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INCREASING & DECREASING
FUNCTIONS AND MAXIMA &
MINIMA
STRICTLY INCREASING FUNCTION :
A function f(x) is said to be a strictly increasing function on (a, b) if
x1 x 2 f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) for all x1 , x 2 (a, b)
Stricly Decreasing Function : A function f(x) is said to be a strictly decreasing function on (a, b) if
x1 x 2 f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) for all x1 , x 2 (a, b)
By an increasing or a decreasing function we shall mean a strictly increasing or a strictly decreasing function.
Monotonic Function : A function f(x) is said to be monotic on an interval (a, b). it is either increasing or
decreasing on (a, b)
Definiton : A function f(x) is said to be increasing on [a, b] if it is increasing on (a, b) and it is also increasing
at x = a and x = b.
Necessary Condition : We observe that if f(x) is an increasing function on(a, b) then tangent at every point
on the curve y = f(x) makes an acute angle with the positive direction of x-axis.
y
p(x,y)
y=f(x)
x’
a b x
0
y’
dy
tan 0 0 or f '(x) 0 for all a (a,b)
dx
If f(x) is a decreasing function on (a, b), then tangent at every point on the curve y = f(x) makes an obtuse
angle with the positive direction of x-axis.
dy
tan 0 0 or f '(x) 0 for all x (a,b)
dx
y
P(x,y)
y=f(x)
x’
a x
0 b
y’
SUFFICIENT CONDITION
THEOREM : Let f be a differentiable real function defined on an open interval (a,b)
[1]
[2] Increasing and Decreasing Functons, Maxima and Minia
(i) If f '(x) 0 for all x (a,b) then f(x) is increasing on (a, b)
(ii) If f '(x) 0 for all x (a,b) , then f(x) is decreasing on (a,b).
Properties of Monotonic Function :
(i) If f(x) is strictly increasing function on an interval [a, b], then f–1 exists and it is also a strictly increasing
function.
(ii) If f(x) is strictly increasing function on an interval [a, b] such that it is continuous, then f–1 is continuous on
[f(a), f(b)].
(iii) If f(x) is continuus on [a,b] such that f '(c) 0 (f '(c) 0) for each c (a, b), then f(x) is monotonically
(strictly) increasing function on [a,b]
(iv) If f(x) and g(x) are monotonically (or stricly) increasing (or decreasing) functions on [a, b], then gof (x) is a
monotonically (or strictly) increasing function on [a,b]
(v) If one of the two functions f(x) and g(x) is strictly (or monotonically) increasing and other a strictly
(monotonically) increasing and other a strictly (monotonically) decreasing, then gof(x) is strictly (monotonically)
decreasing on [a, b].
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Let f(x) be a function with domain D R . Then f(x) is said to attain the maximum value at a point a D if
f (x) f (a) for all x D
In such a case, a is called the point of maximum and f(a) is known as the maximum value or the greatest value.
Local Maximum : A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x = a if there exists a neighbourhood .
(a ,a ) of a such that
f(x) < f(a) for all x (a ,a ), x a
or f(x) – f(a) < 0 for all x (a ,a ) , x a
In such a case f(a) is called the local maximum value of f(x) at x = a.
Local Minimum : A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x = a if there exists a neighbourhood
(a ,a ) of a such that f(x) > f(a) for all x (a ,a ), x a
or f(x) – f(a) > 0 for all x (a ,a ), x a
The value of the function at x = a i.e. f(a) is called the local minimum value of f(x) at x = a
Theorem : A necessary condition for f(a) to be an extreme value of a function f(x) is that f '(a) = 0 in case it
exists. A function may however attain an extreme value at a point without being derivable thereat. For
example, the function f(x) = |x| attains the minimum value at the origin even though it isnot derivable at
x = 0.
Remark : Above condition is only a necessary condition for the point. x = a to be an extreme point. It is not
sufficient i.e. f '(a) does not necessarily imply that x = a is an extreme point. For example for the
function f(x) = x3, f '(0) = 0 but at x = 0 the function does not attain an extreme value.
Remark : The value of x for which f '(x) = 0 are called stationary values or critical values of x and the
corresponding values of f(x) are called stationary or turning values of f(x).
Increasing and Decreasing Functons, Maxima and Minia [3]
Theorem : (First derivative test for local maximum and minima) Let f(x) be a function differentiable at x = a.
Then,
(A) x = a is a point of local maximum of f(x), if
(i) f '(a) 0 and
(ii) f '(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x passes through a i.e. f '(x) 0 at every point in the
left nbd (a ,a) and f '(x) 0 at every point in the right nbd (a,a ) of a.
(B) x = a is a point of local minimum of f(x), if
(i) f '(a) 0 and
(ii) f '(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x passes through a i.e. f '(x) 0 at every point in the
left nbd (a ,a) of a and f '(x) 0 at every point in the right nbd (a,a ) of a.
(C) If f '(a) 0 but f '(x) does not change sign, that is f '(a) has the same sign in the complete nbd of a , then
a is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum.
Theorem : (Higher order derivative test). Let f be a differentiable function on an interval I and let c be an
interior point of I such that
(i) f '(c) f ''(c) f '''(c) ... f n 1 (c) 0 and
(ii) f n (c) exists and is non-zero
Then,
(a) If n is even and f n (c) 0 x c is a point of local maximum.
(b) If n is even and f n (c) 0 x c is a point of local minimum
(c) If n is odd x = c is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum.
Point of inflection : An arc of a curve y = f(x) is called concave upward if, at each of its points, the arc lies
above the tangent at the point. An arc of a curve y = f(x) is called concave downward if, at
each of its points, the arc lies below the tangent at the point.
y y
x x
0 0
y y
x x
0 0
Definition : A point of inflection is a point at which a curve is changing concave upward to concave
downward, or vice-versa.
[4] Increasing and Decreasing Functons, Maxima and Minia
y = f(x)
f(c)
x
0 C
A curve y = f(x) has one of its points x = c as an inflection point
If f ''(c) 0 or is not defined and
If f ''(x) changes sign as x increases through x = c.
The later condition may be replaced by f '''(c) 0 when f '''(c) exists.
Thus, x = c is a point of inflection if f ''(c) 0 and f '''(c) 0 .
Critical point : A point x is a critical point of a function f(x) if
f '( ) 0 or f '( ) does not exist.
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