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6.1 DNA and The Code of Life Note

The document discusses the discovery and composition of DNA, highlighting key historical figures such as Friedrich Miescher and Rosalind Franklin. It explains that DNA consists of nucleotides made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases, with specific pairing rules between the bases. The structure of DNA is confirmed to be a double helix, where adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

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21 views10 pages

6.1 DNA and The Code of Life Note

The document discusses the discovery and composition of DNA, highlighting key historical figures such as Friedrich Miescher and Rosalind Franklin. It explains that DNA consists of nucleotides made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases, with specific pairing rules between the bases. The structure of DNA is confirmed to be a double helix, where adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

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zn66b4pjct
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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6.

1 DNA and the Code of Life


Discovering DNA

⚫ In 1869, a Swiss scientist by


the name Friedrich
Miescher studied a
compound in the nucleus
called nuclein
⚪ This was the original name
given to DNA when it was
discovered in the nucleus
⚫ In the 1930’s Joachim
Hammerling verified
genetic material was
contained in the nucleus
Composition of DNA

⚫ Recall: DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid


⚫ In the 1920’s, Phoebus Levene discovered DNA has
three parts:
1. Pentose sugar (a cyclic, 5-carbon sugar)
2. A phosphate group (with a negative charge)
3. A nitrogenous base
⚫ Together these three make a nucleotide
⚪ There are about 3 billion nucleotides in the human genome!
Nitrogenous Bases

⚫ There are four possible bases for the nucleotides of


DNA
⚪ Adenine (A)
⚪ Guanine (G)
⚪ Thymine (T)
⚪ Cytosine (C)
⚫ In 1940, Erwin Chargaff found one key relationship
1. The amount of adenine (A) is always equal to thymine (T)
2. The amount of guanine (G) is always equal to cytosine (C)
Nucleotides
Determine Structure of DNA

⚫ In 1951, Rosalind Franklin used X-Ray


Crystallography to study DNA
⚫ In total, they confirmed some old and new concepts
about DNA
1. DNA is made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and
one of the 4 nitrogenous bases
2. # of A = # of T and # of C = # of G
3. DNA has a helix/corkscrew shape with 2 strands (parent
strand and complementary strand)
DNA Structure

⚫ It was found in DNA


that A always bonds to
T, and C always bonds
to G
⚪ These make up the
complimentary base
pairs
Complimentary Base Sequence

⚫ When matching the two strands of DNA, there is a


sequence of nucleotides on the parent strand
⚪ For example: ATGGCCATC

⚫ The complementary strand will match the parent


strand, using the rules!
⚪ For the above example, the complimentary strand sequence:
TACCGGTAG
Example

Determine the complementary strand sequence for


each
Homework

Read 6.1
Complete pg 233 #1-6

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