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1. Preventive and Mitigation Measures Process: Integrating data on natural hazards with Disaster Risk Management: Measures to reduce
information about population density, disaster-related losses by reducing hazard or
Structural Mapping infrastructure, and socio-economic factors to vulnerability.
illustrate risk levels. Hazard Assessment Objective: Identifying
Definition: Systematic identification, analysis, and Purpose: hazard-prone locations and suggesting
visualization of physical structures and their appropriate measures.
vulnerabilities to potential hazards. Hazard Identification: Pinpointing risks
Purpose: Effective planning, risk mitigation, and (flooding zones, earthquake fault lines, wildfire- Identifying hazard sources and determining
response strategies. prone areas). effects.
Key Components: Vulnerability Assessment: Evaluating the Mitigating damage around project premises.
susceptibility of populations, infrastructure, and Ensuring vessel safety.
Risk Mapping: Hazard identification (mapping ecosystems to identified hazards.
disaster-prone areas) and vulnerability Informed Decision-Making: Guiding policy and Ensuring worker evacuation.
assessment (identifying at-risk infrastructure planning to mitigate risks and enhance Earthquake
and populations). community resilience.
Data Collection and Analysis: Geographic Emergency Preparedness and Response: Agency Roles: Defined roles and responsibilities
Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing Planning and training tailored to specific risks. for various agencies during rescue and
for spatial data analysis. rehabilitation.
Infrastructure Assessment: Building Community Awareness and Engagement: Community Preparedness: 'DROP, COVER, and
inspections (evaluating structural resilience) Educating the public about specific risks. HOLD' as the most effective way to save oneself
and critical facilities assessment (identifying Monitoring and Evaluation: Tracking changes during an earthquake.
vulnerable essential services). in risk over time and assessing mitigation Building Codes and Designs: Prescribed
Planning and Design: Informing land-use efforts. guidelines for earthquake-resistant structures
planning and designing protective structures Policy Development and Advocacy: Informing (correct sitting, design against earthquake
(sea walls, embankments, bio shields). disaster risk reduction policies. effects).
Community Involvement: Stakeholder Risk Factors: IS Codes for Civil Engineering Structures:
engagement and education/training on risk Probability of hazardous events IS:456: All RCC structures
awareness and preparedness.
Losses caused by each event IS:875: Design loads (including wind loads)
Risk Mapping Nature of the hazard IS:1893: Earthquake resistance
Definition: Identifying, analyzing, and visually Vulnerability of affected elements IS:806: Use of steel tubes
representing potential hazards and vulnerabilities
within a geographic area. Economic value of those elements IS:800: General construction in steel
Regular Inspection and Maintenance: As per
specified requirements.
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Cyclone Fire Safety in Schools: Importance of prevention Embankments: Raised structures (earth, stone, or
practices and emergency response plans to avoid other materials) along coastlines to prevent
Definition: Intense atmospheric vortices panic and ensure safety. flooding and erosion.
developing over warm tropical oceans, producing Purpose: Flood protection and erosion control.
destructive winds, high surges, torrential rains,
and floods. Structure: Earth or gravel, gently sloping, often
Indian Coastline: 7516.6 km long, one of the most incorporating vegetation.
cyclone-battered stretches globally. Advantages: Blends naturally into landscape, less
Mitigation Measures: impact on ecosystems.
Warning: Early detection (hours or days in Disadvantages: Requires more space, susceptible
advance) through the India Meteorological to overtopping.
Department (IMD) using INSAT satellites and Bio-shield
dissemination through various means (satellite
systems, radio, television, etc.). Definition: Use of natural or engineered biological
Hazard Mapping: Using meteorological systems to mitigate disaster impacts, particularly
records, past records, and paths to illustrate environmental or climate-related events.
vulnerable areas and estimate damage Approach: Integrating ecological principles in
intensities. disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
Site-Specific Measures: Building structures to Key Features:
withstand wind forces (following guidelines for Natural barriers (mangroves, wetlands, coral
high-risk zones), probabilistic assessment of Sea wall and Embankments reefs) absorbing wave energy and reducing
wind data, and consideration of IS:875 code. flooding.
Tsunami Seawall: Concrete, masonry, or sheet pile Biodiversity supporting adaptation to changing
structure built parallel to the shore to protect conditions.
Detection: Tide gauge network maintained by the against wave action and erosion.
Survey of India, radars, and future potential of Purpose: Protecting coastal areas from wave Soil and vegetation stabilizing soil and
space-based observation. action, storm surges, and erosion. preventing landslides.
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Data from four Structure: Hard materials (concrete or stone), Carbon sequestration mitigating climate change
radars recorded tsunami wave heights two hours vertical or slightly sloped, reflecting wave energy. impacts.
after the earthquake; satellite observations were
not useful for timely warnings. Advantages: Effective flood prevention,
Areas Affected: Need to identify areas generally withstands severe weather.
affected by tsunamis in India. Disadvantages: Increased erosion in adjacent
areas, abrupt land-sea transition affecting marine
Fire ecosystems.
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Emergency shelters: Immediate protection
from elements (short-term, makeshift).
Intermediate shelters: Mid-term shelters until
permanent houses are rebuilt (more durable and
comfortable).
Emergency Shelters: Immediate protection from
elements, often spontaneous self-protection
measures, government support through relief
camps and material distribution.
Benefits: Intermediate Shelters: Needed after emergency 2. Non-Structural Mitigation
Cost-effective shelters are inadequate, more durable and Community education: Developing local warning
Ecosystem services (improved water quality, comfortable, support from government for and evacuation plans, and raising public awareness.
wildlife habitat) essential services, lasts 2-3 years.
Community-Led Shelter Recovery: Empowering Training and education: Developing training
Community engagement affected communities to lead their own shelter modules, and organizing training programs.
Considerations: recovery process. Policies and laws: Creating and implementing
Management and maintenance policies and laws to reduce disaster risk.
Integration with other measures Land-use planning: Creating land-use planning
programs to help sustain awareness.
Examples: Risk transfer: Spreading financial risk across a pool
Mangrove restoration of clients to limit the exposure of individuals or
Wetland conservation organizations to catastrophic losses.
Risk financing: Using budget contingencies, reserve
Shelters funds, and lines of contingent credit to retain risk.
Shelter Types:
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3. Community-Based Disaster Preparedness
(CBDP)
CBDP is a form of local-level capacity building,
representing important elements of vulnerability
reduction and disaster management strategies.
CBDP strategies leverage local community
resources.
Successful implementation requires understanding
the communities involved. 5. Risk Transfer and Risk Financing
NGOs (e.g., American Red Cross, Salvation Army) are Further information available at:
well-equipped to implement CBDP strategies. https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/WGR_NIDMandIII_2021.pdf
Governments alone cannot achieve significant, 6. Shelters
sustainable risk reduction; local-level and Further information available at:
community-based approaches supported by NGOs
are crucial. https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/NDMA/24.pdf
4. Contingency Planning 7. Capacity Building
Prepares an organization to respond effectively to Further information available at:
emergencies. https://ndma.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/Reports/NIDM.pdf
Involves all parts of an organization to ensure timely
and effective humanitarian aid.
Involves decisions on managing human and financial
resources, internal and external coordination, and
communication procedures.
Three key questions: What will happen? What will we
do? How can we prepare? 8. Disaster Management: Prevention,
Considers both likely and less likely scenarios. Mitigation, and Preparedness
Requires collaboration with governments, partners, Further information available at:
and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-
Movement. 08/NPDM-101209%5B1%5D.pdf
9. Contingency Plan
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Further information available at:
https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/disasters-climate-
and-crises/disaster-preparedness/contingency-
planning#lg=7266&slide=1
Further information available at:
https://www.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/CP-
How-to-do-it-EN.pdf
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