MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25

Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

CLINICAL LABORATORY ➔ Immunology and serology

➔ Place where specimens collected are ➔ Hematology
processed, analyzed, preserved and ➔ Parasitology
properly disposed. ➔ Clinical Microscopy
➔ Toxicology
CLASSIFICATIONS OF A CLINICAL ➔ Drug monitoring.
LABORATORY 2. Anatomic Pathology
1. According to Ownership ➔ Histopathology
2. According to Institutional ➔ Immunohistopathology
Characteristics ➔ Cytology; autopsy and forensic
3. According to Function pathology
4. According to Service Capability 3. Molecular Pathology

ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY

1. Government-owned 1. Clinical Laboratory for Clinical and
➔ San Lazaro Hospital Anatomic Pathology
➔ PGH ● Primary

m
➔ Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical ● Secondary
Center. ● Tertiary
➔ Ospital ng Maynila Medical
Center
2. Privately-owned
➔ St. Luke's Medical Center
➔ Makati Medical Center

ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Institutional-based
➔ As a part of a hospital, school,
medical clinic, medical facility.
➔ Most Common: Hospital-based
clinical laboratories
2. Non-institution based
➔ Not part of an established
institution
➔ Most common: Free-standing
out-patient clinical laboratory

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
1. Clinical Pathology 2. Clinical Laboratory for Anatomic
➔ Clinical Chemistry Pathology Only
➔ Immunohematology 3. Clinical Laboratory for Molecular
➔ Blood banking Pathology Only
➔ Medical Microbiology
MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25
Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

SECTIONS IN THE LABORATORY identification of

CLINICAL ANATOMICAL abnormal cells
LABORATORY LABORATORY
2. CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
Hematology Histopathology
Clinical Microscopy Cytology ● Includes tests focused on the analysis
Clinical Chemistry of urine and other body fluids.
Immunohematology ● Specimen: Urine, Body Fluids
Immuno-serology ● Laboratory Tests:
Parasitology
➔ Routine Urinalysis
Microbiology
➔ Body Fluid Analysis

CLINICAL LABORATORY
ROUTINE URINALYSIS
1. HEMATOLOGY AND COAGULATION
STUDIES Physical Exam Color and Turbidity
● Includes tests that identify diseases
associated with blood and Chemical Exam Glucose, Proteins,
blood-forming tissues. Ketones, etc.
●
●
-6
Specimen: Whole Blood
Laboratory Tests: Microscopic Exam Cells, Crystals, Bacteria
➔ Complete Blood Count
➔ Hemoglobin and Hematocrit DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS
➔ Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
➔ Peripheral Blood Smear Cystitis
Preparation Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
②
➔ Coagulation Studies

3. PARASITOLOGY
LABORATORY DISEASES
TESTS ● Includes laboratory tests which detect
and identify parasitic infections
RBC Count Anemia ● Specimen: Stool
Hemoglobin
● Laboratory Tests:
Hematocrit
➔ Routine Fecalysis
WBC Count Infections,
WBC Di erential Malignancies
Count (Leukemia)

ESR Non-specific
Inflammation

Coagulation Studies Detects in the blood

clotting mechanism
(Coagulation Factor
Deficiency)

PBS Detection and

MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25
Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

4. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 5. IMMUNO-SEROLOGY

● Intended for the testing of blood and ● Analyses of serum antibodies in certain
other body fluids to quantify essential infectious agents.
chemicals including waste products. ● Includes laboratory tests that deal with
● Specimen: Serum or Plasma the body’s response to diseases through
➔ Anticoagulant: Plasma antigen or antibody detection.
➔ Coagulant: Serum ● Specimen: Serum or Plasma
● Laboratory Tests: ● Laboratory Test:
➔ Glucose ➔ Anti-streptolysin O Test
➔ Lipid Profile ➔ Rapid Plasma Reagin
➔ Protein ➔ Dengue NS1 - Syphilis
➔ Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) ➔ Hepatitis Profile
➔ Blood Uric Acid (BUA)
➔ Creatinine (CREA)
LABORATORY DISEASES
➔ Electrolytes TESTS
➔ Enzymes
Anti-streptolysin O Streptococcal
Test Infections
LABORATORY TEST DISEASES

X
Rapid Plasma Reagin Syphilis
Glucose Diabetes Mellitus
- Fasting Blood Sugar Dengue NS1 Dengue Fever
- Hemoglobin A1c
Hepatitis Profile Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
Lipid Profile Cardiovascular
- Triglyceride Diseases
- Cholesterol 6. IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY OR BLOOD
- HDL (High Density BANKING
Lipoprotein) ● Includes tests that ensure the safety
- LDL (Low Density and e ciency of transfusion medicine
Lipoprotein)
● Most critical in the clinical laboratory
Blood Uric Acid (BUA) Kidney Diseases ● Specimen: Whole Blood, Serum or
Blood Urea Nitrogen Plasma
(BUN) ● Laboratory Test:
Creatinine ➔ Blood Typing
Enzymes Liver Diseases ➔ Crossmatching
- ALT (Alanine ➔ Antibody Screening
aminotransferase)
- AST (Aspartate
LABORATORY REMARKS
aminotransferase)
TESTS
- CK (Creatine Kinase)
- ALP (Alkaline Blood Typing ABO Typing (Forward and
Phosphatase) Reverse) Rh Typing

Crossmatching Ensures the safety of the

Antibody patient who will receive the
Detection blood component
MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25
Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

7. MICROBIOLOGY
● Includes laboratory tests that aim to
identify microorganisms causing
specific diseases.
● Specimen: Blood, Urine, Stool, Sputum,
Body Fluids
● Laboratory Test:
➔ Gram-staining
➔ AFB Staining (Acid Fast Bacilli)
➔ Biochemical Tests
➔ Culture and Sensitivity
➔ KOH Preparation (Potassium
Hydroxide Fungal Infection)

LABORATORY DISEASES
TESTS

Gram Staining Bacterial Infections

Biochemical Tests
Culture & Sensitivity

Acid Fast Bacilli Tuberculosis

(AFB) Staining

KOH Preparation Fungal Infections

ANATOMIC LABORATORY
1. HISTOPATHOLOGY & CYTOLOGY
● Specimen: Biopsy, Body Fluids, Tissues,
Paps Smear
● Tissue processing
● Cutting tissue into sections
● Staining and preparation for
microscopic examination by a
pathologist.
MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25
Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY TERMINOLOGIES ROOT WORD

AND ABBREVIATIONS ➔ The main part of a word
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES EXAMPLES
➔ Most are derived from Greek and Latin
WORD MEANING WORD MEANING
words
➔ Medical Term: 3 Basic Parts Cardio Heart Cranio Skull
● Prefix + Root Word + Su x
Myo Muscle Thrombo Clot

PREFIX Arterio Artery Pyro Fever

➔ Placed at the beginning of the word.
➔ Gives more information about the root Cyto Cell Nephro Kidney
word Arthro Joint Osteo Bone
EXAMPLES
Heap or Liver Colo Colon
LOCATION SIZE TIME NUMBER Hepato

Intra - Micro - Neo - Mono - Pyo Pus Phlebo Vein

Inside or Small New One
Within
Hemat Blood Aero Air
Endo - Macro - Pre - Nano -
Inside Large Before Billionth

Hypo - SUFFIX
Decreas ➔ Modifying words or syllables placed at
ed
the end of the word.
Di - Two ➔ Indicates a condition, operation, or
symptom.
Poly -
EXAMPLES
Many
● -Emesis = Vomiting
● -Itis = Inflammation of
● A-/an - Without, absence ● -Megaly = Enlargement
● Hyper - Increased, above ● -Blast = Young
● Iso - Same ● -Cidal - Killing of
● Pseudo - False ● -Poiesis = Formation
● Anaero - Without oxygen ● -Meter = Measure
● Homo - Same, luke ● -Ectomy = Surgical removal
● Cryo - Cold ● -Emia = Blood
● -Pathy = Disease
● -Penia = Deficiency
● -Oma = Tumor, growth
● -Tome = Cutting instruments
● -Logy = Study of
● -Megaly = Enlargement
● -Uria = Urine
MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25
Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

● -Ostomy = To make an opening or

mouth

PLURAL FORMS

SINGULAR PLURAL

Bacterium Bacteria

Nucleus Nuclei

Bacillus Bacilli

Coccus Cocci

Ovum Ova

Thrombus Thrombi

Spermatozoon Spermatozoa

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN CLINICAL

LABORATORY PRACTICE

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS

LATIN STATIM Immediately

TAT Turn-Around-Time

MSDS Material Safety Data

Sheet

PPE Personal Protective

Equipment

QNS Quantity Not Su cient

NOPS No Ova Parasite Seen

NIPS No Intestinal Parasite

Seen

TNTC Too Numerous To Count

BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen

FBS Fasting Blood Sugar

MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25
Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS microbes and parasites

(bacteriology/parasitology/myc
3.1: NATURE OF CLINICAL LABORATORY
ology/virology).
1. ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP
b. Anatomic Pathology
a. Government ➔ Provides processing and
➔ Operated and maintained, examination of surgical
partially or wholly, by the specimens as to the physical
national government, a local appearance and microscopic
government unit (provincial, city structure of tissues, such as, but
or municipal), any other political not limited to, surgical
unit or any department, division, pathology, cytopathology,
board, or agency thereof. immunohistochemical
b. Private techniques, autopsies, and
➔ Privately owned, established, and forensic pathology.
operated with funds through c. Molecular Pathology
donation, principal, investment, ➔ Deals with the analysis of certain
or other means, by an individual, genes, proteins, and other
corporation, association, or molecules in samples from
organization. organs, tissues, or bodily fluids to
diagnose disease and/or to
2. ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL guide the prevention and
CHARACTERISTICS treatments of disease based on
a. Institution–based the principles, techniques, and
➔ A laboratory that is located tools of molecular biology as
within the premises and operates they are applied to diagnostic
as part of a DOH licensed health medicine in the laboratory.
facility.
b. Non–institution based 4. ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY
➔ A laboratory that operates a. Clinical Laboratory for Anatomic
independently and is not Pathology only
attached to any DOH licensed ➔ Provides services for any of the
health facility. following, but not limited to
cytology and histopathology.
3. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION b. Clinical Laboratory for Molecular
a. Clinical Pathology Pathology only
➔ Deals with the chemical and ➔ Provides services for genetics,
cellular analyses of blood and immuno/hematopathology and
other body fluids (includes, but infectious disease.
not limited to, clinical chemistry, ➔ COVID–19 testing laboratories
clinical microscopy, toxicology, shall be covered by another
therapeutic drug monitoring, order.
immunology, and serology,
hematology and coagulation),
identification and examination of
MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25
Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

CLINICAL LABORATORY 3.2: MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

1. HEMATOLOGY TERMINOLOGIES
➔ Deals with enumeration of cells in ROOT WORD
the blood and other body fluids. ➔ Main part of the medical term and
Coag studies focus on blood denotes the meaning of the word
testing for the determination of PREFIX
various coag factors. ➔ Found at the beginning, shows how
2. CLINICAL MICROSCOPY meaning is assigned to the word
➔ 2 major areas in this section SUFFIX
● Routine and special ➔ Found at the terminal portion or at the
examination of urine end of term.
● Fecalysis ➔ It also denotes the meaning to the root
3. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY word
➔ Quantify essential soluble
chemicals including waste Rule: Should start with a consonant, combined
products useful for the diagnosis with a vowel (this vowel does not change the
of certain diseases. meaning of the root word and only added to
4. IMMUNOLOGY-SEROLOGY - make the pronunciation of the word easier,
➔ Includes laboratory tests that added between the root word and su x
deal with the body’s response to
diseases through HOW MEANING IS ASSIGNED TO A
antigen/antibody detection. WORD
5. BLOOD BANKING a-/an-without, absence
➔ Most critical as it deals with
blood typing and compatibility LOCATION/POSITION
testing. ● ecto-outside of the normal location-
➔ Also deals with screening and ectopic
identification of antibodies in the ● endo-within-endocervical-inner lining of
components that will be used for the cervix
transfusion. SIZE
6. MICROBIOLOGY ● macro-large-macrocytic
➔ Subdivided into 4 sections ● micro-small-microbiology
● Bacte ● mega-large-megaloblastic
● Mycobacte TIME
● Mycology ● neo-new/recent-neoplasm
● Virology ● post-after-postmortem, postprandial
➔ More focused on identification of ● re-again-regress
bacteria and fungi NUMBER/AMOUNT
➔ Micro visualization occurs after
● milli-one thousandth-millimeter (one
staining and biochemical
thousandth of a liter)
analysis
● uni-one-unicellular (one cell)
MTMLSP1 BSMT ‘24-‘25
Module 3: Nature of the Clinical Laboratory 1st Semester

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)

➔ A document that contains information
on the potential hazards (health, fire,
reactivity and environmental) and how
to work safely with the chemical
product.
➔ It is an essential starting point for the
development of a complete health and
safety program.
➔ An MSDS contains information about
chemical properties, health and
physical hazards, first aid and medical
treatment, emergency response, and
the handling and disposal of chemicals.