Practical Research

Second Monthly Test

Research Design

1. Experimental Research Design

a. A design that bases its research method on a scientific activity called experiment, in which a test or
examination of a thing under a manipulated or controlled environment is done to determine the
validity or truthfulness of such a thing.
i. This design involves two groups of subjects: experimental group on which the condition,
treatment, or intervention is applied and the control group that is not given any treatment or
condition.

2. Non - Experimental Research Design

a. does not have any manipulation or control of any variables. It relies on descriptive, observational, or
correlational data.

Types of Quantitative Research Design

1. Descriptive Research Design
a. It is used to gather information on current situations and conditions.
b. It helps provide answers to the questions of who, what, when, where and the how of a particular
research study.
c. It provides accurate data after subjecting them to rigorous procedure using a large amount of data
from a large number of samples.
d. This design leads to logical conclusions and pertinent recommendations.

2. Correlational Research Design

a. investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of
them.
b. A correlation reflects the strength and/or direction of the relationship between two (or more)
variables.
c. The direction of a correlation can be either positive, negative, or no correlation.

3. Ex Post Facto Research Design

a. After the fact
b. Previous events and present conditions
c. investigate the relationships by examining existing conditions or events that have already occurred.
i. can be applied to the 9/11 incident to study the effects of the event after it occurred

4. Quasi-Experimental Research Design

a. aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Definition
➔ Operational definition refers to how a concept or variable is measured or manipulated in a specific study. It
specifies the procedures or steps used to define research variables.
➔ Technical definition, on the other hand, provides a more formal and detailed explanation of a concept,
typically used in specialized fields to describe the properties or features of a term.
● OD of "temperature": The number shown on a thermometer placed in a room.
● TD of "temperature": The degree of heat present in a substance or object, typically measured in
degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.

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Sampling Procedures
➔ Sampling is a formal process of choosing the correct subgroup called a sample from a population to
participate in a research study. To create a sample, you may follow any of the following categories of
sampling techniques:

Probability Sampling Procedures

➔ The most important characteristic of probability sampling procedure is the random selection of the samples.
Specifically, each sample (n) from the population (N) has an equal chance of selection under a given
sampling technique.
◆ Simple Random Sampling
● is characterized by the idea that the chance of selection is the same for every member of the
population
◆ Systematic Random
● Sampling follows specific steps and procedures in doing the random selection of the samples
◆ Stratified Random Sampling
● characterized by the population being divided first into two or more mutually exclusive
categories based on your variables of interest. Hence, the population is divided into
subpopulations called strata.
◆ Cluster Sampling
● used when the target respondents are spread across a geographical location. In this case, the
population is divided into clusters.

Non-Probability Sampling
➔ There are situations when the researcher cannot employ random selection. In cases where probability
sampling is not applicable, you may consider some non-probability sampling alternatives.
◆ Convenience Sampling
● method of selecting samples that are available and are capable of participating in a research
study on a current issue. This method is sometimes called availability sampling.
◆ Snowball Sampling
● A technique where the researcher identifies a key informant about research of interest and
then asks the respondent to refer or identify another respondent who can participate in the
study.
◆ Purposive Sampling
● sometimes called judgmental or subjective sampling employs a procedure in which samples
are chosen for a special purpose. It may involve members of a limited group of population.
◆ Quota Sampling
● gathering a representative sample from a group based on certain characteristics of the
population chosen by the researcher.

Literature Review
Criteria
When you search for studies and literature, there are some things that must be considered:
➔ materials must be as recent as possible.
➔ materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible
➔ materials must be relevant to the study.
➔ surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them
valid and reliable.
➔ materials should not be too few or too many. they must be sufficient enough to give the researcher
insight to her study.

Sources
➔ Primary sources – letters, correspondences, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, research topics,
patents and designs and empirical research articles
➔ Secondary sources – academic journal articles, conference proceedings, books, documentaries
➔ Tertiary sources – encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, handbooks

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In Citing Sources
➔ The American Psychological Association (APA) Style. The basic citation for APA style is author’s
name, copyright year.
◆ “Calucaquib (2015) concluded in his study that “not all bacteria can be inhibited by the
mucus of Pomacea canaliculata”

Conceptual Framework
➔ It is a graphical presentation of your concepts or ideas on the basic structure or components of your research
as well as on the relationships of these elements with one another.
➔ It shows the organization, order, and direction of your research study, as it enables the readers to obtain a
general understanding of the research. It also serves the purpose of clarifying concepts and their relationships
with one another in a research study.

Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework

- enables readers to clearly see in their minds the - gives or explains the theories, principles,
basic structure of the research and the generalizations, and research findings, which
relationships of variables and other factual have some connection to your research study.
things involved in the study

Types
- The Input-Output (IPO) Model is a functional graph that identifies the inputs, outputs, and required
processing tasks required to transform inputs into outputs.

- IV-DV (Independent Variable-Dependent Variable)

- An independent variable (IV) is a variable that is manipulated by a researcher to investigate whether it
consequently brings a change in another variable. (Cause)

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Instrument

Questions
1. Dichotomous questions -only two choices are provided (i.e. yes or no, male or female, good or bad)
2. Open-ended questions -answers the question “why”. It allows the respondents to give their ideas and
insights on a particular issue.
3. Closed questions -also called “multiple-choice questions”. These questions may consist of three or mutually
exclusive questions with different categories.
4. Rating-order scale questions -respondents are asked to rank their choices on each statement or item
5. Ranking Question - putting 1 as highest and 5 as lowest

Validity
➔ traditionally defined as “the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring”

1. Face validity is a superficial or subjective assessment. The questionnaire appears to measure the variable of
the study
2. Content validity is most often measured by experts or people who are familiar with the variable being
measured. The experts are asked feedback on how well each question measures the variable under study.
Also, the experts make judgments about the degree to which the test items or statements match the test
objectives or specifications.
3. Criterion-related validity measures the relationship between a measure and an outcome.
4. Construct validity is concerned with the extent to which a measure is related to other measures as specified
in a theory or previous research. It is an experimental demonstration that a test is measuring variables that
should be measured.

Reliability
➔ indicates the accuracy or precision of the measuring instrument

1. Test-retest reliability is the simplest method of assessing reliability. The same test or questionnaire is
administered twice and correlation between the two sets of scores is computed.
2. Split-half reliability is also called equivalent or parallel forms. In this method, two different tests covering
the same topics are used and the correlation between the two sets of scores is calculated.
3. Internal consistency is used in assessing the reliability of questions measured on an interval or ratio scale.
The reliability estimate is based on a single form of test administered on a single occasion.

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