6/9/2013
A/D and D/A Converter (Lecture # __ )
By
Nazeer Ahmad Anjum
j
[email protected] 300-5397864
(Mechatronics)
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
UET Taxila
Analog to Digital Converter
• A device that converts continuously varying analog signals
from instruments that monitor such conditions as movement,
temperature sound,
temperature, sound etc.,
etc into binary code for the computer.
computer
It may be contained on a single chip or can be one circuit
within a chip.
• An ADC converts a voltage to a digital number.
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A/D and D/A Converter
A/D Converter
• Most sensors provide a direct signal output, a large
number of transducers convert a Dynamic variable
into an Analog electric signal.
• It is necessary to use A/D converter to transform
an analog into binary number through a process
called Quantization.
• Quantization is a process of taking continuous
analog signals & breaking them into a number of
discrete steps.
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A/D Converter
• The A/D converter has two sides:
– One is analog side, & is termed as full-scale
reference voltage range (VR). A/D Converter
operates under this range.
– Second is the digital side, & is termed as the
number of bits of its register.
• An n-bit A/D converter will output n-bit binary
numbers.
• Following three functions are carried out for this
process: Sampling, Quantizing, & Encoding.
Digital
Analog Sampling Quantizing Encoding
In out
• The conversion process involves:
– Sampling the continuous signal
signal.
– Storing this voltage & before the next sample is taken,
– Converting the stored number to the binary number.
Computer Analog
Analog Port (Controller, Port
A/D D/A
In A Processor, B out
& Memory)
Digital In Digital Out
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A/D Conversion
250
230
200
180
150
Millivolts
130
100
90
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time
Samples Sample Analog Digitized Sample Reading
Reading
1 130 10000010
2 90 8 BIT 01011010
3 180 A/D 10110100
4 230 11100110
Vin B3 B2 B1 B0
B3
0 – 0.75 0 0 0 0
A/D B2
0.75 – 1.50 0 0 0 1
Converter B1 1.50 – 2.25 0 0 1 0
B0 2.25 – 3.00 0 0 1 1
3 00 – 3.75
3.00 37 0 1 0 0
3.75 – 4.50 0 1 0 1
4.50 – 5.25 0 1 1 0
5.25 – 6.00 0 1 1 1
Sampled Digital Data 6.00 – 6.75 1 0 0 0
Volts Count Point 6.75 – 7.50 1 0 0 1
S1 5.9 0111 5.625
7.50 – 8.25 1 0 1 0
8.25 – 9.0 1 0 1 1
S2 6.1 1000 6.375 9.00 – 9.75 1 1 0 0
S3 6.2 1000 6.375 9.75 – 10.50 1 1 0 1
S4 5.2 0110 4.875 10.50 – 11.25 1 1 1 0
> 11.25 1 1 1 1
5.625±0.375
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• An A/D converter has 2n discrete quantizing
levels,
where n = number of bits in register of A/D
converter.
converter
• Previous figure shows a 4-bit A/D converter
with full range of voltage i.e. 11.25 V. Its
mapping into binary count is also shown in
the Fig.
• There are 16 quantizing levels & 15
incremental changes of 0.75 volts each.
Resolution of A/D
• The resolution is determined by step size (0.75 V).
Step Size
St Si
Here % Resolution = *100%
Full Range
Full Range = (2 n − 1) * step size
Step size = Out put
In put
1
%resolution = n *100%
2 −1
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D/A Conversion
• The process performed by a digital-to-analog converter is
the reverse of the ADC process.
• The D/A transforms the digital
g output
p of the computer
p into
a continuous signal to drive an analog actuator or other
analog device.
• It consists of two steps
1. Decoding Æ Digital o/p of the computer is converted
into a series of analog values at discrete moments in
time.
2. Data Holding Æ Each successive value is changed into
a continuous signal used to drive the analog actuator
during the sampling interval.
• Vo = Vref{0.5B1 + 0.25B2 + 0.125B3 + --- + (2n)-1Bn} ----- A
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
• Statement A D/A converter uses a reference voltage of
100V & has 6-bit precision. In three successive sampling
instants, 0.5 sec apart, the data contained in binary
register are as following:
• Instant Binary Data
B1B2B3B4----
1 101000
2 101010
3 101101
Using equation A
Instant 1: Vo = 100{0.5(1) + 0.25(0) + 0.125(1) + 0.0625(0) + 0.03125(0) +
0.015625(0)} Æ 62.50V
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The signal chain
y(i)
y
time time
analog filtering analog- 011011001111
digital- analog
variable & sampling digital analog amplifier variable
(e.g. 4..20mA) scaling converter converter e.g. -10V..10V
1
processing
binary transistor
binary
variable filtering sampling or
variable
(e.g. 0..24V)
0001111
relay
y non-volatile
counter memory
time
Digital vs Analog
Digital Signal Processing
Advantages Limitations
• More flexible.
• A/D & signal processors
• Often easier system upgrade. speed: wide-band signals
• Data easily stored. still difficult to treat (real-
• Better control over accuracyy
time systems).
requirements. • Finite word-length effect.
• Repeatability/Reproducibility.
