INTEGRAL CALCULUS

(i)
 Information contained in this work has been obtained by Career Point from sources believed to be reliable.
However, neither Career Point nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information
published herein, and neither Career Point nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or
damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Career Point
and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render any professional services. If such
services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

CAREER POINT
CP Tower, Road No.-1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.)
Email : [email protected]

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the
Publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be
reproduced for publication.

This edition can be exported from India only by the publisher.

Published by Career Point Ltd.

CP Tower, Road No.-1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.)
Email : [email protected]

Book No. : CPP-768

(ii)
 Preface
Welcome to our book on integral calculus! This subject is like a key to unlock the secrets of
change and growth in many fields. In this first edition, we've worked hard to make sure you
understand integration really well. We'll take you from the basics to more advanced stuff, with
lots of examples and exercises along the way. Our goal is to make it easy to learn and apply,
whether you're planning to study more math.
Integral calculus, a keystone of mathematics, illuminates the dynamics of change and
accumulation across diverse fields. This inaugural edition of our book strives to equip students
with a well understanding of integration, merging theory with practical application. By
emphasizing conceptual clarity alongside technical proficiency, our approach facilitates
profound comprehension. Organized progressively, it guides learners from foundational
principles to advanced concepts, nurturing active learning through illustrative examples and
exercises. This resource aims to empower readers with a comprehensive grasp of calculus,
whether for further mathematical pursuits or real-world applications.
I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to various authors and publishers whose books have
been freely consulted during the preparation of this book.
Suggestions for further improvement of the book will be highly appreciated.
Author

(iii)
 Book Description
This book explores integral calculus, focusing on the accumulation of quantities and areas
under curves. It covers both definite and indefinite integrals, explaining the fundamental
theorem of calculus, and various techniques like substitution, integration by parts, and partial
fractions. Applications include calculating area and volume

Multivariable calculus is introduced through double and triple integrals, extending applications
to physics and engineering. The text emphasizes step-by-step explanations and a range of
exercises to reinforce learning.

Designed for students and professionals, this book combines theoretical foundations with
practical applications, offering insights into the historical development of integral calculus and
contributions of key mathematicians. Through clear explanations and miscellaneous examples,
readers gain a comprehensive understanding of integral calculus and its vital role in various
scientific and engineering fields.

(iv)
 Table of Contents
CHAPTERS TITLES Page No.
Chapter 1. Beta and Gamma Function 1-9
The chapter introduces Beta and Gamma functions, fundamental in math and science. It
explains their definitions, properties, and relations to other functions. Applications span
probability, physics, and calculus. The abstract offers a concise overview, highlighting their
significance and practical utility across diverse disciplines.
Chapter 2. Double Integrals 10-30
The chapter on double integrals delves into integrating functions over regions in two
dimensions. It discusses techniques like iterated integrals and changes of variables.
Applications include calculating area and solving physical problems. This abstract offers a brief
overview of the chapter's content and its practical significance.
Chapter 3. Triple Integrals 31-35
The triple integrals chapter delves into integrating functions over three-dimensional spaces. It
discusses calculating volumes, mass distributions, and center of mass positions. This abstract
gives a brief overview of the chapter's content and its real-world applications in various fields.
Chapter 4. Rectification 36-42
The rectification chapter deals with transforming curves into straight lines of equivalent length.
It explores techniques to find the lengths of curves and surfaces. Applications include
geometry, physics, and engineering. This abstract gives a concise summary of the chapter's
focus and its relevance in various fields.
Chapter 5. Surface and Volume of Solids of Revolution 43-48
The surface and volume of solids of revolution chapter teaches how to find the areas of curved
surfaces and volumes of 3D shapes formed by spinning curves around an axis. It explains
techniques like the disk and shell methods, useful in engineering, physics, and calculus.

(v)
Editors
Dr. Hemlata Saxena is an accomplished academic and researcher, focusing on areas like fractional
calculus, special functions, and integral transforms. With 41 published research papers and
contributions to chapters, her expertise is widely recognized. She actively presents her work at
international and national conferences, contributing significantly to her field. Beyond her research
endeavours. Her dedication extends to continuous learning, as evidenced by her completion of
numerous online courses and participation in workshops and webinars, reflecting her commitment to
advancing knowledge and education in mathematics.

(vi)
 CHAPTER 1
Beta and Gamma Function

Beta and gamma functions are special functions. These can be used to evaluate those integrals which
can not be expressed in terms of elementary functions.
1.1 Gamma Function
Gamma function denoted by is defined by the improper integral which is dependent on the
parameter,
… (1.1)

Gamma function is also known as Euler’s integral of the second kind.

1.2 Recurrence Formula:

Proof: From eq.(1)

Integrating by parts, we have

Thus …(1.2)

1.3 Relation between Gamma function and Factorial:

,

Proof:

Substituting in the recurrence relation of Gamma function,

In general if …(1.3)

Beta and Gamma Function | 1

Remark: , for

Gamma function is continuous for any and is discontinuous at . Thus

is defined for all , except for zero and negative integers.

1.4 Modified Form of Gamma Function (Standard Integral)

…(1.4)

Proof: Substituting in eq.(1.1), we get

Thus we get the required result.

1.5 Beta Function:

Beta function defined by

…(1.5)

is convergent for .

Beta function is also known as Euler’s integral of the first kind.

1.6 Properties of Beta function:

(1) Symmetry: …(1.6)

Put in eq (1.5) , we get

(2) In terms of trigonometric function:

Put in eq.(5), we have

…(1.7)

2 | Beta and Gamma Function

(3) In terms of improper integral:

…(1.8)

Putting in eq. (1.5), we have

[using symmetry]

1.7 Relation Between Beta and Gamma functions:

, …(1.9)

Proof: By standard integral

Multiplying both sides by ,

Integrating both the sides between the limits 0 to ,

Substituting

[by definition]

Or

Hence the result.

Beta and Gamma Function | 3

 Cor.1

Substituting in the result (1.9) of Beta and Gamma function

…(1.10)

Also by (1.7)

…(1.11)

By (1.10) and (1.11) , …(1.12)

1.8 Gamma Formula:

…(1.13)

Proof: By eq.(1.7) and eq.(1.9) ,

Replacing m by and n by

1.9 Some Result Related to Gamma Function

(a) Show that , …(1.14)

Put in eq.(1.9) and use eq.(1.8)

 [By standard integral]

(b) Show that …(1.15)

Where p is a positive integer. (Legendre’s duplication formula for gamma function)

4 | Beta and Gamma Function

 Since, we know that

…(1.16)

Now put

…(1.17)

Again put in eq. (1.16)

Or

Or … (1.18)

Now in eq.(1.18) , put

…(1.19)

From eq. (1.17) and eq.(1.19)

therefore

1.10 Prove that:

(a) …(1.20)

(b) where …(1.21)

Proof: Replacing by z in eq.(1.4)

Beta and Gamma Function | 5

 On taking,

Now let then

Or

Comparing real and imaginary parts,

Cor.1 Putting in eq. (1.20) and (1.21) (so that ),

…(1.22)

…(1.23)

Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Evaluate the following
(i) (ii)

Sol. We know that

(i) Put

Ans.

(ii) Put

Ans

6 | Beta and Gamma Function

Example 2: Evaluate

Sol. Replacing

Ans.

Example 3: Show that

Sol. From R. H. S.

Example 4: Evaluate

Sol. Let

Put

Ans.

Beta and Gamma Function | 7

Example 5: Prove that:

Sol. We know that

Substituting in the RHS of the second integral

H.P.

Example 6: Show that:

Deduce that:

Sol. By definition, …(1.24)

Substitution in (1),

…(1.25)

Now substituting in (2)

Ans.

8 | Beta and Gamma Function

 Exercise
Q.1 Evaluate (i) (ii)

Q.2 Prove that:

Q.3 Prove that :

Q.4 (i) (ii)

Q.5 Evaluate

Q.6 Prove that:

Q.7 Evaluate:

Q.8 Prove that:

Q.9 Prove that

Q.10 Show that :

Answer
1. (i) (ii)

4. (i) 0 (ii) 1/1155

5. 7.

Beta and Gamma Function | 9

 CHAPTER 2
Double Integrals

2.1 Double Integration: We know that

Let us consider a function of two variable and define in the finite region A of
plane. Divide the region A into elementary areas.

Fig. 2.1
Then

2.2 Evaluation of Double Integral:

Double integration overregion A may be evaluated by two successive integrations. If A is
described as

10 | Double Integrals
 And

Fig 2.2

Then

2.2.1 First Method

is first integrated with respect to y treating x as constant between the limits and .

Fig 2.3
In the region we take an elementary area . Then integration w.r.t y (x keeping constant)
converts small rectangle into a strip PQ(y ). While the integration of the result w.r.t. x
corresponding to the sliding to the strip PQ, from AD to BC convering the while region ABCD.
2.2.2 Second Method

Here is first integrated w.r.t. x keeping y constant between the limits and and then the
resulting expression is integrated with respect to y between the limits and and vice versa.
Note: For constant limits, it does not matter wheather we first integrate w.r.t x and then w.r.t y or
vice versa.

Double Integrals | 11
 Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Find

Sol. Here, we have

Ans.

Example 2: Evaluate

Sol. Here, we have

Ans.

Example 3: Evaluate

Sol. Here, we have

Ans.

12 | Double Integrals
Example 4: Evaluate

Sol. Here, we get

Ans.

Example 5: Evaluate

Sol. Here we have

Ans.

Example 6: Evaluate the integral .

Sol. First we integrate with respect to y. Accordingly, we write the given integral as

Integrating the inner integral with respect to y, we get

Which is the required value.

Double Integrals | 13
 Exercise 2.1
1. Evaluate

2. Evaluate

3. Evaluate

4. Evaluate

5. Evaluate

6. Evaluate the integral over the rectangle bounded by

Answers
1. 7/6 2. 3. 4/3

4. 20 5. 6. 380

2.3 To calculate the integral over the given region:

Sometimes the limits of integration are not given but the area of the integration is given. If the area
of integration is given then we proceed as follows:
Take a small area . The integration w.r.t. between the limits keeping y fixed
indicates that integration is done, along PQ. Then the integration of result w.r.t. to y corresponds to
sliding the strips PQ from BC to AD covering the hole region ABCD.
We can also integrate first w.r.t. ‘y’ then w.r.t x.

Fig 2.4

14 | Double Integrals
 Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Evaluate where R is the quadrant of the circle where
and .

Sol. Let the region of integration be the first quadrant of the circle OAB.

First we integrate w.r.t y and then w.r.t. .

The limits for y are 0 and and for , 0 to .

Fig 2.5

Ans.

Example 2: Evaluate over the region in the positive quadrant for which .

Sol. represents a line AB in the fig. represents the plane OAB.

Fig 2.6

Double Integrals | 15
 Therefore the region for integration is OAB as shown in above figure. By drawing PQ parallel to
y-axis, P lies on the line AB and Q lies on x-axis. The limits of y are 0 to .
Also limits of x are 0 to 1as the strips moves from left to right.

Required Integral

Ans.

Example 3: Evaluate , where A is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the
hyperbola and the lines and .

Sol. The line OP, and the curve PS, intersect at p(4,4). The line SN, intersects
the hyperbola at S(8, 2). And is x-axis. The area A is shown shaded. Divide the area into two
parts by PM perpendicular to OX.
For the area OMP , y varies from 0 to x and then x varies from 0 to 4.
For the area PMNS , y varies from 0 to and then x varies from 4 to 8.

Fig 2.7

16 | Double Integrals
 Ans.

Example 4: By Double integral, Find the area of circle .

Sol. The circle is symmetrical about the co-ordinate axes x and y. Since both occur with even powers.
The area of the circle is

Required Integral

Fig 2.8

Ans.

Double Integrals | 17
Example 5: Evaluate the double integral over the region bounded by the curves
and .
Sol. The region of integration is shown in fig.

Fig 2.9
We have
Now the order of integration is first with respect to x and then with respect to y. The limits of x are
to . The limits for y are then from to . Hence, we write

Ans.

Exercise 2.2
1. Evaluate taken over the circular area .

2. Evaluate , where is indicates small area in xy-plane.

3. Using double integration, find the area of ellipse .

4. Find the area between the parabola and .

Answers
1. 2. 1/3 square units. 3. 4.

18 | Double Integrals
2.4 Change of order of Integration
On changing the order of integration, the limits of the integration change. To find the new limits,
draw the rough sketch of the region of integration. Some of the problems connected with double
integrals, which seem to be complicated can be made easy to handle by a change in the order of
integration.

Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Evaluate .

Sol. We have Here elementary strip PQ extends from to and this

vertical strips slides from to . The shaded portion of the figure is, therefore, the region
of integration.
On changing the order of integration, we first integrate w.r.t. x along a horizontal strips RS which
extends from to . To cover the given region, we then integrate w.r.t. ‘y’ from to
.

Fig 2.10
Thus

Ans.

Double Integrals | 19
Example 2: Change the order of integration in and hence evaluate the same.

Sol. We have

The region of integration is shown by shaded portion in the figure bounded by parabola and
the line . The point of integration of the parabola and the line
is . In the figure below (left) we draw a strip parallel to y-axis and the strip y,
varies from to and x varies from 0 to 1.

Fig 2.11
On changing the order of integration we have taking a strip parallel to x-axis in the area OBC
And second strip in the area CBA. The limits of in the area OBC are 0 and and the limits of x
in the area CBA are 0 to .
So the given integral is

Ans.

Example 3: Change the order of integration in .

Sol. The region of integration is bounded by the curves i.e. and

i.e. and the lines and

20 | Double Integrals
 Fig 2.12
On changing the order of integration the integral I becomes

To integrate w.r.t. x first, draw a line parallel to x-axis in the region of integration. Based on the
end points of the line, the region can be divided into three regions AMCA, OCLO and MBLCM.

Ans.

Example 4: Change the order of integration in and hence evaluate the same.

Sol. The limits are and

and

The point of intersection of parabola and the line is B(1,1).

We have taken a strip parallel to x-axes in the area OBC and second strip in the area ABC. The
limits of x in the area OBC are 0 and and the limits of x in the area ABC are 0 and .

Double Integrals | 21
 Fig 2.13

Ans.

Exercise 2.3
1. Change the order of integration in the double integral: .

2. Change the order of integration in the following double integral:

3. Change the order of integration in the following integral:

22 | Double Integrals
4. Change the order of integration in

And hence evaluate it.

5. Change the order of integration in the following integral:

Answer
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2.5 Application to area (Double Integration)

2.5.1 Area in Cartesian Coordinates
(a) Let the area ABCD is enclosed by and .Let and
be two neighboring points on the curve AD whose equation is . Then
the area of the element is . Consequently the area of PNMQ

where is the equation of AD

The required area ABCD

Fig 2.14
Double Integrals | 23
(b) In a similar way we can prove that the area Bounded by the curve the y-axis and the
abscissa at and is given by

Fig 2.15
(c) If we are to find the area bounded by the two curves and and the ordinates
and , that is the area ABCD in Figure then the required area

Fig 2.16
24 | Double Integrals
 Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Find the area lying between the parabola and line by the method of
double integration.
Sol.

Fig 2.17
OA is the line and OBAD is the parabola . By the fig. parabola equation
meets the x-axis at the and . Solve the give equations we find or
i.e. . Also gives and gives .
Therefore the line meets the parabole at and we are to find the area OBAO.
Required area OBAO = aera OCABO – area of OCA

Ans.

Example 2: Prove by the method of double integration that the area lying between the parabolas
and is
Sol. Solving the two given equations, we get

Or
Or
From we get when
Double Integrals | 25
 And when

Fig 2.18
The points of intersection of the given curves are and

Required area

H.P.

Example 3: Determine the area of region bounded by the curves .

Sol. Required area of shaded region in Fig.

Fig 2.19
26 | Double Integrals
 Ans.

2.5.2 Area of curves in Polar Coordinate

The area bounded by the curve , where is single valued function of in the domain
and redii vectors and is .

Fig 2.20
Let O be the pole ,OX the initial line and AB be the portion of the arc the curve included
between the redii vectors OA and OB i.e., and .The area of element CDEF = area of
sector OFE

neglecting higher powers of and .

Hence the element of area in polar coordinates is .

The area of the figure OPQO = where is the curve AB.

The required area .

Double Integrals | 27
 Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Find the area of the curve .

Sol. Since the curve is symmetric about origin so the required area of shaded region.

Fig 2.21

Ans.

Example 2: Calculate the area which is inside the cardioid and outside the circle
.

Sol. is a circle centred at origin and of radius 2.The shaded area in fig. is the region R which is
outside the given circle and inside the cardioid . While varies from to
. Since R is symmetric about x-axis, the required areaA of the region R is given by

28 | Double Integrals
 Fig 2.22

Ans.

Example 3: Find the total area of the curve .

Sol. Here we have , The curve has four leaves. Draw a curve and the limits of is 0 to
and limits of is 0 to .
All leaves are equal in area.

Fig 2.23

Double Integrals | 29
 The required area

Ans.

Exercise 2.4
1. Find the area of the ellipse .

2. Find by double integration , the area lying inside the cardioid and outside the
circle .

3. Evaluate over the region R bounded by the parabolas and .

4. Transform the integral by changing to polar coordinates and hence

evaluate it.
5. Find the area included between the following curve and its asymptote:

6. Find the area enclosed by the Cardioid

Answers
1. 2. 3. 48/5 4.

5. 6.

30 | Double Integrals
 CHAPTER 3
Triple Integrals

Triple Integration (Volume)

Let a function be a continuous at every point of a finite region S of three dimensional
spaces. Consider n sub-spaces , , ,…. of the space S.
If (x, yr, zr) be a point in the rth subspace.
The limit of the sum as is known as the triple
integral of over the space S.

Symbolically, it is denoted by

It can be calculated as First we integrate with respect to z treated

as constant between the limits and . The resulting expression (function of ) is
integrated with respect to keeping as constant between the limits and .At the end we
integrate the resulting expression (function of only) within the limits and .

Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Evaluate

Sol.

Triple Integrals | 31
 Ans.

Example 2: Evaluate
Sol. The given integral
integrating w.r.t. z.

integrating w.r.to y

integrating w.r.to x

Ans.

Example 3: Evaluate
Sol. The given integral

32 | Triple Integrals
 Ans.

Example 4: Evaluate where V is the Volume of the cube bounded by

the coordinate planes and the planes .
Sol. Here a column parallel to z- axis is bounded by the planes and . Here the region S
above which the volume V stands is the region in the xy-plane bounded by the lines
.

Hence, the given Integral =

Fig 3.1

Ans.

Triple Integrals | 33
Example 5: Evaluate where V is the closed region bounded by the cylinder
and the planes to , and .
Sol. Here a column parallel to z-axis is bounded by the plane and the surface of the
cylinder. This cylinder meets the , at (0,0,4) and the
at (2, 0,0) in the given region.

Fig 3.2
Therefore it is evident that the limits of Integration for z are from 0 to ,
For y from 0 to 2 and for x from 0 to 2.
Hence the given integral =

Ans.

34 | Triple Integrals
Example 6: To prove where region of integration is complete ellipsoid:

Sol. Let

Then

Now given integral is

where

[by Dirichlet’s Integral]

Ans.

Exercise
1. Evaluate

2. Evaluate

3. Evaluate the integral over the volume enclosed by three co-ordinate planes and the
plane .

4. Evaluate .

5. To prove where V is the region bounded by the following curves:

.

6. Evaluate

7. Evaluate

Answer
1. 2. 3. 4.

6. 7.

Triple Integrals | 35
 CHAPTER 4
Rectification

Introduction
Rectification is the processes of determining the length of an arc of a plane curve, the equations of
the curve are given in Cartesian, parametric or polar form.
For arc length, the function and its derivative must both be continuous on the closed interval.
(a) Cartesian form
If y = f (x) and f’ (x) are continuous on [ a, b ], then the arc length ( L ) of f (x) on [ a,b ] is given
by

…(4.1)

Similarly for, x = f (y) and f’ (y) are continuous on [ a,b ], then the arc length (L) of f (y) on [ a,b ]
is given by

…(4.2)

(b) Parametric form:

When the equation of the curve is in parametric form with the parameter t
varying from to , then

…(4.3)

(c) Polar form

The length of the arc of the curve between two points whose angles are and is

…(4.4)

Similarly when the equation of the curve is , then the length included between two points
whose radii vector are and is

…(4.5)

36 | Rectification
Remark:
(1) If the curve is symmetrical about one or more lines, then find the length of one symmetrical part
and then multiply it by the number of symmetrical parts.
(2) Before solving the problem mathematically, try to trace an approximate sketch of the given curve,
to have an idea of its shape, symmetry etc.

Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Find the length of the arc of the parabola cut off by its Latus rectum.
Solution: Here

Length of arc L’OL= 2 x length of arc OL [ curve is symmetrical about x- axis]

Fig 4.1

Put

Rectification | 37
 Ans.

Example 2: Find the length of the arc of the semi cubical parabola from its vertex to the
point .

Solution: Differentiating the equation of the curve

Therefore

…(4.6)

The required length is

Ans.

Example 3: Find the whole length of the cycloid :

Solution: Differentiating the equation of the curve with respect to

and

Clearly the values of are

Therefore the required length = 2 arc OA

Ans.

38 | Rectification
Example 4: If s be the length of the arc of the catenary from the vertex (0. c) to the
point (x,y) ; prove that .
Solution: Differentiating the equation of the curve with respect to

Therefore the length of the arc from the vertex to the point (x,y) is

Or

Or [by the equation] H.P.

Example 5: Find the perimeter of the cardioid Also prove that the arc of the upper
half of the cardioid is bisected by .
Solution: To find the perimeter of the cardioid given by the polar equation
we need to integrate the arc length formula over one period of the curve. The arc length formula in
polar coordinates is given by:

Fig 4.2
First we need to find

Rectification | 39
 Therefore the length of the upper half

…(4.7)

Therefore the required perimeter …(4.8)

Now for finding the length of the arc from to in the upper half

…(4.9)

From (4.7) and (4.9), we have the required result. Hence Proved

Example 6: Find the length of the arc of the curve from to .

Solution. From given equation of curve

Therefore the length of an arc

Ans.

40 | Rectification
Example 7: Find the whole length of the curve .

Solution. From the equation of the curve

Fig 4.3

whole length = 4 (arc length in first quadrant)

Put

whole length

Ans.

Rectification | 41
 Exercise
1. Find the length of the arc of the parabola from the vertex to an extremity of the latus
rectum.
2. Prove that the length of the arc of the curve from to is
).

3. Prove that the length of the arc from the vertex to any point on the cycloid
is . Also prove that whole length of an arc of the curve
is .

4. (a) Find the total length of the following Hypocycloid :

[Parametric form]

Or [Cartesian form ]

(b) find the whole length of the Astroid

Answers
1.

4. (a) (b)

42 | Rectification
 CHAPTER 5
Surface and Volume of Solids of Revolution

5.1 The Surface Area

When the axis of revolution is the x-axis: The surface area of the solid generated by the revolution
of the area bounded by the curve , the ordinates and , about the x-axis is

…(5.1)

When the axis of revolution is the y-axis, then formula is

…(5.2)

Where

…(5.3)

…(5.4)

Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Find the area of the surface generated by revolving about the y-axis the curve
from .

Sol. The surface generated by revolving the curve about y-axis

…(5.5)

Now

Put the value of in eq.(5.5) we get

Surface and Volume of Solids of Revolution | 43

 Put then we get

Ans.

Example 2: Find the surface generated by the revolution of an arc of the catenary
about the axis of x.

Sol. Equation of the given curve

Required area from vertex (x = 0) to the point (x, y) on the curve is

Ans.

Example 3: Find the surface of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve
or about the x-axis.

Sol. From the equation of the curve

and

44 | Surface and Volume of Solids of Revolution

 Fig 5.1
The surface S, generated by revolving the curve of positive quadrant about the x-axis is given by

[using gamma formula]

Whole surface Ans.

Example 4: Find the surface area of the solid generated by the curve revolves about
the initial line.

Sol. Equation of the given curve …(5.6)

Surface area

Surface and Volume of Solids of Revolution | 45

 Put the values then we get

[put ]

Using gamma formula

Ans.

Exercise
1. Find the area of surface of sphere of radius r.
2. Find the area of the surface generated by revolving about the x-axis, the loop of the curve
.
3. Find the surface of the solid generated by the revolution of the lemniscate about
the initial line.
4. Evaluate the area of the surface generated by the revolution of the cycloid
about x-axis.

Answer
1. 2. 3. 4.

5.2 Volume of the Solid of revolution

The volume of a solid of revolution, a main concept in calculus, measures the space enclosed by
rotating a function or region around an axis. Calculated through different methods and it enables
precise calculations for diverse shapes, aiding in engineering, physics, and mathematical analysis.
(i) Volume of the Solid generated by revolution of the area by the curve about the x-axis is
…(5.7)
(ii) Volume of the Solid generated by revolution of the area by the curve about the y-axis is
…(5.8)

46 | Surface and Volume of Solids of Revolution

 Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse about the
x-axis.
Sol. We take upper half part of ellipse which revolve about the x-axis then

Vol.

Ans.

Example 2: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the Astroid
or about the x-axis.

Sol. Given equation of curve is

The required volume

Put then

Using gamma formula

Ans.

Example 3: Show that the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve
about its asymptote is .

Sol. Asymptote of the given curve is If P is any point on the curve and perpendicular distance
of the point from the asymptote is then the volume of solid generated by revolution of the
curve about its asymptote is

Surface and Volume of Solids of Revolution | 47

 The required Volume

Put

proved.

Example 4: Evaluate the volume of the solid generated by revolving the area of the parabola
bounded by the latus rectum about the tangent at the vertex.

Sol. Given curve parabola is and its latus rectum is . Tangent at the vertex is OY. Its
generates a cylindrical shell and volume is

Thus the volume of the solid generated by revolving about y-axis is

Ans.

Exercise
1. Find the volume of the solid formed by the revolution of the curve through four
right angles about the y-axis.
2. Prove that the volume generated by the revolution of the loop of the curve
about the axis of x is .

3. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the cardioid about
the initial line.
4. A loop of the curve is rotated about the y-axis. Find the volume generated.

Answer
1. 3. 4.

48 | Surface and Volume of Solids of Revolution