MEU2610-02 Thermodynamics

Problem Set 2 Solution

Total 100 points (10 problems x 10 points)

3.35 A piston-cylinder assembly contains 1kg of water, initially occupying a volume of 0.5 m3 at 1 bar. Energy
transfer by heat to the water results in a expansion at constant temperature to a final volume of 1.694 m 3.
Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.

For the water, (a) show the process on a T-v diagram. (b) evaluate the work, in kJ. (c) evaluate the heat
transfer, in kJ.

As the system is piston-cylinder assembly, pressure is constant (1 bar).

𝑉
𝑊 = ∫𝑉 2 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = (1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)(1.694 − 0.5)𝑚3 = 119.4 𝑘𝐽
1

∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 119.4 𝑘𝐽 → 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 119.4 given ∆𝑈 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 2506.1 − 1032.9 = 1473.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑄 = 1473.2 + 119.4 = 1592.6𝑘𝐽

Answer: (b) 119.4 kJ (c) 1592.6 kJ

3.51 Referring to the following figure, water contained in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 1.5 bar and
a quality of 20%, is heated at constant pressure until the piston hits the stops. Heating then continues until
the water is saturated vapor.

Show the processes of the water in series on a sketch of the T-v diagram. For the overall process of the water
evaluate the work and heat transfer, each in kJ/kg. Kinetic and potential effects are negligible.

As the system is piston-cylinder assembly, pressure is constant (1.5 bar) until hits the stops.

𝑉1 = 0.0010528 + 0.2(1.159 − 0.0010528) = 0.2326 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

0.08
𝑉2 = 𝑉 = 0.03722 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
0.05 1
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑊 = ∫𝑉 3 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = ∫𝑉 2 𝑝𝑑𝑉 + ∫𝑉 3 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = ∫𝑉 2 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = (1 .5 𝑏𝑎𝑟)(0.3722 − 0.2326 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔) = 20.94 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
1 1 2 1

∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

∆𝑈 = 𝑈3 − 𝑈1 = 2561.48 − 877.49 = 1683.99 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 = 1683.99 + 20.94 = 1704.96 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Answer: Work is 20.94 kJ/kg Heat transfer is 1704.96 kJ/kg

3.85 A piston-cylinder assembly fitted with a slowly rotating paddle wheel contains 0.13 kg of air, initially
at 300 K. The air undergoes a constant-pressure process to a final temperature of 400 K. During the process,
energy is gradually transferred to the air by heat transfer in the amount 12 kJ.

Assuming the ideal gas model with k = 1.4, and negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy for the
air, determine the work done (a) by the paddle wheel on the air and (b) by the air to displace the piston,
each in kJ.

2
𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝[𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ]
1

Assuming ideal gas 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

8.314
𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑅[𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ] = 0.13 ∗ ∗ (400 − 300) = 3.73 𝑘𝐽 given that 𝑤𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 28.48 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
28.47

Energy balance is ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 and 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑊𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒

𝑅
∆𝑈 = 𝑚∆𝑢 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 [∆𝑇] = 𝑚 [∆𝑇]
𝑘−1
8.314
Thus 𝑊𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 = 𝑄 − ∆𝑈 − 𝑊𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 12 − 0.13 ∗ ( 28.97 ) ∗ (100) − 3.73 = −1.06 𝑘𝐽
1.4−1

Answer: a) Wpaddle = -1.06 kJ b) Wpiston = 3.73 kJ

3.89 A closed, rigid tank fitted with a paddle wheel contains 0.1 kg of air, initially at 300 K, 0.1 MPa. The
paddle wheel stirs the air for 20 minutes, with the power input varying with time according to 𝑤̇ = -10t,
where 𝑤̇ is in watts and t is time, in minutes. The final temperature of the air is 1060 K.

Assuming ideal gas behavior and no change in kinetic or potential energy, determine for the air (a) the final
pressure, in MPa. (b) the work, in kJ. (c) the heat transfer, in kJ.

𝑃2 𝑇 𝑇 1060
Assuming ideal gas 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇, = 2, Thus, 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 ( 2) = 0.1 ∗ = 0.353 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑇1 300
𝑡=20
𝑡=20
10𝑡 2
𝑊=∫ 𝑤̇ 𝑑𝑡 = [− ] = −120𝑘𝐽
0 2 0

Energy balance is ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 and 𝑄12 = 𝑊12 + ∆𝑈 = −120 + 0.1 ∗ (810.62 − 214.07) = −60.35 𝑘𝐽

Answer: a) Pfinal = 0.353 MPa b) W = -120 kJ c) Q = -60.35 kJ

4.3 Figure provides data for water entering and exiting a tank. At the inlet and exit of the tank, determine
the mass flow rate, each in kg/s. Also find the time rate of change of mass contained within the tanks, in
kg/s.

At inlet, water is entering as superheated water vapor,

1 𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇1 = 𝜌𝐴1 𝑉1 = × 10 × 10−3 × 20 = 1.002
0.1996 𝑠
1
𝑚̇2 = 𝜌𝐴2 𝑉2 = × 0.006 × 10−3 × 1 = 5.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
0.0010905

𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
= 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2 = 1.002 − 5.5 = −4.498 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒎𝒄𝒗
Answer: a) 𝒎̇𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒔 b) 𝒎̇𝟐 = 5.5 kg/s c) = −𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝒅𝒕
4.7 The small two-story office building has 1,020 m3 of occupied space. Due to cracks around windows and
outside doors, air leaks in on the windward side of the building and leaks out on the leeward side of the
building. Outside air also enters the building when outer doors are opened. On a particular day, tests were
conducted. The outdoor temperature was measured to be -9.5 oC. The inside temperature was controlled at
20 oC. keeping the doors closed, the infiltration rate through the cracks was determined to be 0.03 m 3/s.
The infiltration rate associated with door openings, averaged over the work day, was 0.02 m3/s. The
pressure difference was negligible between the inside and outside of the building.

(a) Assuming ideal gas behavior, determine at steady state the volumetric flow rate of air exiting the
building, in m3/s.
(b) When expressed in terms of the volume of the occupied space, determine the number of building air
changes per hour.

State 1: Air infiltration through cracks. -9.5 oC, 0.03 m3/s.

State 2: Air infiltration through the door. -9.5 oC, 0.02 m3/s.

State 3: Air exiting through cracks. 20 oC

Mass balance of air for the building

𝑑𝑚 𝑝(𝐴𝑉)1 𝑝(𝐴𝑉)2 𝑝(𝐴𝑉)3

= 0 = 𝑚̇1 + 𝑚̇2 − 𝑚̇3 = + −
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑇1 𝑅𝑇2 𝑅𝑇3

(𝐴𝑉)1 (𝐴𝑉)2 (0.03 + 0.02)𝑚3 /𝑠

(𝐴𝑉)3 = 𝑇3 ( + ) = (293.15 𝐾) = 0.056 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑇1 𝑇2 (263.65 𝐾)

(0.056 𝑚3 /𝑠)(3600 𝑠)
= 0.1962
1020 𝑚3

Answer: (a) 0.056 m3/s (b) 0.20 of the volume of the building per hour
4.40 Air enters a compressor operating at steady state with a pressure of 101.4 kPa and a temperature of
21 oC. The volumetric flow rate at the inlet is 0.5 m3/s, and the flow area is 0.02 m2. At the exit, the pressure
is 240 kPa, the temperature is 138 oC, and the velocity is 15 m/s. Heat transfer from the compressor to its
surroundings occurs at a rate of 2.3 kJ/kg of air flowing. Potential energy effects area negligible, and the
ideal gas model can be assumed for the air.

Determine (a) the velocity of the air at the air inlet, in m/s, (b) the mass flow rate, in kg/s, and (c) the
compressor power, in kJ/s and kW.

(Air)

State 1: 21 oC, 101.4 kPa, 0.5 m3/s → (Table A-22) ℎ1 = 294.32 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 2: 138 oC, 240 kPa, 15 m/s → (Table A-22) ℎ2 = 412.29 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

The velocity of the air at the inlet

(𝐴𝑉)1 0.5 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉1 = = = 25 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴1 0.02 𝑚2

The mass flow rate of the air

𝑝(𝐴𝑉)1 (101.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.5 𝑚3 /𝑠)

𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 0.6006 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑅𝑇 8314
( 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾) (294.15 𝐾)
28.97

Energy balance for the compressor

𝑑𝐸 𝑉12 − 𝑉22
= 0 = 𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 − 𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 + )
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑉12 − 𝑉22
𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑞𝑐𝑣 + ℎ1 − ℎ2 + )
2

(25 𝑚/𝑠)2 − (15 𝑚/𝑠)2

𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 = (0.6006 𝑘𝑔/𝑠) [(−2.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) + (294.32 − 412.29)𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 + ] = 72.11 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
2

Answer: (a) 25 m/s (b) 0.60 kg/s (c) 72 kJ/s (72 kW)
4.52 An air-conditioning system is shown in which air flows over tubes carrying Refrigerant 134a. Air
enters with a volumetric flow rate of 50 m3/min at 32 oC, 1 bar, and exits at 22 oC, 0.95 bar. Refrigerant
enters the tubes at 5 bar with a quality of 20% and exits at 5 bar, 20 oC.

Ignoring heat transfer at the outer surface of the air conditioner, and neglecting kinetic and potential energy
effects, determine at steady state (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, in kg/min. (b) the rate of heat
transfer, in kJ/min, between the air and refrigerant.

(Air)

State 1: 32 oC, 1 bar, 50 m3/min → (Table A-22) ℎ1 = 305.22 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 2: 22 oC, 0.95 bar → (Table A-22) ℎ2 = 295.17 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

(Refrigerant 134a)

State 3: liquid-vapor mixture (𝑥 = 0.20), 5 bar

→ (Table A-11) ℎ3 = 0.80 × 71.33 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 + 0.20 × 256.07 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 = 108.28 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 4: 20 oC, 5 bar → (Table A-12) ℎ4 = 260.34 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Energy balance for the heat exchanger

𝑑𝐸
= 0 = 𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 − 𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + 𝑚̇134𝑎 (ℎ3 − ℎ4 ) = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + 𝑚̇134𝑎 (ℎ3 − ℎ4 )
𝑑𝑡

As air is assumed to behave as an ideal gas, we can calulate its mass flow rate with properties at state 4

𝑝(𝐴𝑉) (1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)(50 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛)

𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 57.12 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑇 8314
( 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾) (305 𝐾)
28.97

(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) (10.05 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)

𝑚̇134𝑎 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (57.12 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 3.775 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
(ℎ4 − ℎ3 ) (152.06 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)

Energy balance of the air for the heat exchanger

𝑑𝐸
= 0 = 𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 − 𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑑𝑡

𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = (57.12 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛)(−10.05 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) = −574.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Answer: (a) 3.775 kg/min (b) 574.1 kJ/min from the air to the refrigerant
4.65 Figure provides steady-state data for a throttling valve in series with a heat exchanger. Saturated
liquid Refrigerant 134a enters the valve at a pressure of 9 bar and is throttled to a pressure of 2 bar. The
refrigerant then enters the heat exchanger, exiting at a temperature of 10 oC with no significant decrease in
pressure. In a separate stream, liquid water at 1 bar enters the heat exchanger at a temperature of 25 oC
with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s and exits at 1 bar as liquid at a temperature of 15 oC. Stray heat transfer and
kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored.

Determine (a) the temperature, in oC, of the refrigerant at the exit of the valve. (b) the mass flow rate of the
refrigerant, in kg/s.

Energy balance for the valve

𝑑𝐸
= 0 = 𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 − 𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇134𝑎 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 𝑚̇134𝑎 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) → ℎ1 = ℎ2
𝑑𝑡

(Refrigerant 134a)

State 1: saturated liquid, 9 bar → (Table A-11) ℎ1 = 99.56 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 2: 99.56 kJ/kg, 2 bar → (Table A-11) ℎ𝑓 < ℎ2 < ℎ𝑔 so state 2 is liquid-vapor mixture

Thus, 𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 (𝑝2 ) = −10.09 𝑜 𝐶

State 3: 10 oC, 2 bar → (Table A-12) ℎ3 = 258.89 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

(Water)

State 4: 25 oC, 1 bar, 2 kg/s → (Table A-2) ℎ4 ≈ ℎ𝑓 (𝑇4 ) = 104.89 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 5: 15 oC, 1 bar → (Table A-2) ℎ5 ≈ ℎ𝑓 (𝑇5 ) = 62.99 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Energy balance for the heat exchanger

𝑑𝐸
= 0 = 𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 − 𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇134𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) + 𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (ℎ4 − ℎ5 ) = 𝑚̇134𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) + 𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (ℎ4 − ℎ5 )
𝑑𝑡

(ℎ5 − ℎ4 ) (−41.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)

𝑚̇134𝑎 = 𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠) = 0.5260 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
(ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) (−159.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)

Answer: (a) -10.09 oC (b) 0.5260 kg/s

4.68 Refrigerant 22 enters the compressor of an air-conditioning unit operating at steady state at 4 oC,
5.5 bar and is compressed to 60 oC, 14 bar. The refrigerant exiting the compressor enters a condenser where
energy transfer to air as a separate stream occurs and the refrigerant exits as a liquid at 14 bar, 32 oC. Air
enters the condenser at 27 oC, 1 bar with a volumetric flow rate of 20.25 m3/min and exits at 43 oC.

Neglecting stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects, and assuming ideal gas behavior for
the air, determine (a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in kg/min, and (b) the compressor power, in kilowatt.

(Refrigerant 22)

State 1: 4 oC, 5.5 bar → (Table A-9) ℎ1 = 251.71 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 2: 60 oC, 14 bar → (Table A-9) ℎ2 = 281.53 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 3: 32 oC, 14 bar → (Table A-7) ℎ3 ≈ ℎ𝑓 (𝑇3 ) = 84.14 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

(Air)

State 4: 27 oC, 1 bar, 20.25 m3/min → (Table A-22) ℎ4 = 300.34 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

State 5: 43 oC → (Table A-22) ℎ5 = 316.42 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Energy balance for the condensor

𝑑𝐸
= 0 = 𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 − 𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇𝑅22 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) + 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ4 − ℎ5 ) = 𝑚̇𝑅22 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) + 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ4 − ℎ5 )
𝑑𝑡

As air is assumed to behave as an ideal gas, we can calulate its mass flow rate with properties at state 4

𝑝(𝐴𝑉) (1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)(20.25 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛)

𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 23.51 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑇 8314
( 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾) (300.15 𝐾)
28.97

(ℎ5 − ℎ4 ) (16.08 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)

𝑚̇𝑅22 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (23.51 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 1.916 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
(ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) (197.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)

Energy balance for the control volume compressor

𝑑𝐸
= 0 = 𝑄̇𝐶𝑉 − 𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇𝑅22 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = −𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 + 𝑚̇𝑅22 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑑𝑡

𝑊̇𝐶𝑉 = 𝑚̇𝑅22 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = (1.914 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛)(−29.82 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) = −0.9520 𝑘𝑊

Answer: (a) 1.916 kg/min (b) 0.9520 kW