Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

Scribd
Upload
10 views1 page

Atomic Structure & Bonding Basics

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, detailing the evolution of atomic theory, the composition of atoms including the nucleus and electrons, and the concepts of atomic number and mass number. It explains isotopes, electron configuration, and the significance of valence electrons in chemical bonding, including ionic and covalent bonding. The arrangement of elements in the periodic table based on atomic number and similar chemical properties is also discussed.

Uploaded by

eyadking120
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views1 page

Atomic Structure & Bonding Basics

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, detailing the evolution of atomic theory, the composition of atoms including the nucleus and electrons, and the concepts of atomic number and mass number. It explains isotopes, electron configuration, and the significance of valence electrons in chemical bonding, including ionic and covalent bonding. The arrangement of elements in the periodic table based on atomic number and similar chemical properties is also discussed.

Uploaded by

eyadking120
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

5.

Chemistry: Atomic Structure (Expanded)


Introduction to Atomic Theory:
The concept of the atom as the basic unit of matter has evolved significantly over
time. Early theories by scientists like John Dalton (early 19th century) postulated
that atoms were indivisible particles that combined to form compounds. Later, with
the discovery of subatomic particles, the atom was shown to be more complex.
Structure of the Atom:
Nucleus: The central core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons. The nucleus
contains nearly all of the atom's mass. Protons are positively charged, and
neutrons have no charge.
Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in specific energy
levels or electron shells. Electrons are much lighter than protons and neutrons and
are involved in chemical reactions and bonding between atoms.
Atomic Number and Mass Number:
Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. It uniquely identifies
an element. For example, carbon (C) has an atomic number of 6 because it has six
protons.
Mass Number: The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus. It determines
the isotope of an element. For example, carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons,
while carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
Isotopes:
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons. This results in different mass numbers. Although
isotopes of the same element behave chemically the same, they may differ in their
physical properties.
Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon, with Carbon-12 being
stable and Carbon-14 being radioactive, used in radiocarbon dating to estimate the
age of ancient objects.
Electron Configuration:
Electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells around the nucleus. The first
shell holds up to 2 electrons, the second shell can hold 8, the third shell can
hold 18, and so on. The arrangement of electrons in these shells determines the
atom’s chemical properties and its ability to bond with other atoms.
The periodic table arranges elements based on their atomic number, with elements in
the same group (column) having similar electron configurations and, therefore,
similar chemical properties.
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding:
Valence Electrons: The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. These electrons
are important because they are involved in forming chemical bonds with other atoms.
Ionic Bonding: Occurs when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom,
resulting in positively and negatively charged ions that are held together by
electrostatic forces.
Covalent Bonding: Occurs when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to
achieve a full outer shell of electrons, resulting in a stable molecule.

You might also like