Page No

Asc1CNMENT-0Y
" PART-A
Dfne Hologephy in (omposison to Photo gsphy
As Holbstsphy Gnd
enl phoaph buth involue cphusinc,
imscs, byt they doso in diffoent ws
Photossuphy cosds the intensity ok lieht

Hobsaaph, cn the othex hancl, captures both

the intHsity ernel phase ca licht was
fos the cOECtIO o thee-cien
alleins
Siongimuges callec holoyms thet appcx
haue depth cnd cGn be vicueol fro
diffent angles.
fox
8p) whctare the key componRnts Recuiatel
onshucting nee
Anyo To onstaycte holosam, ue typially
StUSal key conponnts
aseg- A okoent keht sosce ften aksto,
ference pattxn
is vsol to(occte the inteo
nsessanyy bos hoksapby
 2 Brsm Splitey:- This cphical device splits the
lese beem inte tuo beams. the efcence
hecm nc the ohËcut bem
3. Ohjcct:-lhe chËcct beam ilumingtes the cbiec t
whose holo<Aaphic imae you wnt ti

Recozdins, Mecluoi Aphoto sznsitie mateyical,

such es photosssphic Gilm oa a holoshphic
plete, ccaputshe intkxftence pattsn fox
mecd by the chict besm Goclhe otfoence
beam.
5 Refeonce Becm:- he oe fcotnce becum intesects
with the ohËcct beum t the atcox dins
mecium, cautn, an intsfence petten
thet encodes the obËcts inkAMetisn.
6 Deualsgx Cnd Fxee- Chemicgls usecl to
nd fin the holesisphlc plste oxdauelop
film,
uealne,the exodec intafence psttesn.
3) Explcin Nunesiccl ApesteCNA) i the
of Optica Fibehs conit
Ans) nthe contctof optical
Gilens, numeaic
gathsng abl lity cncl the acepkince
 Gnge of the fibex. detcsmines the mccimu
anye t which light cn entes the Gibex
rd'still be tanamitkod cectiely
be rumesicGl apestue is calculted using the
fza the indices c the core anc cemg
the ophcl Gbe's anel is siven by
fcosmul:
NA n'use- n'lecl
whee ncostfuctive index of thc coe
Dclees xefaute indlex ok the dledding
Ahic,bex numeiccl apestue inalicctes e caeete x
abit of the fibesto cupue ight enc
tansmit it efficicntly
Optcal Fibcss with Ke,hex numesicel cpeh
JanGe_ ok ngles, mehins thehn monf suit
Gble foy applicutions ateisin efficlent
ight ccupln l colec+iao, suh as fbeX
optic sensasf end bicsonedical imasing
) Name uo Applicatos dHolocgsphy in
Miasopy
Ango luo agplicsticeos cÉ holosesphy in misc
 (). HoogRAPHIC MCRoSCORI:
Holo shphlc rmisstopg allous fo the thee
dlimension4 irngs,c mlostopic objecs:
witheut the nee fo focusins
t poovdes depth infasnGhÍm abeut enpe
ehsblins the visuale tioo onplex biosy
THs kchniqueis pariculeely vsthulin bomdc
sCcchi sch s, shdyin cell muspclo
molility snd intesctia
(2) DaTAL HOLOGRAPHIC MICASKOPY (OHM:
DHM (Ombines hologsphy with d ytsl imcyne
kchnolosy,to pxovideKe sal+in, an
titatvephosc contt nichosepy
cllows kos the mesussmenrt of the cotica
Senples ßsny nsiçhts into cell dsrs.
el gouthndel)"viebility
95) whtis the foacticnal Refsactive Thdex
Optical Fbes2
Ans»
fibeh, ass Knciun s the aletie xactne
ndet ox utive irdar difhne is a
mesuse the cliffeence in tfrutive
incleg blw thc cezR ancl thc claddin t
 thefibcz
fachsncg! efractive bndle:
. Dcoe -hclael
hcoe

ps mttcx in ptical Gex

Asnimpoxtnt detcsmines the light -quidins
dessn enc
prepesties of the ibes, suchea numtsiícy
l
apstse qnd model dispeasiCO.
PAAT-B
Gnstucton anel Re-con stucta
6) Discuss the the Role
Pocess of c hi ghligh tg
BecE.
of Refeence Gnd Object
Aso ONSTRUCTIOV PROCESSi

Ilumincti0:- hthe constauctisn procees,

0 Qbicct RCOSdeeis
4 obicct to be halogspcohetht light
iht suusre,
illumincteo with &
ypicslly ksca. called the ohicct hesm.
Jhis lehtbsmjs nto
begmis Spid
) tgm Splitins-This lascsbocm, whith illum
puts,the abiect beem
nHes tho oliect enc the ehtnLe
 Fae N
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3) btaDce:- he ohjcct bearm int(sccts

objec+ se cuics the ohjccts inksmti
Asit taauls to the aecosding meium, it
bines with the sehucnce becm.
wththe
SpspaslHisg
(4) Rrcoxdins, Medlium- he
aptasd gn a intestetn
ghotoscn
e
sitiue pottsnr
suh
plute
4s ghsphic 'Eilm gha matsi
photo
lhe
holossuphic
thesolutn ebe cuouble
intesftene pittesn ot
(5) kposu Ibe
the ecosdi
intafaence nG medium is eparc to
du tin, pattsn
ensuing thct the fox c 'sRitic
patthn is
(s) Procassiny
Jhis caest thethe encod ecl
intatnce
"mago cbout holos m,
which
thè csotsins nt
-fcRnce patton. ohËcc+ in ccnple inf
RE- CoNSTRCTON PRCCESS.
 lo seconstut thc bolo szsghic
d nmlnst):acohentli sht soscesuchas
last, isvsel to llumintte the deueloprel
holo gaem.
Rafance Besm: Ihe MNstt holsgsphic
is Hssmecd by shinin, the oheent
image cdeuelcecl hologem.
ksht onho the causin
h kologae citfxacts the lig,
o inttofot w'ththe store intcoftene
pattesn
OReconsavcticn- Ihe inthkance pttn enoclec
in the holos5sm intcsucts wth th eleence
waue
Seem, xeconstauctin s, the ciçingl ohect

0 mcee Fsmgticgo:- As &zesult of the intofonce

between the oefcoence hem ancd the
imtse of the ozisinel obic(t is fosmec in
spure,
Sugpenalec
sppeLsny

ksmpks Recl- woalcl Usase.

Ang: HoLOGRAPHY McROSCORY-

Holosssphic mihescoy lows fux the th

dimensiongl imegr
wthaut the need
oh michosccpic obiL
fos focucin his tchni
provides dapth infosmaticneoutt
enablins the visuglza tSO c complex biolo
gicel stuctues and dynmic proLeuse
EX Holtheogsphic mi sosp has been used to shd.
clins, ed' blood cells,
cel neusns, anl cancex
(2) Auanttetie phece
dgy
with disj Iaasjng-Die,tel holospnik
miosccspy (oHN)smbint
holagsuhy
Fos instance, DHM
ell hes been usecL to
mlssutiso, cell-
intesscens tal- time
in divisigo, eau
cn monn
HoLoaRAPY WNEREEROMETRY -
Shface aotiemthy'Hologphic itofoormehy
is used es sutface poobilonetoy to meccuUNE
SUfce defoamiticns enel oSoh
intofkatnce pttens atoxdecl
Mments of susfce shet qrel displecenent
Ths technisa is widaly spplicelin mabeigl
mnutactusine
scEnengingo-destauctie titine
Fos exsmple, hobgsphit inkaltsomcty bes been
usd to assss the mechanica psties
ch matcaigls, evolute theeintssiy ok
msio the
ausospace stctues, cfso-mechanicl
catoamelts) of mícxo-ele
systms (MEMS)
9 Vibohigo Anslysis; Hologssphic inkcodooney
the dyninic bcheuvios of ohËcct ondex mech
-anica> eacitatso. By xf (Oxding intafence
qbot vibaaticn elea, frtctncKS, onçl
dompin g chsschexisticscen
Ths Hechnise Eindts be eto ched
hecuth m9itsinc modal
qCoustic diac,noHcs onglslS, ne
 Dete

interfeomtay hes
instence, hologssphic he
to behay
vibra
kopbeen inatgte nole the pto
uscd to instnents,ponents, @
Ch musjcgl ystms in
ios d qutnatiye
3menle
dynerisB
Lsopace aphcetians.
"he
Opticgl
Numohícal Apetue d gn rd
(aleulete tbe ineles as l5
q34) Fibes Sienits efuctiie swsounclin, meium
efacive ireler dt
the
as 1.o.
epotue (NA) 9n
b alculate the numeicql the fosrmule.
> Fibco, we cn use
opticql
NA Vnoe- ntclecl
Rcfaacthe inde o the coe
whee, (ncot)’
clae)Refractie irele of susseuneling
h
mtudlum(cleclding)
So NA: Ja.s)-(.0)'
NA J2.25-1

NA 25
NA IJ18

So,the numesical apetto the coticaL Eib

 the acceptance, oh sn ophical
angeRhcthe Fies e
Gnd th incles df
20 decaCS is I48, ccleulete the coiticol
of the fibe
ansk
the Fibes cen be colcdelod
angle o
heechiticlSnella Luw, which eletes the thuc
ushgneices Of tuo inteyface.
matcsials to the
tie e ot thcis
chiticeal an
Eomulg- Caithcalende = anc sinD2)
index of Biast meclun
wbee(oiD)-> Refactiue

Refxactve index of the second

Co) medium (coe mctesial)

Noy, Coiticel angles aHL SiD |.48

Gaihclenle

caiticel ncde of the fibcs jS appza

Se, the
(41.81°).
 Page
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PART-C
QD Explsin the ConstaucHGn, Numesicg Apestuse,
Ansle of Accep-ente of Optical Fibes
Gne impostnceof bese Pasametes
Discuss the
in Opical Communicatlgn.

Ans Conshuchico of OpHce Fbasi

Optical Abes a~e typicclly mcle ot
Csnponents: the torecnltheclecdlelins
he coat is the inng nicsa thscsh Which
liGbt Paspyctes, Gnd it hes q hiskx
whichia the tfcte
autex
leycs sh(neline th
allous Iteht to e toupped ancl qucdeel ithin
the coae thscsh total Jntsngl actin
) Nomesic gl Apestat (NA):
Numeicl-Apcateis u me asUe o the licht
gothesing
dolinee 'cbility o cn optcal fibes.'Tts
a thesihe fthe halk-
4he eone of lheht thet cun Gingle co
cnd still Le entcx the GiL
ppusated thacash t
Mathemstcelly.NA= Sin 9q whe is called
aceptance angle.
Angle
Cun
th
meamum
entc% the
acceptsnc
qnge at wbich
fibe gnd stl be qdedicht
ight
Is
Gnd is
Os helce the ccsihe o thc oten debined
numesia
NA= Do Sin9c
mpoxtsnce In Qptical (Gomunicoho:
(onstctico- Ihe cone- declding desin
minimcl loss of sicne) ditinc, txsnsmisin
by confinns the liht withinthe tore.one
Thisis(onstructao is chCig Fes naintinine
siGne intgsity skns distances
Nemcsiccl Apcstune Ahichex numesicel qpesture
inclitetes'a atltex ahiliky to csphut hght,
olln, fo improucd sishul taansmisso.
qnd tptien.

This pussmeta
Angk af Arceptspce..ciclunt detesminas
t 3ne G in endes atwhich
ght caen to the Fibs."TEs essentic,l fex
Oooignin oqptccd systemS espeiyin
Qppliatics ht meusy ente" the mm
suchas in tele co
UnlcGticns arcl mcdical jimaging
 ompo snd Contasst Hologhephy rd
tms o4 Pinciple, (ontiutico,
h
ApplicaHos, ilustrhins withwhetsumpa wt
they
both techniques ecelnd
diffes in utility
Ans PRINIPLE
Photogsphy: Photgaphy cuptusts atue-ai
af(ordine,
ensiong) imy by th:
intensiby cnd colax ok liçht ys fflettee
objschi onto &phche nitié
susfate (e.s°Eilm ax disitel senst)
Holo sasphy- Holesasphy stcoxds ancl aan
He Rebt Aeld of un cbicctin the
limans Ianshy captusin, both the intensih s
phase inhok utitsn ofteht waes uste
intex ence pettesnS.
0) oNSTRUTION
Photogkephy- (amass hypically cons ist of &e
sustEm to focus lightcnto a film x
Sensos, which ceptes the imuse

Souesuhis
divide the liet alee).'a bram splitt
ioto tuo poths, cndephs
Sensitive medium(ecg pho tochcchic plek
 APPLICAITONS;

Phoog
VasiUS felds, "inging,
inedins nt, jousn isra,
qrel pasOe
sctence,qrel docuhentetc Its
cuptusincS mornnhs, stienttc
osedl tes SUseillehce, e anHtic
imayng
Ralogasphy Hodogisphy
lajsphy has cpplitchicns in
secukity (hlogaaphic segk e quthntceto)
(heo
doka storase (halesphic stozce) ant
Gsaphc dlsplay nd sculpt), mitsisccp
roicAOSCCEp
-
Kamples: Exce l
whe Botb
whex They DFfca in Utility

bzic descaitiso o£ the Applcatss

9 Giuea opliccl Fbts, Hishlkçbtins
gnd Iypes ok uses in vasias ineustet
theiz specibic

lelecommUnica hiCnS
 Paae Nc
Date

Ophcal ibeos qe caknlualy uscl fes

distance communicGatiC), includlin, nt
(onntctivity, tlesphone nthusks, cno
(able televsicn.
banedwiclth ancd siena
los chins them ideal fox
ksye amnts o dta oulh lontoansmitbine
distsng
2
Medical Tmaying
the medi cal kelel
erdoscoges and othe sptical EibtâS Ce Ustdin
to ansmit
They enable imging
imaspein
minimay inesie
duces to
Tce the bodu
inesie pxotedwa
GpHc imusjn, by
pxvidinc Elexible, hich
3. pelustis ang Mechsnicel
Dptica fibess ane ernpleyEnsincezing
ndustrial
toing, ancd appi
ins catldns fox
in vahicaS
vabits
enSin ,,
tenp sensing pectcO.
stoyín They can beuselk
mboitinc
men
vib 1ate
inard'ysis, and
shuctaal
mechenicul systtms,
Stauctues. systms, heuth onit
pipelininccs, cncl cuà
 Gnd nstoumeotston
Optical fibes seue as Senigss in diveyse sppli
cutsns schs enisonmentu monitoains
cil oncl gas rplkstien, and cesaspe.
enable the mesement of
chemiccal conposittigo in hmility
like temp., ptsswe
hcssh o emote
envixenments

optial EibeS playa cucicl aole in clefense onel

applit igns,indluclins
stcusihy ltecticso, pesimgkx
intsusls Secuse criGHO.
God susiellence systms. They ofkx secuse
Gr eliable tnsmíssiCgo of dtte ncl
enases the deuelbpmant oh aduanced sensins
tcbnalecics fox thaegt detctgo
YOES OF OPncAL FRERS Eibeas
Single- Mecle Fibes (sN): Sinsle-mcle
haue asmg|l cot diameta, alluins
y ne made of liçhteis paopsotn
ten csnmoiceabo)
hy aoeused inlc-
sylhems aNe hishsptecl datc, tasnsmissig).
 Page
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0) Multi Mode Hka(MME)

Mut- mode fbeas bsnee alaa gez,coe dlgmete
sppostins, multiples mala c7 lsht
Om on LANnctus
Whexe cost -effectie sons aoe
3) PlastC Ophiccl Eibeo(pOF):

Aleibility gndese c instelletis. he

Dged in cutomothe Vappliehins, hoge
htusskinS
htch end conumes electson cS fox
-speed°ate
clis tynies. tacnsnissis oulh shast

Speuisty Fbess include polcsi2utiC0-maite

inlns Fibcas, ditptAsion- shitel ibes,
photenic
seiHe appliçahisns suchcpHcg..
and nsnlines ag fibea kases,