Introduction:
Grid - It consists of generating stations that produce electrical power, high-
voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demand
centers, and distribution lines that connect individual customers.
Introduction:
Substation – It consist of Primary equipment such Power Transformers, Circuit
Breakers, CT, PT, DS, LA, WaveTrap and Secondary Device such as Protective
Relays, Battery Banks, Chargers, UPS, MBSCs, and IEDs. Substation are
interconnected via Transmission lines.
Introduction:
Major Substation Components
Primary Equipment Secondary Devices
Transmission Lines
Introduction:
Substation Overview:
Grid Transmission
Lines
Substation
Secondary Equipment
Primary Equipment
#2 …
(Relay, TR, Meter,
Battery, charger) (CT/PT, PCB,DS)
Substation
#n
Control System
(Indicating Lamp/Switches,
Substation Annunciator/MBSC)
Control
Center
Substation #1
Purpose of Control and Monitoring System
Secondary Equipment
• Control Circuit Primary Equipment
(Relay, TR, Meter,
Breaker , DS, ES for Battery, charger) (CT/PT, PCB,DS)
Operation &
Maintenance
Purposes
Control System
• Monitor Status of SS (Indicating Lamp/Switches,
Equipment Substation Annunciator/MBSC)
Block Diagram of Control & Monitoring System
Past Control and Monitoring System
Status
Primary Main Data Data Communica
Data
Alarms Control tion Control
• CT/PT Control
Room SS (Telephone/
Center
• PCB/DS Switch UHF/VHF
& Control Operator
Board Radio)
Secondary
Equipment
• Battery
• Charger
• Relay Parameters
Annunciator Alarms
Alarms
Protection
Parameters
Hardwired Manual
Functionality Limitations of Old
Control & Monitoring System
Manual retrieval of data
Longer data gathering and response time
Control of Equipment via Main Control
Switch Board (MCSB)
Prone to Human Error
Complexity of cable wiring
Block Diagram of Control & Monitoring System
Present Control and Monitoring System
Status
Primary Data Data Data
Alarms Communica Control
• CT/PT Local
tion (Fiber /
• PCB/DS Server Microwave)
Center
& Control
Secondary RTU
Equipment Data
• Battery Data
• Charger
• Relay Parameters
Control
• c
Room SS
Operator / WESM
Local
Parameters
Workstation
Protection
Block Diagram of Control & Monitoring System
Present Control and Monitoring System
Status
Primary Data Data Data
Alarms Communica Control
• CT/PT Local
tion (Fiber /
• PCB/DS Server Microwave)
Center
& Control
Secondary BCU
Equipment Data
• Battery Data
• Charger
• Relay Parameters
Control
Room SS
Operator / WESM
Local
Parameters
Workstation
Protection
Timeline on Control & Monitoring System Development
1920’s 1950’s 1990’s 2000’s
IEC 61850 Smart Grid
Mechanical relays / Vacuum tubes Transistors / Solid State Relays
Two way radio Telephone Cellular Phone Android/Smart Phone
Computer Evolution Virtualization
Load Economic
Dispatch via
Dispatch (ED) /
manual
Radio Call AGC / EMS
Transducer RTU IEDs Data
Concentrator
CRT Monitor LCD Monitor Smart/Touch Screen
Monitors
Annunciator Display
MMI ….. HMI
Alarm/Event Display
Computer/Electronics /Communication Development
RTU-Based Microprocessor-Based
Conventional
SS Control SS Control
SS Control
Purpose of Substation Automation
Substation automation is the cutting edge technology in electrical
engineering. It means having an intelligent, interactive power
distribution network including :
• Increased performance and reliability of electrical protection.
• Advanced disturbance and event recording capabilities, aiding in
detailed electrical fault analysis.
• Display of real time substation information in a control center.
• Remote switching and advance supervisory control.
• Increased integrity and safety of the electrical power network
including advanced interlocking functions.
• Advanced automation functions like intelligent load-shedding.
Substation Automation System Functions
The automated substation functioning can be treated as
integration of subsystems:
a. Protection System – The task of protective system includes
sensing abnormal condition, annunciation of abnormal
condition, alarm, automatic tripping, back-up protection,
protective signaling.
b. Control System – The task control system in a substation
includes data collection, scanning, event reporting and
recording; voltage control, power control, frequency control,
other automatic and semiautomatic controls etc.
Substation function refers to as Protection Control and Monitoring
(PCM) Systems
SAS Identification Levels (Components)
GRID STATION
LEVEL LEVEL
Control Center Communication Station Bay Process
• LRCC • Fiber Optic • Gate • PCB
Cables • CCU
• NLACC way /Gateway • DS
• CLACC • Telecom • Server • BCU • CT/VT
• SLACC Cables • HMI • IED’s • Power
• VACC • Microwave • LAN • Protection XF
radio System
• MACC • Switche
• Power Line s
Carrier
• GPS
SAS Station Level Components
Substation
Station Level Computer
Intelligent Electronic Device
Bay Level Protection Control
Measurements Recording
Process Level Switchyard
High Voltage
Equipment
SAS IDENTIFICATION LEVELS
IEC 61850 - Communication Structures
Substation Automation Components
Hardware – refers to the physical components of
Substation automation
Software – refers to the Programming Language or
Hardware driver for Identification and Logic
Communication – see IEC
Communication Protocol
SAS Hardware Components
Sample: MBSC (NS 3000) System Architecture
Hardware Component of SAS
SU – Slave Unit – Converts analog to digital signal vice versa for
processing (also serve as BCU).
• Collects all information, from analog to binary from switchyard
• Transfer all commands to the switchyard
• All distributed I/O stations are connected to the automation via
Profibus DP
• A form of transducer that converts analog signal to binary to
manage alarms, control, and event signals.
Hardware Component of SAS
Central Control Unit – collects data from Slave Unit (SU) via
Profibus then transmits data via IP address (COM Ports) to
workstations/servers/LAN
Hardware Component of SAS
Description:
BCU – Bay Control Unit – an IED form which it is a combination of
Central Control Unit (CCU) and Slave Unit (SU).
Hardware Component of SAS
Gate Way - is a network point that acts as an entrance to another
network.
• It routes the traffic from a workstation to the outside network that
it serves
• Acts as proxy server
• It associate with router and switch
Hardware Component of SAS
HMI – Human Machine Interface (HMI) - Is the graphical interface
in the control room between the user and the SCADA system.
• Displays all the parameters used to interface w/ user
• Parameters represents measured values, alarms, annunciation,
status of substation equipment ….
Hardware Component of SAS
GPS Module - link b/n LAN & disc antenna, for real-time synchronization.
Hardware Component of SAS
LAN – Local Area Network - a communication network to
interconnect a variety of intelligent devices that can transmit data
over a limited area, typically within a facility.
• Used to transmit/receive data on a communication network
Basic Course
System Architecture Component
RTU – Remote Terminal Unit A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a
microprocessor-controlled electronic device that interfaces objects in the
physical world to a distributed control system or SCADA (supervisory
control and data acquisition) system by transmitting telemetry data to a
master system, and by using messages from the master supervisory
Hardware Component of SAS
MUX – Multiplexer - The basic function of a multiplexer: combining
multiple inputs into a single data stream. On the receiving side, a
demultiplexer splits the single data stream into the original multiple
signals
Communication Protocol
IEC Standards
(International Electrotechnical Commission)
• IEC 60870-5-101 for telecontrol
• IEC 60870-5-102 for metering
• IEC 60870-5-103 for protection
• IEC 60870-5-104 for Ethernet TCP/IP
• IEC 61850 – Substation Automation
(GOOSE,GSSE Protocol)
