□Governments &NGO Roles
-Government and NGOs play crucial roles in disaster
management, focusing on preparedness, response, recovery,
and mitigation.
Government Roles
1.Policy and Legislation – Governments create disaster
management policies, laws, and frameworks to guide
preparedness and response.
2.Early Warning Systems – Establishing monitoring and
alert systems for disasters like cyclones, floods, and
earthquakes.
NGO Roles
1.Community Engagement – Conducting training
programs and awareness campaigns.
2.Humanitarian Aid – Providing food, water, shelter, and
medical assistance during disasters.
□Conclusion
-Disaster management is a crucial process that involves
preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery to minimise
the impact of natural and man-made disasters. Governments
and NGOs play vital roles in ensuring communities are
equipped with the necessary resources, policies, and
education to handle disasters effectively.
Motto!
-"Be Ready, Stay Safe, Reduce Risk."
3.Way to enhance Cyclone resistance
To enhance cyclone resistance, several measures can be
taken:
1.Coastal Belt Plantation – Planting trees along coastal
areas helps reduce wind speed and storm surge impact.
2.Hazard Mapping – Identifying cyclone-prone areas and
implementing protective measures.
3.Engineered Structures – Constructing buildings with
reinforced materials, strong foundations, and
aerodynamic designs to withstand high winds.
4.Improving Vegetation Cover – Strengthening soil
stability to prevent erosion and damage.
5.Wind-Resistant Architecture – Designing buildings with
secure roofing, strong walls, and proper anchoring to
withstand cyclone forces.
6.Cyclone Shelters – Establishing safe shelters in
vulnerable areas for emergency evacuation.
7.Early Warning Systems – Implementing advanced
forecasting and alert mechanisms to prepare communities
2. Way to enhance Tsunami resistance
-Enhancing tsunami resistance involves a combination of
engineering solutions, land-use planning, and early warning
systems.
1.Site planning and land Management
Site planning determines the location, configuration, and
destiny of development on particular sites and is therefore, an
important tool in reducing tsunami risk. The designation and
Zoning of tsunami hazard areas for such open-space uses as
agriculture, parks and recreation, or natural hazards areas is
recommended as the first land use planning strategy. This
strategy is designed to keep development at a minimum is
hazard areas. In area Where it is not feasible to restrict land to
open-space uses other land use planning measures can be
used. These include strategically controlling the type of
development and uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding
high-value and high occupancy uses to the greatest degree
possible.
2.Engineering Structures:
Most of the habitation of the fishing community is seen in the
coastal areas. The houses constructed by them ate mainly of
lightweight
materials without any engineering inputs. Therefore there is an
urgent need to educate the community about the good
construction practices that they should adopt such as:
• Site selection -Avoid building or living in
buildings within several hundred feet of the
coastline as these areas are more likely to
experience damage from tsunamis.
Construct the structure on a higher ground
level with respect to mean sea level.
• Elevate coastal homes -Most tsunami
waves are less than 3 meters in height.
Elevating house will help reduce damage to
property from most tsunamis.
Construction of water breakers to reduce the
velocity of waves.
□Disaster preparedness
-Disaster preparedness refers to the measures taken before a
disaster occurs to ensure an effective response and minimise
loss of life, disruption of critical services, and damage to
property.
1.Ways to enhance earthquake resistance
-Community preparedness refers to the collective efforts of a
community to plan, organise, and implement measures that
enhance resilience against disasters.
• Community preparedness
Community preparedness refers to the collective efforts of a
community to plan, organise, and implement measures that
enhance resilience against disasters.
• Planning
-Planning in disaster management refers to the process of
developing strategies, policies, and procedures to effectively
prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. The
bureau of India Standards has published building codes and
guidelines for safe construction of buildings against
earthquakes.
• Public education
-public eduction is educating the public on causes and
characteristics of an earthquake and preparedness measures.
It can be created through sensitisation and training program
for community, architects, engineers, builders, masons,
teachers, government functionaries’ teachers and students
• Engineered structures:
-Buildings need to be designed and constructed as per the
building law to withstand ground shaking. Architectural and
engineering inputs need to be put together to improve building
design and construction practices.
The soil types needs to be analysed before construction.
Building structures on soft soil should be avoided.
□Preparedness
-This protective process embrace measures
which enable governments, communities and
individuals to respond rapidly to disaster
situations to cope with them effectively.
• Preparedness includes the formulation of
formulation of viable emergency plans, the
development of warning systems, the
maintenance of inventories and the
training of personnel.
• It may also embrace search and rescue
measures as well as evacuation plans for
areas that may be at risk from a recurring
disaster.
. Preparedness therefore encompasses
those
measures taken before a disaster event
which
are aimed at minimising loss of life,
disruption of critical services service, and
damage when the disaster occurs.
□ Mitigation
-Mitigation refers to the action of reducing the severity,
seriousness, or harmful effects of something.
Types of Mitigation
1.Disaster Mitigation – Measures taken to reduce the
impact of natural disasters (e.g., flood barriers,
earthquake-resistant buildings).
2.Climate Change Mitigation – Actions to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., renewable energy,
carbon capture).
3.Risk Mitigation – Strategies to minimise financial,
health, or security risks.
4.Environmental Mitigation – Efforts to minimise damage
to ecosystems (e.g., reforestation, pollution control).
Examples of Mitigation
• Flood Mitigation – Constructing levees
and drainage systems.
• Earthquake Mitigation – Enforcing strict
building codes.
• Climate Mitigation – Reducing fossil fuel
use and promoting sustainable practices.
□ Disaster Risk Reduction
-Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the process of minimising
the risks and impacts of disasters through systematic efforts to
analyse and reduce their causes.
1)Risk assessment
-Risk assessment is a systematic process used to identify,
analyse, and evaluate potential risks that could negatively
impact an organisation, project, or activity.
->Identify Hazards – Recognising potential threats or
dangers.
• Analyse Risks – Assessing the likelihood and impact of
each risk.
• Evaluate Risks – Prioritising risks based on severity.
• Implement Controls – Applying measures to reduce or
eliminate risks.
• Monitor and Review – Continuously updating risk
strategies.
2) Preparedness
-Preparedness refers to the state of being ready for a
particular situation, especially in the context of disasters,
emergencies, or war.
Types of Preparedness
1.Disaster Preparedness – Planning for natural disasters
like earthquakes, floods, and tsunamis.
2.Emergency Preparedness – Ensuring readiness for
crises such as fires, medical emergencies, or security
threats.
3.Military Preparedness – Maintaining readiness for
defense and combat situations.
4.Public Health Preparedness – Preparing for disease
outbreaks and pandemics.
Key Elements of Preparedness
• Risk Analysis –
Understanding
potential threats.
• Early Warning
Systems – Detecting hazards before they
escalate.
3)How was it managed?
-Immediate Response
• Rescue and Relief Efforts:
Governments, military forces,
and humanitarian
organisations mobilised
quickly to rescue survivors and provide emergency
aid.
• International Aid: Countries worldwide sent
financial assistance, medical teams, and relief
supplies to affected regions.
• Indian Navy's Role: In India, the Indian Navy played
a crucial role in relief operations, particularly in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were among
the first territories hit
Challenges Faced
• Communication Breakdown: Initial confusion and
lack of coordination delayed relief efforts.
• Logistical Issues: Transporting aid to remote areas
was difficult due to damaged infrastructure
Long-Term Measures
• Tsunami Warning System: The disaster led to the
creation of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning
System to prevent future tragedies.
• Improved Coastal Management: Governments
introduced stricter coastal regulations and disaster
preparedness programs.
• Community-Based Disaster Preparedness: Local
communities were trained in evacuation
procedures and early warning recognition
□ Case study on
Tsunami 2004
1)What happened?
-The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami,
also known as the Boxing Day
tsunami, was triggered by a
massive undersea earthquake off
the coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, on December 26,
2004. The earthquake had a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and caused
a sudden vertical rise of the seabed, displacing massive
volumes of water and generating tsunami waves that reached
heights of up to 30 meters (100 feet).
-The tsunami struck the coasts of 14 countries, including
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and the Maldives,
causing widespread devastation. It resulted in an estimated
227,898 fatalities and left millions displaced. The disaster
highlighted the need for improved tsunami warning systems in
the Indian Ocean region, as many areas were caught off guard
due to the lack of prior alerts.
2)What were the impacts?
Human Impact
• The tsunami resulted in approximately 227,898
deaths across 14 countries.
• Millions of people were displaced, with entire
communities wiped out.
Environmental Impact
• Coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, coral
reefs, and fisheries, were severely damaged.
• Large amounts of solid waste and disaster debris
overwhelmed affected areas, leading to
environmental hazards.
Infrastructure Damage
• Roads, bridges, and buildings were destroyed,
particularly in Aceh, Indonesia, where
more than 80,000 houses suffered
major damage.
3) Hybrid disasters
-A Hybrid disaster is a type of disaster that
involves both natural and man made elements. It
occurs when human activities
contribute.
For example:
(1) landslide by extensive
deforestation.
(2) Drought due to
overconsumption of water
resources.
(3) Fukushima
-The Fukushima disaster was a major
nuclear accident that occurred at the
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
in Japan on March 11, 2011. It was
triggered by the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, which
caused a loss of power at the plant, leading to failures in the
cooling systems of multiple reactors
Key Events:
• A 9.0-magnitude earthquake struck off Japan’s eastern
coast, triggering a massive tsunami.
• The tsunami overwhelmed the plant’s defences,
flooding the reactors and knocking out emergency
generators.
• Without cooling, three reactors overheated, leading to
partial meltdowns and hydrogen explosions.
• Radiation leaked into the air and ocean, prompting
evacuations of over 150,000 people.
Consequences:
• The disaster was rated Level 7 (the highest) on the
International Nuclear Event Scale, making it the worst
nuclear accident since Chernobyl.
2) Man made disaster
-Man-made disasters are catastrophic events
caused directly by human action, inaction, or
error rather than natural processes.
I. Industrial disaster
-An industrial disaster refers to a
catastrophic event cause by
industrial companies, often
resulting from accident
,negligence, or incompetence.
For example:
The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred
on the night of December 2,1984 when about 45 ton of methyl
isocyanate gas leaked from a plant.
II. Technological disaster
-The technological disasters are those accidents produced
from the handling of dangerous equipment, which cause
damage to the environment, health, the socioeconomic
component and also to the productive infrastructure of a
nation or a system.
For example:
Causes- Explosion at Chernobyl Nuclear power plant’s reactor
4,resulting from a combination of design flaws an operator
errors during a safety test.
Location- Chernobyl, Ukraine.
Consequence- Immediate deaths, long term health issue and
the evacuation of a large area due to radioactive
contamination. Wide spread ecological impact.
III. Warfare’s
-The activity of fighting a war or strongly competing, esp.
with reference to the type of weapons used or to the way
the fighting is done
For example:
World war 2 or the second world war 1939-1945 was a global
conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Nearly all of the world’s countries participated, with many
nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war.
□Types of disasters
I. Natural disasters
II. Man made disasters
III. Hybrid disaster
1) Natural
disaster
• These are the event
occurs naturally due to
process on the Earth.
• They Can strike without
warning and often leave
a significant impact.
• You might encounter
them in the form of:-
A) Earthquakes
-An earthquakes is the shaking of Earth surface caused by a
sudden release of energy, which create seismic waves.
For example:
Nepal 2015 Earthquake at 11:26am on Saturday of 25th April
2015 a magnitude 7.9 earthquake stuck Nepal.
B) Cyclone
-A cyclone is a large air mass that rotates around a strong
centre of low atmospheric pressure.
For example:-
Strom Amphan was an extremely powerful and trophical
Cyclone that caused wide spread damage in Eastern India,
West Bengal and Odisha 18 March was formed
C) Floods
-A flood is an overflow of water (or rarely other fluids) that
submerges land that is usually dry.
For example;-
On 16 August 2018 severe floods affected the south India
States Kerala due to usually rainfall during monsoon season
over 483 people died.
I. What is disaster
management?
-Disaster Management is
an incorporated course of planning, sorting
out, organising, and carrying out measures
that are essential for risk reduction during
disasters and to face the consequences
well prepared.
□ Why disaster management is important?
-The importance of disaster management includes:
○Protects Lives: Effective disaster management can
significantly reduce fatalities and injuries during
disasters.
○Supports Quick Recovery: It facilitates timely
support and recovery efforts for affected individuals and
communities.
○Reduces Economic Losses: By minimising damage
to infrastructure and business operations, disaster
management helps maintain economic stability.
○Enhances Preparedness: It encourages communities
to be better prepared for future disasters, reducing
overall vulnerability.
○Encourages Collaboration: Disaster management
fosters cooperation among various stakeholders,
including government agencies, NGOs, and
communities.
These aspects highlight the critical role disaster
management plays in safeguarding lives and promoting
resilience in the face of disasters.
content
1. Introduction
i. What is disaster management?
ii.Why disaster management is important?
2.Types of disaster
i. Natural
ii.Man made
iii. Hybrid
3. Case study
i. What happened?
ii.What were the effects?
iii. How was it managed?
4.Disaster risk reduction
i. Risk Assessment
ii.Preparedness
iii. Mitigation
iv. Response
5.Disaster preparedness
i. Earthquake
ii.Tsunami
iii. Cyclone
6.Government & NGO Roles
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
I sincerely want to express my special thank of gratitude
to my parents for there guidance and support in
completing my project and my social studies
for giving me a golden opportunity to make
a wonderful project on Disaster Management.
I have learnt a lot while making the
project about disaster management.
I am really thankful to them.
I am not only this project for marks also to increase my
knowledge.
Disaster
management
