EXPERIMENT 1

pH OF SOLUTIONS
AIM:
To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper / universal indicator:
a) Dilute hydrochloric acid solution (A)
b) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution (B)
c) Dilute ethanoic acid solution (C)
d) Lemon juice (D)
e) Water (E)
f) Dilute sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (F)
APPARATUS:
Test tubes, test tube stand, glass tube or glass rod, dropper, white tile, pH paper or universal
indicator, standard pH colour chart, distilled water, given samples.
BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:
• pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] of a solution.
• pH of an acidic solution is less than 7 (eg. Hydrochloric acid, ethanoic acid, lemon
juice).
• pH of a basic solution is more than 7 (eg. dilute sodium hydroxide).
• pH of a neutral solution is equal to 7 (eg. pure water).
• pH of a sample can be measured by use of pH paper or by use of universal
indicator.
PROCEDURE:
1) 6 clean, dry test tubes are placed in a test tube stand. 1 ml of each sample (A, B, C, D, E,
F) whose pH is to be determined, is taken in each test tube.
2) A strip of pH paper is taken and placed on a clean white tile.
3) A drop of each sample A, B, C, D, E & F are put on the pH paper with the help of a
dropper, one by one from the given samples.
4) The colour change is observed and matched with the colour of the standard pH colour
chart.
5) The pH value corresponding to the colour is recorded in the given table.
DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. Name of Sample Colour developed pH value Nature of the sample

No on pH paper
(from chart)

A Dilute hydrochloric RED 1 ACIDIC

acid solution

B Dilute sodium BLUE 14 BASIC

hydroxide solution

C Dilute ethanoic acid RED 3 ACIDIC

solution

D Lemon juice RED 2.5 ACIDIC

E Distilled Water NO CHANGE 7 NEUTRAL

F Dilute sodium BLUE 10 BASIC

hydrogen carbonate
solution

RESULT:
In the given samples we have observed that:
1) Acidic samples with pH less than 7 are: hydrochloric acid solution , ethanoic acid and
Lemon juice
2) Basic samples with pH more than 7 are: sodium hydrogen carbonate solution , sodium
hydroxide solution
3) Neutral sample with pH = 7: Distilled Water
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS:
1] What do you mean by term pH? Why does the indicator used to find the pH of a given
solution, known as universal indicator?
Power of H+, a universal indicator, which is a mixture of several indicators. The universal ndicator
shows different colours at different concentrations of H+ ions.

2] Which one is the correct method to find the pH of a solution?

 a) b) c) d)
4] The pH values of HCl, NaOH and CH3COOH of equal concentrations were measured
using pH papers. What is the correct increasing order of the pH values?
Ans: HCl, CH3COOH NaOH
5] Bottle A contains oxalic acid solution and bottle B contains sodium carbonate solution.
When pH paper is dipped in each of the solutions, what colours will be seen in A and B
respectively?
Ans: Orange blue
6] Four students recorded the pH of samples of distilled water, ethanoic acid, dilute HCl and
dilute NaHCO3 and also the colours produced on the pH paper as given below. Which are the
correct ones?
SAMPLE pH COLOUR ON THE pH PAPER
I) distilled water 7 pale green
II) ethanoic acid 4 orange
III) dilute HCl 2 reddish pink
IV) dilute NaHCO3 13 yellow

Ans: i), ii) and iii)

7) Addition of which of the following to water will (a) decrease the pH value? (b) inecrease
the pH value?
Lemon juice, sodium hydrogen carbonate

Ans: (a) decrease the pH value Lemon juice

(b) inecrease the pH value sodium hydrogen carbonate
PRACTICALS OF CHEMISTRY
EXPERIMENT-II
PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

EXPERIMENT-IIA
AIM:
To study the properties of acids (dilute hydrochloric acid) by their reaction with the
following:
a) Litmus solution (red/blue)
b) Zinc metal
c) Solid sodium carbonate
APPARATUS:
Test tubes, test tube stand, spatula, dropper, test tube holder, litmus solution (red/blue), zinc
metal, solid sodium carbonate, dilute HCl .
BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:
• An acid is a substance which ionizes in water and releases hydrogen ions [H+] in
the solution.
• HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
• An acid is a substance that changes blue litmus solution red.
• An acid reacts with reactive metals and liberates hydrogen gas.
• 2HCl (aq) + Zn (s) → H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (g)
• An acid liberates carbon dioxide from carbonate and bicarbonates.
• HCl + NaHCO3 → CO2 + H2O + NaCl
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE TO STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF HCl:
1) 1ml of dilute hydrochloric acid is taken in 2 test tubes and 2-3 drops of red and blue litmus
solution is added to each of the test tube. The colour of the 2 solutions is noted.
2) About 2 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid is taken in a clean test tube. A small piece of
granulated zinc is added to it. The colour and odour of the gas evolved is noted.
3) Solid sodium carbonate is taken in a dry test tube and hydrochloric acid is added dropwise.
The colour and odour of the gas evolved is noted. The gas is passed through the lime water
and the changes produced observed. DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No Experiments with Observations Inference

1 REACTION WITH LITMUS SOLN red litmus solution remains dilute

i)1ml of dilute hydrochloric acid is taken in red hydrochloric
a test tube and 2-3 drops of red litmus acid is acidic in
solution is added to it. nature

ii) 1ml of dilute hydrochloric acid is taken

in a test tube and 2-3 drops of blue litmus blue litmus solution turns red
solution is added to it.
2 REACTION WITH ZINC METAL A colourless gas evolves Hydrogen gas
i) About 2 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid is is produced
taken in a clean test tube & a small piece of
granulated zinc is added to it. Gas burns with pop sound
ii) A burning splinter is brought near the
mouth of the test tube
3 REACTION WITH SOLID SODIUM
CARBONATE
i) Solid sodium carbonate is taken in a dry A colourless gas evolves with
test tube and hydrochloric acid is added brisk effervescence
Carbon dioxide
dropwise. gas is produced
ii) The gas evolved is passed through lime
water. Lime water turns milky

RESULT:

1) HCl is acidic in nature as it turns blue litmus solution red.

2) It liberates Hydrogen gas on reaction with zinc metal.

3) It liberates Carbon dioxide gas from solid sodium carbonate

EXPERIMENT-IIB
AIM:To study the properties of bases (dilute sodium hydroxide) by their reaction with the
following:
a) Litmus solution (red/blue)

b) Zinc metal

c) Solid sodium carbonate

APPARATUS:

Test tubes, test tube stand, spatula, dropper, test tube holder, litmus solution (red/blue), zinc
metal, solid sodium carbonate, dilute NaOH.

BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:

• A base is a substance that produces hydroxyl ions [OH--] when it is dissolved in

water.
• NaOH (aq) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
• A base is a substance that changes red litmus solution blue.
• A base reacts with an acid to form salt and water.
• NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O (g)
• A base combines with CO2 to form a carbonate.
• NaOH + CO2 → NaCO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE TO STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF NaOH:
1) 1ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution is taken in 2 test tubes and 2-3 drops of red and
blue litmus solution is added to each of the test tube. The colour of the 2 solutions is noted.
2) About 2 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution is taken in a clean test tube. A small piece
of granulated zinc is added to it. The test tube is heated gently. The colour and odour of the
gas evolved is noted.
3) Solid sodium carbonate is taken in a dry test tube and sodium hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No Experiments with Observations Inference

1 REACTION WITH LITMUS SOLN red litmus solution turns dilute sodium
i) 1ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution blue hydroxide solution
is taken in a test tube and 2-3 drops of red is basic in nature
litmus solution is added to it.
ii) 1ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution
is taken in a test tube and 2-3 drops of blue
litmus solution is added to it. blue litmus solution
remains blue

2 REACTION WITH ZINC METAL

i) About 4-5 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide
solution is taken in a clean test tube & a A colourless gas evolves Hydrogen gas is
small piece of granulated zinc is added to produced
it. The test tube is gently heated.
 ii) A burning splinter is brought near the Gas burns with pop
mouth of the test tube. sound

3 REACTION WITH SOLID SODIUM Bases do not

CARBONATE react with metal
i) ) About 4-5 ml of dilute sodium Nothing happens carbonates
hydroxide solution is taken in a clean test
tube & a pinch of solid sodium carbonate is
added to it.

RESULT:
1) NaOH is basic in nature as it turns red litmus solution blue.
2) It liberates hydrogen gas on reaction with zinc metal.
3) It liberates no gas from solid sodium carbonate, as it does not react with it.
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS:
1] Which of the following experimental set-ups will lead to the evolution of H2 gas?

Ans: II & III

2] When CO2 is passed through lime water it turns milky. On passing excess CO2 through
lime water a clear solution is obtained. Write the names of substances responsible for
milkiness and formation of clear solution?

Ans: CaCO3, Ca(HCO3)2

4] Observe the following activity and indicate the gas evolved during the reaction. Also write
equation for the
reaction
 Ans: Na2CO3 + HCl → NaCl + CO2 + H2O

4) What happens when sodium carbonate is added to

a) dilute HCl?

CO2 is produced. Na2CO3 + HCl → NaCl + CO2 + H2O

b) NaOH solution? No reaction

EXPERIMENT-III
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

AIM:
To perform the following reactions:
a) Action of water on quicklime
b) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
c) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
d) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions
and classify them into:
a) Combination reaction
b) Decomposition reaction
c) Displacement reaction
d) Double displacement reaction

APPARATUS:
Test tubes, test tube stand, glass tube or glass rod, dropper, quicklime, ferrous
sulphate crystals, Iron nails, copper sulphate solution, sodium sulphate and barium chloride
solution.

EXPERIMENT-IIIA
AIM: To perform and observe the action of water on quicklime
APPARATUS: Beakers, distilled water, quicklime, test tubes, filtration set, red litmus paper
BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED::
• Water and calcium oxide (2 reactants) react to form calcium hydroxide (a single
product). The reaction is a combination reaction.
• A lot of heat is liberated in the reaction; the reaction is highly exothermic.
 • CaO (s) + H2O (l) -------------- Ca(OH)2 + heat

DIAGRAM:
DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference

1 About 40 ml of distilled water is taken in a A white solid, A chemical reaction takes

beaker and 5g of calcium oxide is added to calcium place
it. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod. hydroxide is
produced

2 The outer surface of the beaker is touched Surface It is an exothermic reaction

by hand. becomes hot

3 2 drops of the liquid are taken from the Red litmus calcium hydroxide is basic
beaker and placed on a red litmus paper. turn blue in nature

4 The mixture is filtered and about 10 ml of Solution turns Solution turns milky due to
the filtrate is taken in a clean test tube. CO2 milky formation of white insoluble
is passed through it by blowing air from the solid that is CaCO3
mouth.

RESULT:
In the given samples we have observed that:
1) Water and calcium oxide directly combine to form calcium hydroxide. This reaction is an
example of Combination reaction
2) The reaction is an exothermic reaction as the test tube becomes hot.
3) The reaction that takes place is CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

EXPERIMENT-IIIB
AIM: To perform and observe the reaction when ferrous sulphate is heated.
APPARATUS: Solid ferrous sulphate, test tubes, test tube holder, blue litmus paper, acidified
solution of potassium dichromate
BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:
 • When ferrous sulphate is heated the following reaction is observed to take place:
• 2FeSO4 (s) --------------- Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
• A single substance gives 3 new substances. So, it is a decomposition reaction.
DIAGRAM:

S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference

1 About 2 g of solid ferrous sulphate is taken in a Green crystals A chemical reaction takes
clean, dry test tube and the colour is noted. It is turn white which place.
then heated over the flame of a Bunsen burner. finally turns
reddish brown.
2 The odour of the gas liberated is noted. Burning sulphur Gas may be SO2
smell
3 A moist blue litmus paper is brought in contact Blue litmus turns Gas is acidic
with the gas. red
4 A strip of filter paper soaked with an acidified Turns green SO2 is confirmed
solution of potassium dichromate is brought
above the mouth of the test tube.TEST

OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESULT:
In the given samples we have observed that:
1) When ferrous sulphate is heated it decomposes into Fe2O3, SO2 and SO3
2) The reaction for heating ferrous sulphate crystals is:
FeSO4 → Fe2O3, SO2 + SO3

3) The reaction is called thermal decomposition of ferrous sulphate.

EXPERIMENT-IIIC
AIM: To perform and observe the reaction between iron nail and copper sulphate solution
APPARATUS: Iron nails, test tubes, test tube stand, copper sulphate solution
BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:
 •
Iron + Copper sulphate ------------------- Iron sulphate + copper
•
Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ------------------------------ FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
•
In this reaction iron has replaced copper from the copper sulphate solution; so it is
a displacement reaction.
DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference

1 2 iron nails are taken and cleaned by rubbing with CuSO4

sand paper. 10 ml of copper sulphate solution is solution is
taken in 2 test tubes. The colour of the iron nail and blue and
the solution is noted. iron nail is
greyish
black in
colour

2 One clean iron nail is tied with a thread and solution Iron is more reactive than
immersed in one test tube of CuSO4 solution. After turns pale copper, iron displaces
about 30 minutes the nail is removed and kept aside green and copper from CuSO4
for observation. The colour of the solution is also reddish
noted. brown
copper
deposits over
iron nail

RESULT: 1) A brown coating on the iron nail after the experiment shows that Iron is more
reactive than copper, iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
2) The light green colour in the test tube indicates the presence of FeSO4
3) The reaction is called Displacement reaction
4) The reaction is: Fe + CuSO4 → Cu + FeSO4
EXPERIMENT-IIID
AIM: To perform and observe the reaction between sodium sulphate solution and barium
chloride solution
APPARATUS:
Sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution, test tubes, conical flask
BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:
On mixing sodium sulphate solution and barium chloride solution a white precipitate of
barium sulphate is formed.
• Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
• This is an example of a double displacement reaction.
DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference
10 ml of sodium sulphate solution is taken in a An instant A white precipitate of
test tube A. 10 ml of barium chloride solution is reaction takes barium sulphate is
taken in another test tube B. The 2 solutions are place and a produced
mixed in a conical flask and the observations are white insoluble
recorded. solid is
produced

RESULT:
1) In this reaction a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed and sodium chloride
appears in solution.
2) The reaction is called double displacement reaction.
3) The reaction is: Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS:
1) Fill in blank
As the white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed immediately ( immediately/ sometime
after mixing the two solutions), the reaction between these ionic compounds ( ionic/covalent
compounds) is instantaneous (instantaneous/ slow).

2] 4 groups of students were asked to study the effect of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals.
Which group of students is performing the experiment in the right way? IV

3) A metal powder was added to dil. HCl and dil. NaOH solutions taken in separate test
tubes. On mixing the contents react in both the test tubes. Hydrogen gas was formed in both
the cases. Name the metal used.
Ans: Zinc or Aluminium
4)What are the colours of barium chloride and sodium sulphate solutions?
Ans: Both are colourless solutions
5] Write the two changes that take place when ferrous sulphate crystals are heated strongly.
Also write chemical equation for reaction.
Ans: i) Green crystals turn reddish brown.
ii) A gas with burning sulphur smell is given out.
FeSO4 → Fe2O3, SO2 + SO3

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
REACTIVITIES OF METALS
AIM:
a) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al on:
1) ZnSO4 (aq)
2) FeSO4 (aq)
3) CuSO4 (aq)
4) Al2(SO4)3 (aq)
b) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based
on the above results.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Granulated zinc, iron filings, copper turnings, aluminium metal, aqueous solution of zinc
sulphate, ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate and aluminium sulphate
APPARATUS:
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder
.BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:
 • The arrangement of metals in the decreasing order of their reactivities is called
reactivity series or activity series.
• The decreasing order of the series is: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium,
aluminium, zinc, iron, tin, lead, hydrogen, copper, mercury, silver, gold.
PROCEDURE:
1] 4 test tubes are taken and marked A, B, C and D
2] About 5ml of aqueous zinc sulphate, aqueous ferrous sulphate, aqueous copper
sulphate and aqueous aluminium sulphate are taken in test tubes A, B, C and D
respectively.
3] A piece of zinc metal is added to each of the above test tubes A, B, C and D.
4] The observations are recorded.
5] The above steps are repeated by adding Fe, Cu and Al to each salt solutiontaken in the test
tubes A, B, C and D. The observations are recorded in tabular form

orm.
DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE: REACTION OF ZINC METAL WITH SALT SOLUTIONS:

S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference

1 Zn + CuSO4 Blue solution changes to colourless Zinc is more reactive than

Reddish brown copper deposits copper
over zinc
Heat is evolved

2 Zn + FeSO4 Pale green solution changes to Zinc is more reactive than

colourless iron
Reddish brown copper deposits
over zinc
Heat is evolved

3 Zn + Al2(SO4)3 No reaction Zinc is less reactive than

aluminium

4 Zn + ZnSO4 No reaction
REACTION OF COPPER METAL WITH SALT SOLUTIONS:

S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference

1 Cu + ZnSO4 No reaction Copper is less reactive than

zinc

2 Cu + FeSO4 No reaction Copper is less reactive than

iron

3 Cu + Al2(SO4)3 No reaction Copper is less reactive than

aluminium

4 Cu + CuSO4 No reaction

REACTION OF IRON METAL WITH SALT SOLUTIONS:

S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference

1 Fe + ZnSO4 No reaction Iron is less reactive than zinc

2 Fe + CuSO4 Blue solution changes to pale green Iron is more reactive than
Reddish brown copper deposits Copper
over iron
Heat is evolved

3 Fe + Al2(SO4) No reaction Copper is less reactive than

aluminium

4 Fe + FeSO4 No reaction

REACTION OF ALUMINIUM METAL WITH SALT SOLUTIONS:

S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference

1 Al + ZnSO4 Solution remains colourless Aluminium is more reactive

Zinc deposits over aluminium than zinc
Heat is evolved
2 Al + CuSO4 Blue solution changes to colourless Aluminium is more reactive
Reddish brown copper deposits over than
aluminium
Heat is evolved copper

3 Al + FeSO4 Pale green solution changes to Aluminium is more reactive

colourless than iron
iron deposits over aluminium
 Heat is evolved

4 Al + Al2(SO4)3 No reaction

RESULT:
The arrangement according to decreasing order of reactivity:
1) Aluminium is the most reactive metal.
2) Copper is the least reactive metal.
3) The decreasing order of reactivity for the given metals is Al > Zn > Fe > Cu
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS:
1] A zinc granule changes the colour of ferrous sulphate and an iron nail changes the colour
of copper sulphate. Arrange the metals in decreasing order of reactivity. Give the chemical
equations for the reactions involved.
Zn > Fe > Cu
Zn + FeSO4 Fe + Zn SO4

Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4

2] An iron nail is placed in copper sulphate solution and kept for sometime. What change do
you observe in the appearance of iron nail and copper sulphate solution? Why does the colour
of copper sulphate change when iron nail is placed in it?

Blue solution changes to colourless Reddish brown copper deposits over iron. Heat is
evolved
Iron is more reactive than Copper

3] Granulated zinc was immersed in solutions of CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4 taken in test
tubes marked A, B & C respectively. Write the observations made by the student.

A test tube :Blue solution changes to colourless Reddish brown copper deposits over
zinc. Heat is evolved
B test tube: Pale green solution changes to colourless , Reddish brown copper deposits
over zinc. Heat is evolved

C test tube: No reaction

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID
AIM:
a) To study the following properties of of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):
1) Odour
2) Solubility in water
3) Effect on litmus paper
4) Reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Sample of acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, blue litmus paper, lime water
APPARATUS:
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, Bunsen burner, thermometer
BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:
Acetic acid has vinegar like smell. It is highly soluble in water. It turns blue litmus red.
It reacts with sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide gas with brisk effervescence
OBSERVATION TABLE:
STEPS OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE TO STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID
S.No EXPERIMENT Observations Inference

1 The given sample is taken in a test tube Vinegar like smell Acetic acid has
and the odour is smelled carefully. pungent

Vinegar like smell

2 2 ml of water is taken in a test tube and Acetic acid mixes with water Acetic acid is soluble in
2-3 ml of acetic acid is added and water
shaken.

3 The given sample of acetic acid is Blue litmus turns red . red Acetic acid ic acidic in
tested with blue/red litmus paper. remains red nature

4 2-3 ml of acetic acid is taken in a test A colourless gas evolves with brisk Acetic acid produces
tube and a pinch of sodium hydrogen effervescence which turns lime CO2 with metal
carbonate is added to it. The gas water milky hydrogen carbonate
evolved is passed through lime water.

RESULT:
On the basis of the above observations, we conclude that:
1) Acetic acid has vinegar like smell.
2) Acetic acid is readily soluble in water.
3) Acetic acid changes blue litmus to red
4) Acetic acid liberates CO2 gas from sodium bi carbonate.
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS:
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1] Observe the following activity and indicate which amongst the following does not hold good for ethanoic
acid:

a) a b) b c) c d) d
2] Write the observation which you make when NaHCO3 is added to acetic acid? Name the products obtained.
A colourless evolves with brisk effervescence. Salt, water and CO2 gas are produced

3] What happens when

a) ethanoic acid is dissolved in water.
It mixes with water.
b) a drop of acetic acid is placed on blue and red litmus paper.
It turns blue litmus red.

4] The pH of acetic acid is 4. If excess NaOH is added to this solution, what will be change in its pH?
pH will become more than 4.

5] 10 ml of ethanoic acid and water are mixed. The resulting solution will appear as in:

Ans: III

Is this solution homogeneous or heterogeneous? What do you infer when you go on adding water to acetic acid?

Ans: Solution is homogeneous. .

Acetic acid is soluble in water in all proportions

6] A student added acetic acid to test tubes I, II, III and IV and then introduced a burning candle near the mouth
of each test tube.

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 The candle would not be extinguished near the mouths of test tubes III an IV

7) Give two physical properties of acetic acid.

It has vinegar like smell
Acetic acid is soluble in water in all proportions

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EXPERIMENT NO-6
OBJECTIVE: To study the comparative cleansing capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.
THEORY: Hardness of water is caused by the presence of the salts of calcium and magnesium
(hydrogencarbonates, chlorides and sulphates) in water. These salts are soluble in water. When soap is added to
hard water, it reacts with the salts to form a scum, which is insoluble and floats on top of the water surface. The
scum is formed due to the formation of insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of the fatty acid used in the soap
formation. The soap in solution then becomes ineffective.
Ca(stearate)2(s) + 2NaHCO3(aq) ->Sodium stearate- Scum
The salts of calcium and magnesium show similar reactions. Therefore the presence of calcium and magnesium
salts in water precipitates the soap thereby reducing its cleansing power and foaming apacity.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Underground water (well water), distilled water, calcium
hydrogencarbonate or calcium sulphate, soap sample, a physical balance
and weight box, three test tubes and a test tube stand, three beakers
(100 mL), three glass rods, a measuring cylinder (50 mL), and a
measuring scale,
PROCEDURE: 1. Take three beakers and label them as A, B and C.
2. Take 20 mL of distilled water in beaker A. In beaker B, put 20 mL of underground water, and in beaker C add
2 g of calcium hydrogen carbonate (or calcium sulphate) to 20 mL of distilled water.
3. Stir the contents of beaker C so that calcium hydrogen carbonate (or calcium sulphate) dissolves in water.
4. Put 1 g of soap in a beaker (after weighing it using a physical balance) and add 10 ml of water. Stir the
contents of the beaker with separate glass rods.
5. Place three test tubes in a test tube stand and label them as tube A, B and C, pour 5 ml sample of water from
beakers A,B and C respectively
6. Pour 3 mL of the above prepared soap solution in the corresponding test tubes.
7. Take test tube A and shake it ten times by placing thumb on its mouth
8. Foam or lather will be formed by shaking the test tube. Measure the length of the foam produced immediately
with the help of a measuring scale
9. Similarly, repeat steps 7 and 8 with the remaining two samples.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
(i) Mass of the soap sample taken in beaker = 1 g
(ii) Volume of the distilled water and underground water = 20 mL added in each beaker
(iii) Volume of soap sample taken in each test tube = 3 mL
(iv)Number of times each test tube shaken = 10
Sl. Mixture
Test tube readings
Length of the foam = Final length- initial length ( all in cm)
1. Distilled water (soft water) 7 cm
2. Well water or underground water (hard water) 4 cm
3. Water containing Ca(HCO3)2 or CaSO4(hard water) 2 cm
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Infer from the observations that which solution of the soap sample produces the maximum length of foam
lather). For cleansing purpose, the foam needs to be produced which depends on free availability of hydrophobic
portion of soaps (or alkyl groups). In hard water it is trapped due to scum or precipitation, this makes the hard
water unsuitable for washing.

PRECAUTIONS
• Use same sample of soap for soft water and hard water.
• Stir the mixture carefully while dissolving soap in water so as to avoid spilling of soap solution.
• The quantity of soap sample in all solutions must be same. The amount of distilled water added in every soap
sample must be same. That is the concentration of all test solutions must be same. • The mass of the soap
samples must be determined very carefully using a physical balance. In case of any need, take help from your
teacher.
• Shake every tube for equal number of times and in a similar manner.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS:

Q1- Name the salts which turn water hard.

Chlorides and sulphate salts of calcium and magnesium

Q 2 In which of the following will the cleansing action of soap be most effective? Why?

(a) Tap water

(b) Rain water
(c) Well water
(d) Hand pump water

Q 3 In the lab to make a sample of hard water which of the following salts can be used?

(a) Sodum sulphate

(b) Magnesium sulphate
(c) Calcium chloride
(d) Potassium chloride

Q 4 When soap is added to hard water, it reacts with salts to form a scum. Why does this scum formed?

Soap reacts with calcium or magnesium salts present in hard water and forms insoluble sticky solid called
scum.

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