ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics
Term Paper 01[2024] Submission Date: 19 January 2025
P-1: Estimate the work transfer to the piston.
[Moran-P-2.56] 02345
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P-2: Air contained in a piston-cylinder assembly
undergoes the power cycle. Evaluate the
thermal efficiency of the cycle. [Moran9-P-
3.40] 3 7 6
45678 7
0
22 0 1
94 8
P-3: Determine the mass flow rate at the inlet
1
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and exits, each in kg/s. [Moran8-P-4.20] 131
8989 13
3 1
351
03 789
3
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31
P-4: A gas, within a piston-cylinder device is compressed at a constant pressure of 0.50 MPa
from 1000 to 400 cm3 . The frictional force at the piston cylinder interface is 200 N,
the piston surface area is 100 cm2 , the atmospheric air is 0.1 MPa. Determine the work
transferred by the piston to the gas and the work supplied by the connecting rod. [Wark-
Ex-2.10]
P-5: Refrigerant 134a enters a horizontal pipe operating at steady state at 40o C, 300 kPa, and a velocity
of 40 m/s. At the exit, the temperature is 50o C and the pressure is 240 kPa. The pipe diameter is
0.04 m. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, in kg/s, (b) the velocity at the exit, in
m/s, and (c) the rate of heat transfer between the pipe and its surroundings, in kW. [Moran-P-4.24]
0123456781
P-6: With a voltage of 120 V, the resistor draws a 4 675427268
current of 4 amps. Determine (a) the mass flow
rate of the air, in kg/h, and (b) the temperature 7 9
9 9#
of the air at the exit, in o C. [Moran-P-4.25] 5
9 !"
© Dr. M. Zahurul Haq, ME Dept., BUET 1
P-7: At steady state, air at 200 kPa, 52o C, and mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s enters an insulated duct
having differing inlet and exit cross-sectional areas. The inlet cross-sectional area is 2 × 10−3 m2 .
At the duct exit, the pressure of the air is 100 kPa and the velocity is 255 m/s. Determine
(a) the temperature of the air at the exit, in o C.
(b) the velocity of the air at the inlet, in m/s.
(c) the exit cross-sectional area, in m2 . [Moran-P-4.28]
P-8: Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 30 bar, 320o C, with a velocity of 100 m/s. The
exit pressure and temperature are 10 bar and 200oC, respectively. The mass flow rate is 2.0 kg/s.
Neglecting heat transfer and potential energy, determine
(a) the exit velocity, in m/s.
(b) the inlet and exit flow areas, in cm2 . [Moran-P-4.31]
P-9: Air with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s enters a horizontal nozzle operating at steady state at 445 K,
345 kPa, and velocity of 3 m/s. At the exit, the temperature is 317 K and the velocity is 460 m/s.
Determine
(a) the area at the inlet, in m2 .
(b) the heat transfer between the nozzle at its surroundings, in kW. [Moran-P-4.34]
P-10: Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state at 2 MPa, 360o C with a velocity of 100 m/s.
Saturated vapor exits at 0.1 MPa and a velocity of 50 m/s. The elevation of the inlet is 3 m higher
than at the exit. The mass flow rate of the steam is 15 kg/s, and the power developed is 7 MW.
Determine
(a) the area at the inlet, in m2 , and
(b) the rate of heat transfer between the turbine and its surroundings, in kW. [Moran-P-4.48]
P-11: Determine 0 89! 1"0#
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(a) the mass flow rate of the steam entering 0 1 2
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the turbine, in kg/h.
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(b) the diameter of the extraction duct, in m. 11 121
[Moran-P-4.51] 1 2
P-12: Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at 1.05 bar, 300 K, with a volumetric flow rate of
12 m3 /min and exits at 12 bar, 400 K. Heat transfer occurs at a rate of 2 kW from the compressor
to its surroundings. Assuming the ideal gas model for air and neglecting kinetic and potential
energy effects, determine the power input, in kW. [Moran-P-4.53]
P-13: Refrigerant 134a enters an air conditioner compressor at 3.2 bar, 10o C, and is compressed at steady
state to 10 bar, 70o C. The volumetric flow rate of the refrigerant entering is 3.0 m3 /min. The work
input to the compressor is 55.2 kJ per kg of refrigerant flowing. Neglecting kinetic and potential
energy effects, determine the heat transfer rate, in kW. [Moran-P-4.59]
P-14: Steam enters a heat exchanger operating at steady state at 250 kPa and a quality of 90% and exits
as saturated liquid at the same pressure. A separate stream of oil with a mass flow rate of 29 kg/s
enters at 20o C and exits at 100o C with no significant change in pressure. If heat transfer from the
heat exchanger to its surrounding is 10% of the energy required to increase the temperature of the
oil, determine the steam mass flow rate, in kg/s. [Moran-P-4.76]
© Dr. M. Zahurul Haq, ME Dept., BUET 2
P-15: A tiny hole develops in the wall of a rigid tank whose volume is 0.75 m3 , and air from the surround-
ings at 1 bar, 25o C leaks in. Eventually, the pressure in the tank reaches 1 bar. The process occurs
slowly enough that heat transfer between the tank and the surroundings keeps the temperature of
the air inside the tank constant at 25o C. Determine the amount of heat transfer, in kJ, if initially
the tank
(a) is evacuated.
(b) contains air at 0.7 bar, 25o C. [Moran-P-4.106]
P-16: Determine the amount of mass, in kg, that en-
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ters the tank and the heat transfer between the
" 71 01234 8
tank and its surroundings, in kJ. [Moran-P-
6122
4.111] 71
6122
71
P-17: The valve is opened and air is admitted slowly
01235
until the volume of air inside the cylinder has 6718
doubled. The weight of the piston and the fric-
tion between the piston and the cylinder wall
913 2853
can be ignored. Estimate the final temperature,
in K, and the final mass, in kg, of the air inside 21653
65
the cylinder for supply temperature of 500 K. 0656718
[Moran5-P-4.119]
1
8718
P-18: An air-conditioning system is to be filled from a
rigid container that initially contains 5 kg of liq-
uid R-134a at 24o C. The valve connecting this
container to the air-conditioning system is now
opened until the mass in the container is 0.25
kg, at which time the valve is closed. During
this time, only liquid R-134a flows from the con-
tainer. Presuming that the process is isothermal
while the valve is open, determine the final qual-
ity of the R-134a in the container and the total
heat transfer. [Cengel8-P-5.120]
P-19: An insulated 8-m3 rigid tank contains air at 600
kPa and 400 K. A valve connected to the tank
is now opened, and air is allowed to escape until
the pressure inside drops to 200 kPa. The air
temperature during the process is maintained
constant by an electric resistance heater placed
in the tank. Determine the electrical energy
supplied to air during this process. [Cengel8-
E-5.13]
© Dr. M. Zahurul Haq, ME Dept., BUET 3
P-20: A 0.3-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liq-
uid water at 200oC. A valve at the bottom of the
tank is opened, and liquid is withdrawn from
the tank. Heat is transferred to the water such
that the temperature in the tank remains con-
stant. Determine the amount of heat that must
be transferred by the time one-half of the total
mass has been withdrawn. [Cengel8-P-5.123]
P-21: Determine (a) the temperature at the turbine inlet, o C, and (b) the power developed by the turbine,
in kJ/kg, of steam flowing. [Moran-P-4.96]
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P-22: Determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the mass flow rate of cooling water through the
condenser, in kg/s. [Moran-P-4.102]
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P-23: Throttling: Ammonia is throttled from 1.5 MPa, 35o C to a pressure of 300 kPa in a refrigerator
system. Find the exit temperature and the specific entropy generation in this process. [Sontag7
P7.85]
P-24: Steam turbine: Steam at 5 MPa and 600oC enters an insulated turbine operating at steady state and
exits as saturated vapour at 50 kPa. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Determine
(a) the work developed by the turbine per kg of steam flowing.
(b) the isentropic turbine efficiency. [Moran5 P 6.105]
© Dr. M. Zahurul Haq, ME Dept., BUET 4
P-25: Air Compressor: Air is compressed in an axial-flow compressor operating at steady state from
27o C, 1 bar to a pressure of 2.1 bar. The work input required is 94.6 kJ per kg of air flowing
through the compressor. Heat transfer from the compressor occurs at the rate of 14 kJ per kg at a
location on the compressor’s surface where the temperature is 40o C. Kinetic and potential energy
changes can be ignored. Determine
(a) the temperature of the air at the exit.
(b) the rate at which entropy is produced within the compressor. [Moran5 P6.86]
P-26: Intercooled Compressor: The aftercooler is a perfect heat exchanger that rejects heat to the ambient
surroundings. Therefore, there is no pressure loss in the aftercooler and the exit temperature of
the air is Tamb .
(a) Determine the power required by the compressor.
(b) Determine the rate of entropy generation in the compressor.
(c) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the aftercooler.
(d) Determine the rate of entropy generation in the aftercooler. [Klein-E6.6.3]
P-27: Nozzle: Liquid water enters a nozzle at 4 bars and 30o C with a velocity of 5 m/s. The exit pressure
is 1 bar. Irreversibilities lead to a temperature rise of of 0.015oC. Determine,
(a) the isentropic efficiency,
(b) the exit velocity. [Wark P 8-83]
P-28: Diffuser: Air enters an insulated diffuser operating at steady state at 1 bar, -3o C, and 260 m/s and
exits with a velocity of 130 m/s. Employing the ideal gas model and ignoring potential energy,
determine
(a) the temperature of the air at the exit.
(b) the maximum attainable exit pressure. [Moran5 P6.71]
© Dr. M. Zahurul Haq, ME Dept., BUET 5
P-29: Air-heater: [Klein-E6.5.1]
(a) Determine the heat transfer from the duct to the surroundings.
(b) Calculate the total rate of entropy generation for this process.
P-30: Condenser: A large condenser in a steam power plant dumps 15 MW by condensing saturated
water vapour at 45o C to saturated liquid. What is the water flow rate and the entropy generation
rate with an ambient at 25o C? [Sontag7 P7.83]
P-31: Heat Exchanger: A counterflow heat exchanger operates at steady state with negligible kinetic
and potential energy effects. In one stream, liquid water enters at 15o C and exits at 23o C with a
negligible change in pressure. In the other stream, Refrigerant 22 enters at 12 bar, 90o C with a
mass flow rate of 150 kg/h and exits at 12 bar, 28o C. Heat transfer from the outer surface of the
heat exchanger can be ignored. Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the liquid water stream, in kg/ h.
(b) the rate of entropy production within the heat exchanger, in kW/K. [Moran5 P6.88]
P-32: Mixing: Two flows of air are both at 200 kPa; one has 2 kg/s at 400 K, and the other has 1 kg/s
at 290 K. The two flows are mixed together in an insulated box to produce a single exit flow at
200 kPa. Find the exit temperature and the total rate of entropy generation. [Sontag7 P7.99]
P-33: Feed Water Heater: Steam at 0.7 MPa, 355o C enters an open feedwater heater operating at steady
state. A separate stream of liquid water enters at 0.7 MPa, 35o C. A single mixed stream exits
as saturated liquid at pressure p. Heat transfer with the surroundings and kinetic and potential
energy effects can be ignored. Determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the incoming streams
and the rate at which entropy is produced within the feedwater heater, in kJ/K per kg of liquid
exiting. [Moran5 P6.89]
P-34: Air at 600 kPa, 330 K enters a well-insulated, horizontal pipe having a diameter of 1.2 cm and
exits at 120 kPa, 300 K. Applying the ideal gas model for air, determine at steady state (a) the
inlet and exit velocities, each in m/s, (b) the mass flow rate, in kg/s, and (c) the rate of entropy
production, in kW/K. [Moran P6.91]
P-35: A pump operating at steady state receives saturated liquid water at 50o C with a mass flow rate of
20 kg/s. The pressure of the water at the pump exit is 1 MPa. If the pump operates with negligible
internal irreversibilities and negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy, determine the power
required in kW. [Moran P6.157]
© Dr. M. Zahurul Haq, ME Dept., BUET 6
