FUNDAMENTALS OF INFANTRY OPERATIONS

(MS1)
A. MISSION, CAPABILITIES & LIMITATIONS
The infantry platoon is the smallest deployable unit having elements
that will confront the enemy face-to-face. It is organized and equipped to fight with
SWIFT and LETHALITY. Independent movement of squads shall always be part of
the platoon’s or as part of an operation of a larger force. They benefit from the
support of its parent unit, and from armor, artillery, mortars, close air and engineer
assets.

1. Mission. The mission of the infantry platoon is to confront the enemy in

order to defeat, capture, repel his assault and weaken his fighting capability.

The success in battle hinges on the platoons’ and squads’ reactions

during engagements; their ability to close with the enemy and to appropriately act
upon contact, the proper employment of suppressive fires and the ability to
maneuver to vulnerable flanks determines the overall outcome of battle.

The capacity of the elements of the platoon to gain the support of the
people and the community from which the enemy derives its financial, material,
logistical and operational support could tip the balance of tactical power that could
enhance the security of the platoon over its conduct of operations in a designated
area of operations.

These successful actions heavily rely on the ability of the platoon

leader and the quality of Soldiers in the platoon and squads.

2. Capabilities. The infantry platoon is capable of operating

independently, or together with other forces, to perform the following:

a. Maneuver in all types of local weather and terrain.

b. Seize and hold any terrain.

c. Secure a designated area of operation for short and relatively

long periods, especially in counterinsurgency operations.

d. Infiltrate into enemy-controlled terrain or areas.

e. Conduct operations in semi- or urban areas.

f. Perform operations under limited visibility.

g. Conduct other operations like short range antiarmor offensives,

air assault, amphibious/riverine, and in conjunction with heavy forces.

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3. Limitations. The infantry platoon and squad is entirely dependent on

the battalion and the company headquarters for:

a. Unit level administration.

b. Supply.

c. Unit level maintenance of communication equipment.

d. Transportation.

e. Medical support.

f. Mortar fire support.

B. ORGANIZATION
1. Infantry Platoon Organization. The rifle platoon has a platoon
headquarters and three rifle squads (Figure 1.1). With the platoon headquarters are
the platoon leader (PL LDR), platoon sergeant (PL SGT), radio-telephone operator
(RTO), assistant RTO, PSYOPS/special operations sergeant (PSO SGT), medical
aidman (AIDMAN), machine gunner (MGR), and ammo bearer. The MGR is skilled
in the employment of a general-purpose machine gun (7.62 mm GPMG). For
additional weapon systems (like RPG), the PSO SGT will be the weapon handler
with the assistant RTO as the ammo bearer.

PLT HQ
PL LDR
PL SGT
RTO
ASST RTO
PSO SGT
MGR
ASST MGR
AIDMAN

Figure 1.1 Infantry platoon organization.

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2. Infantry Squad Organization. The rifle squad has nine (9) members
(Figure 1.2). It is broken down into two (2) fire teams. Each fire team has four (4)
members composed of a team leader (TL), grenadier (GRN), automatic rifleman (AR)
and a rifleman (R). The GRNs are equipped with grenade launchers; while the ARs
are equipped with Squad Automatic Weapon (or SAW), and the rest of the squad
members are equipped with assault rifles. The riflemen serve as medical aidman for
each team.

Other weapons may be provided to the squad, depending on the

operational requirements, but a fire team shall not be added with more than one
weapon.

NOTE: In all types of operation, or in any of its independent movement,

the squad shall always be part of a platoon or a larger unit operation.

CAUTION

The squad’s capability is very much degraded when more than two of its
members are ineffective.

Figure 1.2 The infantry squad.

3. Duties and Responsibilities. Within the platoon, many different

tactical, administrative, and logistical tasks must be done continuously and in some
cases simultaneously. In order to do this, the tasks of key personnel must be
defined in detail, coordinated, and understood by each soldier.

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a. Platoon Leader. The PL LDR is responsible for what the entire

platoon does or fails to do. He must know his men and their competencies and skills.
He is responsible for the employment, training, administration and logistics of the
platoon. He is knowledgeable of all the weapon systems of the platoon, including
those that may be attached to the platoon, and is competent of their employment.
The platoon leader must:

1) Set the examples and the standards to his men.

2) Lead the platoon in all operations that support company

or battalion missions.

3) Inform his commander when operating without orders.

4) Develop and formulate plans with the help of the platoon

sergeant, squad leaders, and other key personnel (including attached leaders like
the FO). Ensure the receipt of on-hand status reports from the platoon sergeant,
squad leaders and other key NCOs. Then review platoon requirements based on the
tactical plan.

5) He reviews platoon requirements based on the tactical

plan.

6) Request needed support for his platoon from higher units,

as may be required.

7) He stays abreast of the situation and goes where he is

needed to supervise, issue FRAGOs, and accomplish the mission.

8) Directs and assists the platoon sergeant in planning and

coordinating the platoon's CSS effort.

9) Develop a casualty evacuation plan.

10) Check the work of the platoon sergeant and squad

leaders during execution.

11) Ensure that the soldier's load is reasonable.

b. Platoon Sergeant. The PL SGT is the senior NCO in the platoon

and second in the succession of command. He provides advise to the platoon leader
and leads the platoon during his absence. He supervises the administration, logistics,
and maintenance requirements of the platoon; thus, in OPORD preparation, he
prepares paragraph 4. Like the platoon leader he knows all the elements of the
platoon and their individual skills and competencies; thus he is responsible for
individual training to ensure that each element can perform their individual tasks. As
the platoon’s personnel adviser, he advises the platoon leader on appointments,
promotions and reductions, assignments, and disciplinary actions upon NCOs and
enlisted soldiers in the platoon. The PL SGT –

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1) Organizes and controls the platoon command post IAW

the unit SOP and platoon leader’s guidance.

2) Task-organizes elements in the platoon during tactical

operations to serves as quartering parties, route security, blocking forces, perimeter
patrols, reconnaissance, etc.

3) He supervises the logistics, administration, and

maintenance activities of the platoon.

4) He coordinates and supervises company-directed platoon

resupply operations.

5) Trains and employs the platoon's machine-guns crews

IAW the platoon leader's order, doctrine and unit SOP.

6) Receives and facilitates for the request of resupply by

squad leaders on operational requirements such as rations, ammunition, etc. in
direct coordination with the company first sergeant or battalion EX-O. This includes
the routing of supplies and mail to ensure that supplies are distributed IAW the
platoon leader’s guidance and direction.

7) Ensures the even distribution of ammunition, supplies,

and loads, especially during consolidation and reorganization.

8) Executes the moving of casualties by directing the

platoon AIDMAN and the composition of litter teams. Ensures proper execution of
the casualty evacuation plan.

9) Maintains platoon strength record, facilitates platoon's

casualty reports, and receives and orients new personnel as replacements.

10) Monitors the morale, discipline, and health of platoon

members.

b. PSYOPS/Special Operation Sergeant. The PSO SGT is

primarily responsible for the execution and support to higher unit’s PSYOPS and civil
military operations and the conduct of limited PSYOPS and civil military operations
for the platoon. The PSO SGT –

1) Facilitates the gathering of data and information that is

required by higher level units.

2) Advises the platoon leader on matters related to

psychological operations and civil military operations.

3) Collects and develops a database for basic and vital

information of the operational area on matters related to social, political, economic,
cultural matters. This will include key personalities, leaders, groups and
organizations, and installations which will aid in the conduct of population

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deinfluence and resource control operations, PSYOPS, CMO, and other civic related
activities that the platoon may perform in support to the platoon’s or higher unit’s
requirements.

4) Acts as the platoon spokesperson IAW the platoon

leader’s guidance, unit SOPs, doctrine and established procedures.

5) Assists the PL SGT on personnel and administrative

matters.

c. Radio Telephone Operator. The platoon RTO is competent in

the use and care of the radio and other signal equipment. He is responsible for
executing the CEOI and for the adoption of the unit’s password and call signs for
added communication security. He is capable of erecting and installing wire and field
expedient communication gadgets to enhance communication and security. He is
capable of basic signal equipment maintenance.

d. Asst Radio Telephone Operator. He assists the platoon RTO on

all signal communication matters of the platoon. The platoon RTO also acts as the
cook for the platoon headquarters. He coordinates with the PL SGT for the messing
requirements of the members of the platoon headquarters and follows the messing
procedures IAW unit SOP, platoon leader’s guidance and doctrine.

e. Machine Gunner. The MGR is capable of proper operation,

maintenance, and employment of the machine gun. (See SP 4 – 0311, SP 4 – 0312,
SP 4 – 0313 and SP 8 – 0331 for machine gun related references.) He should be
proficient in target acquisition, identification and destruction, neutralization or
suppression of enemy personnel and equipment. Ensures that the weapon is usable
and ammunition are sufficient for the operation. He must be an expert in the use of
range card.

f. Assistant Machine Gunner. The assistant MGR is part of the

machine gun crew; he assists the machine gunner. He is knowledgeable in the
operation, maintenance and employment of the weapon and he is capable of
handling the weapon when the machine gunner is incapacitated. He is responsible
for carrying additional ammunition and required weapon spares. Assists the machine
gunner in target acquisition and determination.

g. Platoon Medical Aidman. The platoon AIDMAN is capable of

administering basic medical procedures for platoon casualties (see SP 1 – 033 for
reference on first aid). He supports the PL SGT in the evacuation of casualties. He
monitors the health and hygiene of the elements of the platoon. The platoon
AIDMAN –

1) Executes casualty evacuation under the control and

supervision of the PL SGT.

2) Advises and aids the PL LDR and PL SGT in field

hygiene matters.

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3) Ensures that stock of Class VIII (medical) supplies are

sufficient.

h. Squad Leader. The SL is responsible for all that the infantry

squad does or fails to do. He is a tactical leader and he leads by example. He
ensures that required skills and fitness of the squad is maintained. The squad
leader –

1) Trains his squad on the individual and collective tasks

required to sustain combat effectiveness.

2) He exercises his command through the fire team leaders.

3) He controls the maneuver of his squad and its rate and

distribution of fire.

4) Manages the logistical and administrative needs of his

squad. He requests and issues ammunition, water, rations, and special equipment.
Ensures that material, supplies and equipment are distributed to the soldiers in the
squad and are internally cross-leveled.

5) He supervises the maintenance of squad’s weapons and

equipment. He conducts inspection of his soldiers, their weapons and their
equipment.

6) Maintains accountability of his soldiers and equipment.

7) He keeps the platoon sergeant and platoon leader

informed on his squads supply status and equipment readiness.

8) He completes casualty reports and reviews the casualty

reports completed by squad members.

9) Submits requests for awards and decorations.

10) Directs the maintenance of the squad’s weapons and

equipment and inspects the condition of soldiers' weapons, clothing, and equipment.

11) Keeps the PL LDR and PL SGT informed of the squad’s

supply status and requirements.

g. Fire Team Leader. The TL is a fighting leader who leads by

personal example and helps the squad leader as required. He controls the
movement of his team and the rate and placement of fires. He ensures that squad
elements maintain the unit standard. Secures the front area of the squad during
movements and halts. He is the scout or the "eyes and ears” of the team.

h. Automatic Rifleman. The AR is equipped with a Squad

Automatic Weapon. He must be proficient in the operation, maintenance and
utilization of this weapon. The AR is responsible for providing sustained automatic

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fire for the squad. He secures the flank area of the squad during movements and
halts.
i. Grenadier. The GRN provides grenade capability to the squad
and the platoon for maximum firepower. Secures the flank area of squad during
movements and halts.

j. Rifleman. The rifleman is responsible for the food supply and

medical requirements of the team. He monitors the health and hygiene of the team
and administers first aid and combat lifesavers for the team. He provides rear
security to the team and erases the tracks left by the team during operations.

C. MOVEMENT
Movement is the shifting of forces while conducting operations in the
battlefield. This activity involves the selection of the type of formation and movement
technique that will be employed by Leaders which is entirely dependent on the
analysis of the METT-TC factors. The fire team, squad and platoon have their
respective peculiar formations. Leaders base their selection of a particular
movement technique on the likelihood of enemy contact and the requirement for
speed.

Like formations, movement techniques provide varying degrees of

control, security, and flexibility. However, movement techniques differ from
formations in two ways:

a. Formations are relatively fixed; movement techniques are not.

The distance between moving units, in using a movement technique, varies based
on factors of METT-TC.

b. Formations allow the platoon to weight its maximum firepower in

a desired direction; while movement techniques allow units to make contact with the
enemy with the smallest element possible. This allows leaders to establish a base-
of-fire, initiate suppressive fires, and attempt to maneuver without first having to
disengage or be reinforced.

D. FIRE TEAM FORMATION

In the movement of fire teams, Leaders are up front in formations. This
allows the fire team leader to lead by example, "Follow me and do as I do." All
soldiers in the team must be able to see their leader. There are two basic formations
of the fire team –

1. Wedge. The wedge is the basic formation for a fire team moving in
more or less open terrain. The wedge is so practical in terrain that does not restrict
the fire team to maintain desired distances and arrangement of elements. Rough
terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make the control of wedge difficult. The interval
between elements in a wedge formation is normally 10 meters. The wedge expands
and contracts depending on the terrain. The normal interval may be reduced so that
all team members will see their team leader and the team leaders will see their
squad leader. The sides of the wedge may contract to the point where the wedge

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resembles a single file; but as soon as the unit moves in less rugged terrain, where
control is easier, soldiers expand to resume their original positions (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 Fire team wedge formation.

2. File. When the terrain restrains the use of the wedge, fire teams use
the file formation (Figure 2.2). In the countryside where ground is restricted by dense
vegetation or the visibility is limited, the file formation is preferred over the wedge.
Rifles are pointed alternately to the flanks for security.

Figure 2.2 Fire team file formation.

Table 2.1 Comparison of fire team formations.

FIRE
WHERE
TYPE CONTROL FLEXIBILITY CAPABILITIES/ SECURITY
USED
RESTRUCTIONS
WEDGE Basic fire Easy Good Allows immediate Good all
team fires in all around

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formation directions
in open
terrain
FILE Close Easiest Less flexible Allows immediate Good to
terrain, than the fires to the flanks, the flanks
dense wedge mask most fires
vegetation, to the rear
limited
visibility
conditions

E. SQUAD FORMATION
The squad leader is responsible for choosing the most appropriate
formation for the squad. He will weigh his decision based on the requirements of the
mission and security. Squad formations describe the relationships between fire
teams in the squad. There are three types of squad formations – column, line and file.
A comparison of these formations is shown in Table 2.2.

1. Squad Column. The squad column is the squad's most common

formation particularly in open terrain. It provides good dispersion laterally and in
depth without sacrificing control, and it facilitates maneuver. The lead fire team is the
base fire team. When the squad moves independently or as the rear element of the
platoon, the rifleman in the trail fire team provides rear security (Figure 2.3).

Figure 2.3 Squad column.

2. Squad Line. The squad line provides maximum firepower to the front
(Figure 2.4). When a squad is acting as the base squad of the platoon, the fire team
on the right is the base fire team.

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Figure 2.4 Squad line.
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3. Squad File. When not traveling in a column or line, squad travels in file.
The squad file has the same characteristics as the fire team file. The squad leader
may position himself at the front (second in position) if he desires to increase his
control over the formation, exert greater leadership presence or be immediately
available to make key decisions. To provide additional control over the rear of the
formation, a team leader can be positioned at the second to the last position of the
squad formation. (Figure 2.5)

Figure 2.5 Squad file.

Table 2.2 Comparison of squad formations.

FIRE
WHERE
TYPE CONTROL FLEXIBILITY CAPABILITIES/R SECURITY
USED
ESTRUCTIONS
COLUMN Squad Good Facilitates Allows large All-round
primary maneuver, volume of fire to
formation. good the flank; limited
dispersion volume to the
laterally and front
in depth.
LINE When Not as Limited Allows maximum Good to
maximum good as maneuver immediate fire to the front,
fire power squad capability the front. little to
is required column (since both the flanks
to the front. fire teams and rear
are
committed)
FILE Close Easiest Most difficult Allows immediate Least
terrain, formation fire to the flank;
vegetation, from which masks most fire
limited to maneuver. to the front and
visibility rear
conditions.

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F. PLATOON FORMATION
In platoon formations the leader should weigh carefully to select the
best formation based on his mission. There are six platoon formations – column, line
(with squads-on-line), line (with squads-on-column), vee, wedge and file. A
comparison of the formations is shown in Table 2.3.

1. Column. This formation is the platoon's primary movement formation

(Figure 2.6). It provides good dispersion both laterally and in depth, and simplifies
control. The lead squad is the base squad.

Figure 2.6 Platoon column.

2. Line (with Squads-on-Line). This formation allows the delivery of

maximum firepower to the front but little fire to the flanks (Figure 2.7). This formation
is hard to control and does not facilitate rapid movement. For control purposes, the
platoon leader must designate a base squad when conducting operations

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independently. However, if the platoon is designated by the company commander as

the base platoon, the platoon's center squad is its base squad. When the platoon is
not acting as the base platoon, its base squad is its flank squad nearest to the
designated company base platoon. The machine guns can move with the platoon, or
they can support by fire from a support position. This formation is the platoon’s basic
assault formation.

Figure 2.7 Line (with squads-on-line).

NOTE: The analysis of the factors of METT-TC will determine where crew-
served weapons move in the formation. But normally this equipment move with the
platoon leader to establish base of fire quickly.

3. Line (with Squads-in-Column). The platoon leader can use this

formation when he does not want to deploy all personnel on line, and when he wants
the squads to react to unexpected contact (Figure 2.8). This formation is easier to
control, and it is better for rapid movement than the line (with squads-on-line).
However, it is hard to control and does not facilitate rapid movement compared to a
column formation. When operating side-by-side with other platoons, the company
commander may designate a base platoon, where the base platoon's center squad is
the base squad. When the platoon is not the base platoon, its base squad is its flank
squad nearest the base platoon.

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Figure 2.8 Line (with squads-in-column).
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4. Platoon Vee. This formation has two squads up front to provide a

heavy volume of fire on contact (Figure 2.9). It also has one squad in the rear that
can either overwatch or trail the other squads. This formation is hard to control;
movement is slow. The platoon leader designates one of the front squads to be the
platoon's base squad.

Figure 2.9 Platoon vee.

5. Platoon Wedge. This formation has two squads in the rear that can
overwatch or trail the lead squad (Figure 2.10). It provides a large volume of fire to
the front or flanks. It allows the platoon leader to make contact with a squad still have
one or two squads to maneuver. The lead squad is the base squad.

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Figure 2.10 Platoon wedge.

6. Platoon File. This formation may be set up in several methods. One

method is to have three-squad files follow one another using one of the movement
techniques. Another method is to have a single platoon file with a front security
element (point) and flank security elements. This formation is used when visibility is
poor due to terrain, vegetation, or light conditions. (Figure 2.11) The distance
between soldiers is less than normal to allow communication by passing messages
up and down the file. The platoon file has the same characteristic as the fire team
and squad files.

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Figure 2.11 Platoon file.

Table 2.3 Comparison of platoon formations.

FIRE
WHERE
TYPE CONTROL FLEXIBILITY CAPABILITIES/R MOVE-
USED MENT
ESTRUCTIONS
COLUMN Platoon Good for Provides Allows limited Good
primary maneuve good firepower to the
movement r dispersion rear – high
formation laterally volume to the
and in depth flank
LINE For Difficult Minimal Allows maximum Slow
(WITH maximum. firepower to the
SQUADS- firepower front while little to

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ON-LINE) to the front, flanks and rear

and the
enemy
situation is
known.
LINE Prepared Easier Greater than Good to the front Slower
(WITH for contact; than line, column; but and rear; not as than
SQUADS- when or line less than line good as column; column,
ON- crossing (with (with better than line but faster
COLUMN) the LD; squads- squads –on- than line
when LD is on-line; line) (with
near but more squads-
objective. difficult on-line)
than
column
VEE When Difficult Two squads Immediate heavy Slow
enemy up front for volume of fire
situation is immediate power to the front
vague, but firepower or flanks
contact is and one
expected squad to the
from the rear for
front. movement
upon contact
from the
flank
WEDGE When Difficult Enables Provides heavy Slow
enemy but better Leader to volume of fire
situation is than vee make power to the front
vague, but and line contact with or flanks
contact is (with a small
not squads- element and
expected. on-line still have two
squads to
maneuver
FIRE
WHERE
TYPE CONTROL FLEXIBILITY CAPABILITIES/R MOVE-
USED MENT
ESTRUCTIONS
FILE When Easiest Most difficult Allows immediate Fastest
visibility is formation fires to the flanks;
poor due to from which mask most fires
terrain, or to maneuver to front and rear
light
conditions.

G. MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES
A movement technique is the manner by which a platoon uses to
traverse over a terrain. There are three movement techniques – traveling, traveling

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overwatch, and bounding overwatch. The selection of a movement technique is

based on the likelihood of enemy contact and the need for speed. Factors to
consider for each technique are control, dispersion, speed, and security (see Table
2.4).

Movement techniques are not fixed formations. They refer to distances

between soldiers, teams, and squads that vary based on mission, enemy, terrain,
visibility, and any other factors that affect control. In all situations, Soldiers must be
able to see their fire team leader. The squad leader must be able to see his fire team
leaders. The platoon leader should be able to see his lead squad leader. Leaders
control movement with arm-and-hand signals (refer to FC 11 – 016). They use radios
only when needed. Any of the three movement techniques (traveling, traveling
overwatch, bounding overwatch) can be used with any formation.

Table 2.4 Characteristics of movement techniques.

WHERE
TYPE CONTROL DISPERSION SPEED SECURITY
USED
Traveling Contact not More Less Fastest Least
likely
Traveling Contact Less More Slower More
Overwatch possible

Bounding Contact Most Most Slowest Most

Overwatch expected

1. Squad Movement Techniques. The platoon leader determines and

directs which movement technique the squad will use. Decisions are governed by
the following –

a. Traveling. This technique is used when contact with the enemy

is not likely and speed is needed (Figure 2.12).

Figure 2.12 Squad traveling.

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b. Traveling Overwatch. This is used when contact is possible

(Figure 2.13). Attached weapons are placed near the squad leader and under his
control so he can employ them quickly.

Figure 2.13 Squad traveling overwatch.

c. Bounding Overwatch. Bounding overwatch is used when contact
is expected, when the squad leader feels the enemy is near (thru movement, noise,
reflection, trash, fresh tracks, or even hunch), or when a large open danger area
must be crossed.

1) The lead fire team overwatches first. Soldiers scan for

enemy positions.
2) The trail fire team bounds; then signals the squad leader
when his team completes its bound and is prepared to overwatch the moving team.
3) Both team leaders must know if successive or alternate
bounds will be used and which team the squad leader will be with. Successive
bounds are easier to control; while alternate bounds can be faster. (Figure 2.14)
4) The overwatching team leader must know the route and
destination of the bounding team. The bounding team leader must know his team's
destination and route, possible enemy locations, and actions to take when he arrives
there. He must also know where the overwatching team will be, and how he will
receive his instructions. The available cover and concealment along the bounding
team's route dictates how its soldiers move.

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Figure 2.14 Squad successive and alternate bounds.

2. Platoon Movement Techniques. The platoon leader determines and
directs which movement technique the platoon will use.

a. Traveling. Is used when enemy contact is not likely and speed is

needed (Figure 2.15).

Figure 2.15 Platoon traveling.

b. Traveling Overwatch. Traveling overwatch is used when contact
is possible but speed is needed (Figure 2.16). The platoon leader moves where he
can best control the platoon. The platoon sergeant travels with the trailing squad,
though he is free to move throughout the formation to enforce security, noise and
light discipline, and distance between squads. The lead squad uses traveling
overwatch, and the trailing squads use traveling.

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Figure 2.16 Platoon traveling overwatch.

c. Bounding Overwatch. Bounding overwatch is used when contact

is expected (Figure 2.17). Platoons conduct bounding overwatch using successive or
alternate bounds. This technique is done with the following elements:

(a) One Squad Bounding. One squad bounds forward to a

chosen position, and then it becomes the overwatching element unless contact is
made enroute. The bounding squad can use traveling overwatch, bounding
overwatch, or individual movement techniques (low and high crawl, and short rushes
by fire team or pairs).

(b) One Squad Overwatching. One squad overwatches the

bounding squad from covered positions from where it can see and suppress likely
enemy positions. Soldiers use scanning techniques to view their assigned sector.
The platoon leader remains with the overwatching squad. Normally, the platoon's
machine gun is located with the overwatching squad.

(c) One Squad Awaiting Orders. One squad is uncommitted

and ready for employment as directed by the platoon leader. The platoon sergeant
and the leader of the squad awaiting orders position themselves close to the platoon
leader.

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Figure 2.17 Platoon bounding overwatch.

When deciding where to have his bounding squad go, a platoon leader
considers –

1) The requirements of the mission.

2) Where the enemy is likely to be.

3) The routes to the next overwatch position.

4) The ability of an overwatching element’s weapons to

cover the bound.

5) The responsiveness of the rest of the platoon.

6) The fields of fire at the next overwatch position.

Before a bound, the platoon leader gives an order to his squad
leaders from the overwatch position (Figure 2.18). He tells and shows them the
following –

1) The direction or location of the enemy (if known).

2) The positions of the overwatching squad.

3) The next overwatch position.

4) The route of the bounding squad.

5) What to do after the bounding squad reaches the next

position.

6) What signal the bounding squad will use to announce it is

prepared to overwatch.

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7) How the squad will receive their next orders.

Figure 2.18 Example of platoon leader’s order for bounding overwatch.

NOTE: The machine gun is normally employed with the

overwatch squad and thereafter will move to position with the bounding squad. This
technique requires the gun to move between squads as they leave the overwatch to
join the bounding squad.
H. ACTIONS AT DANGER AREAS

A danger area is any place on a route where the leader's estimate

process tells him that his platoon might be exposed to enemy observation, fire, or
both. Platoons try to avoid danger areas. If a platoon must cross a danger area, it
does so with great caution and as quickly as possible.

1. Types of Danger Areas. The following are some examples of danger

areas and crossing procedures.

a. Open Areas. Conceal the platoon on the near side and observe
the area. Post security to give early warning. Send an element across to clear the far
side. When cleared, let the remainder of the platoon cross at the shortest exposed
distance as quickly as possible.

b. Roads and Trails. Cross roads or trails at or near a bend, narrow

spot, or on low ground.

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c. Villages. Pass villages on the downwind side and well away

from them. Avoid animals, especially dogs, which might reveal the presence of
troops.

d. Enemy Positions. Pass on the downwind side (the enemy might

have dogs). Be alert for trip wires and warning devices.

e. Fields of IEDs. Bypass fields of IEDs as much as possible, even

if it requires changing the route by a great distance. Clear a path through fields only
if necessary.

f. Streams. Select a narrow spot in the stream that offers

concealment on both banks. Observe the far side carefully. Emplace near and far
side security for early warning. Clear the far side, and then cross rapidly but quietly.

g. Wire obstacles. Avoid wire obstacles (the enemy may cover

obstacles with observation and fire).

2. Crossing of Danger Areas. When the platoon crosses a danger area

independently or as the lead element of a larger force, it must –

a. Designate near and far side rally points.

b. Secure the near side (right, left flanks, and rear security).

c. Reconnoiter and secure the far side.

d. Execute crossing the danger area by – .

1) The platoon or squad leader decides how the unit will

cross based on available time, the size of the unit, the size of the danger area, the
fields of fire into the area, and the amount of security he can deploy. A small unit
may cross all at once, by buddy, or one soldier at a time. A large unit normally
crosses its elements one at a time. As each element crosses, it moves to an
overwatch position or to the far side rally point until told to continue movement.

2) To maintain momentum, trailing platoons normally cross

the danger area without conducting their own reconnaissance or establishing far side
security. The lead platoon conducts reconnaissance and maintains far side security
for the whole force.

NOTE: The secured area must be large enough to allow the full deployment
of the remainder of the unit

3. Crossing of Linear Danger Areas (as Platoon). The platoon crosses

the danger area in the formation and location specified by the platoon leader. On the
far side of the danger area, platoon continues the mission. (Figure 2.19)

a. When the lead team signals "danger area" (relayed throughout

the platoon), the platoon halts.

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b. The platoon leader moves forward, confirms the danger area,

and determines what techniques the platoon will use to cross. The platoon sergeant
also moves forward to the platoon leader.

c. The platoon leader informs all squad leaders of the situation and
then designate the near side and far side rally points.

d. The platoon sergeant directs positioning of the near side

security (usually conducted by the trail squad). These two security teams may follow
him forward when the platoon halts and a danger area signal is passed back.

e. The platoon leader reconnoiters the danger area and selects the
crossing point that provides the best cover and concealment.

f. Near-side security observes the flanks and overwatches the

crossing of troops.

g. When the near side security is in place, the platoon leader

directs the far side security team to cross the danger area.

h. The far side security team clears the far side.

i. The far side security team leader establishes an OP forward of

the cleared area.

j. The far-side security team signals to the squad leader that the
area is clear. The squad leader relays the message to the platoon leader.

k. The platoon leader selects the method the platoon will use to
cross the danger area.

l. The platoon quickly and quietly crosses the danger area.

m. Once across the danger area, the main body begins moving
slowly on the required azimuth or direction.

n. The near-side security element, controlled by the platoon

sergeant, crosses the danger area where the platoon crossed; they may attempt to
cover any tracks left by the platoon.

o. The platoon sergeant ensures everyone crosses and sends up

the report.

p. The platoon leader ensures accountability and resumes

movement at normal speed.

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Figure 2.19 Crossing a danger area.

NOTE: The same principles stated above are used when a smaller unit
crossed a danger area.

4. Crossing of Large Open Areas. This is an area so large that the

platoon cannot bypass due to lack of time to accomplish the mission (Figure 2.20).
A combination of traveling overwatch and bounding technique is used to save time.
At any point in the open area where contact may be expected or once the squad or
platoon comes within range of small-arms fire of the far side (about 250 meters), the
squad or platoon moves using the bounding overwatch technique. Once beyond the
open area, the squad or platoon reforms and continues the mission.

Figure 2.20 Crossing large open area.

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5. Crossing of Small Open Areas. This is an open area small enough so

that it may be bypassed in the time allowed for the mission. Two techniques can be
used:

a. Detour Bypass Method. By the use of 90-degree turns to the

right or left, the squad or platoon moves around the open area until the far side is
reached, then continues the mission. The distance of the offset and return legs shall
be the same to maintain the right the movement direction (Figure 2.21, Right).

b. Contouring Around the Open Area. The leader designates a rally

point on the far side with the movement azimuth, decides which side of the open
area to contour around (after considering the distance, terrain, cover and
concealment), and moves around the open area. He uses the wood line and
vegetation for cover and concealment. When the squads or platoon arrives at the
rally point on the far side, the leader resumes the azimuth to the objective area and
continues the mission (Figure 2.21, Left).

Figure 2.21 Crossing a small open area

6. Enemy Contact at Danger Areas. If the platoon makes enemy contact
in or around the danger area — for contact on far side (see Figure 2.22), for contact
on a road or trail (see Figure 2.23), or for contact on near side (see Figure 2.24).

NOTE: The squads react to contact in the same manner as the platoons.

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Figure 2.22 Enemy contact on far side.

Figure 2.23 Enemy contact on road or trail.

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Figure 2.24 Enemy contact on near side

7. Security During Movement. Platoons and squads enhance security

during movement by –

a. Using the proper movement formation and technique.

b. Moving as fast the situation will allow. This may degrade the
enemy’s ability to detect the platoon or squad and the effectiveness of his fires once
detected.

c. Moving along terrain that offers cover and concealment.

d. Enforcing noise and light discipline.

e. Using proper camouflage techniques.

f.

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I. MOVEMENT SOP

This section provides the tactical standing operating procedures for infantry
platoons and squads during movement. These procedures apply unless a leader
makes decision to device from them based on the factors METT-TC. In such a case,
the execution applies only to the particular situation for which the leader made the
decision.

1. Formation. Leaders choose the following based on their analysis of

METT-TC and likelihood of enemy contact.

a. Fire Team Formations. All soldiers in the team must be able to

see their leader.

1) Wedge. This is the basic fire team formation; it will be

used unless modified because of terrain, dense vegetation, terrain of mission.
2) File. Used in close terrain, dense vegetation, or limited
visibility.

b. Squad Formations. Squad formations describe the relationships

between fire teams in the squad.

1) Column. Primary squad formation used unless METT-TC

dictates otherwise.

2) Line. Used when maximum fire power is needed to the

front.

3) File. Used in close terrain, dense vegetation, or limited

visibility.

c. Platoon Formation. METT-TC will determine where crew-served

weapons move in the formation. They normally move with the platoon leaders so he
can quickly establish a base of fire.

1) Column. Primary platoon formation used; unless METT-

TC dictates otherwise.

2) Platoon Line (with Squads-on-Line). Used when the

platoon leader wants all soldiers on line for maximum firepower forward. Used when
enemy situation is known.

3) Platoon Line (with Squads-in-Column). Used when the

platoon leader does not want everyone forward, but wants to be prepared for contact
such as near the objective.

4) Platoon Vee. Used when enemy situation is vague, but

contact is expected to the front.

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5) Platoon Wedge. Used when enemy situation is vague,

but contact is not expected.

6) Platoon File. Used when visibility is poor due to terrain or

light.

2. Movement Techniques. Leaders choose a movement technique

based on their mission analysis of METT-TC and likelihood of enemy contact.

a. Traveling. Used when contact is not likely and speed in

important

b. Traveling Overwatch. Used when contact is possible but speed

is important.

c. Bounding Overwatch. Used when contact is likely or imminent

and speed is not important.

3. Actions at Halts. During halts, security is posted and all approaches

into the platoon’s area are covered by key weapons. The platoon sergeant moves
forward through the platoon, checking security as he goes, and meets the platoon
leader to determine the reason for the halt.

a. During halts of 30 seconds or less, the soldiers drop to one knee

and cover their assigned sector.

b. During halts longer than 30 seconds, a “cigar-shaped”

perimeter is formed, and the soldiers assume the prone position.

4. Actions on Contact. On contact, the platoon executes the appropriate

battle drill.

a. React to Contact
b. Break Contact
c. React to Ambush

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