Clysolm 7 faa oam™, kr 2 loqulnr'k! )
Qn Solderecl end te end O% Shownin fig. Thar frserds
Of Tym bue & Cop per bare CR ee
& AlSK naspectvely -
Obkain Exbrwslons fou & hou
Ww the bem perature of une
Cif Cpuivatne Trimet cond an”
nd bat
Ul) leak Cuvtent throwgy Com pou
Compute.
of Ho bars
op Com pound Cee
Sek Hak ALT -T) = kp AglTe-Ie)
4 tao
Aya Ags A , bela eb
ki (1. -Te) = Kl h-h)
Ki t- K tf = Qi ~K2T
Ki Tit kee Kat tk To
To = 194X373 #107 X21 ~3)5
THtlod
